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Chapter 4
Ancient Egypt & Kush
Section 1
Gift of the Nile
Geography of Ancient Egypt
• Nile River has fed Egyptian civilization for over
5,000 years
The Longest River
• Nile River
▫ Longest river
▫ Has cataracts (waterfalls)
▫ Branches into a delta (area near a river’s mouth
where the water deposits silt)
▫ Flows north to Mediterranean Sea
▫ Use to flood every summer causing silt to be
deposited along Nile’s shores
 Silt was fertile & good for growing crops
Black Land, Red Land
• Egyptians
▫ Lived in narrow bands of land on each side of the Nile
 Called black land because of fertile soil
 Red land was the desert region beyond the fertile region
• Weather
▫ Always the same; 8 months sunny & hot, 4 months of
winter were sunny but cooler
• Deserts
▫ Acted out barrier to keep out enemies
• Mediterranean Coast
▫ Swampy & lacked good harbors
Land of Plenty
• Ibises birds
▫ Flew up from the south
▫ Egyptians knew when these birds arrived annual
flood waters would soon follow
 When waters drained away crops were planted in
fertile soil
Agricultural Techniques
• Developed ways to control yearly flood
• Irrigation canals
▫ Dug to divert water to dry areas
• Catch basins
▫ Areas where water would pool to be used at a later
date
• Removed earth was used to make embankments to
protect areas from the flood
• Shadoof
▫ Introduced in 1600 B.C.
▫ Used to move water between the Nile and a canal, a
canal and a catch basin or a catch basin and a field
Egyptian Crops
• Variety of crops grown
▫ Wheat & barley were important
 1st to grind wheat into flour & add yeast to make
bread
▫ Vegetables were also grown
▫ Also grew materials for their clothes
 1st to weave fibers from flax plants into linen
Egyptian Houses
• Used bricks made of mud & straw
• Had narrow windows
• Painted walls white to reflect the sun
• Used sticks & palm branches for roofs
• Woven reed mated covered the dirt floor
• Wealthier people had fancier homes
▫ Tree-lined courtyards, pools with lotus blossoms &
fish
Geography Shapes Egyptian Life
• Economy depended on farming
• Also used natural resources for everyday need &
developed economic activities
Minin
• Mined & quarried different metals & minerals
▫ Copper: used to make tools & weapons
▫ Iron: stronger metal choice
▫ Gold: prized by Egyptians
▫ White limestone: used to build important religious
centers & artistic centers
▫ Turquoise & emeralds: precious stones used to
make jewelry
Fishing & Hunting
• Rafts were made to go onto the Nile
• Used nets & harpoons to catch fish
• Hippopotamuses & crocodiles
• Captured quail & nets
▫ Used boomerangs to knock down flying ducks and
deese
Transportation & Trade
• Sails & oars were later added to reed boats
▫ Nile became a highway
• Nile provided a surplus of food
▫ Began to trade with each other
▫ There was not money so people bartered
Section 2
Life in Ancient Egypt
Work and Family Life
• Surplus leads to economic expansion
• Cities become centers of culture & power
▫ People learn different jobs
 i.e. scribes
Specialized Jobs
• Complex civilizations led to new jobs
▫ Artisans: created stone or brick houses & temples;
other made pottery, mats, furniture, clothing,
sandals, or jewelry
▫ Traders: traded with other Africans; traded
Egyptian products (scrolls, linen, gold & jewelry)
for exotic woods, animal skins, & live beasts
Rulers & Priests
• Growth led to need for organization
• Empire divided into 42 provinces
• Army created for defense
• Jobs:
▫ Priests: highest jobs; followed rituals & cared for
temples; pleased the gods
▫ Slaves: bottom of society; most captured in war;
worked on public building projects; some were
domestic servants
Women & Children
• Best place to be a woman
▫ Had equal rights
• Women
▫ Care for children and home
▫ Wove clothes
▫ Worked in fields or workshops
• Children:
▫ Played w/ toys (dolls, animal figures, board games, etc.)
▫ Rough games: balls mad of leather or reeds
▫ Some went to school
▫ Most learned parents jobs
▫ Most married in their early teens
Pets
• Dogs
▫ Used on hunting trips
▫ Lapdogs
• Cats
▫ Favored pet
▫ Even cat goddess, Bastet
Expanding Knowledge
• Came from priests studying the world to find
ways to please the gods
• Because of practical discoveries
Writing
• Hieroglyphs developed
▫ Over time included more than 6,000 symbols
• Papyrus developed
▫ Easy to carry
Math & Science
• Developed 1st geometry
▫ Surveyors used it to restore property lines
▫ Used to design royal temples & monuments
• Study of the sky allowed them to develop the 1st
calendar
Medicine
• Prepared bodies for burial
• Knowledge of the body helped w/ surgeries
• Penicillin
▫ Antibiotic that changed modern medicine
• Willow bark
▫ Similar to aspirin
Life After Death
• Positive view of life
• Not just pharaoh or nobles could look forward to
life after death
▫ Afterlife: life believed to follow death
 Views of what made for a happy afterlife varied
Many Gods
• Polytheists
• Worshiped gods that were related to the afterlife
& to parts of nature
• Many gods were worshipped in certain areas
only
Making Mummies
• Bodies embalmed before they were placed in
tombs
▫ All organs removed except the heart
 Organs kept & treated
▫ Body was washed & purified
▫ Body packed and covered w/ natron
 Body transformed into a mummy
▫ Linen was wrapped around the mummy
▫ Whole process took about 70 days
Egyptian Tombs
• Tombs held everyday objects any person might
want or need
▫ Food, drink, clothing, & furniture
 Living relatives were suppose to bring fresh food &
drink daily, as well as prayers for persons soul
Section 3
The Pyramid Builders
The Old Kingdom
• King Narmer
▫ Legend says he united Upper & Lower Egypt
▫ Occurred in about 3100 B.C.
▫ History divided into Old, Middle, & New Kingdom
▫ Pyramids built during Old Kingdom
The First Dynasties
• Began when Egypt was unified
• First three before Old Kingdom
• Dynasty: a line of ruler from the same family
▫ When king died one of his children took place as
ruler
▫ Succession: order in which members of a royal
family inherit a throne
• More than 30 dynasties ruled Egypt
Pharaohs Rule
• Pharaoh
▫ King of Egypt
▫ Ruled from capital city of Memphis
▫ Though to be child of the gods & a god himself
▫ Happy lives = pharaoh pleased gods
▫ Suffering = pharaoh angered gods; new pharaoh
usually took over
• Religion & Government were not separate
▫ Priests had a lot of power in government
Kufu’s Great Pyramid
• 1st rulers
▫ Buried in an underground tomb topped by mud
bricks
• Soon mud bricks replaced w/ small pyramids
• King Djoser
▫ Built step pyramid
The Great Pyramid
• King Kufu
▫ Had great pyramid built
 760 feet long 7 core was built from 2.3 million blocks of
stone
▫ Hard work to build pyramid
 Blocks of stone cut using copper saws & chisels
 Stones pulled up ramps & put in place
 Farmers did heavy labor
 Hauled stone during flood season
▫ Took 20 years to build
▫ 20,000 Egyptians worked on it
▫ City of Giza was built for pyramid workers & for the
people who fed, clothed, & housed them
Grave Robbers
• Pyramids stopped being built
▫ Pyramids drew attention to tombs; grave robbers
broke into tombs to steal treasure buried there
• Robbed Tomb
▫ Believed if tomb was robbed the person buried there
could not have a happy afterlife
• New Kingdom
▫ During this period pharaohs built secret tombs in the
Valley of the Kings
▫ Treasures, however, were stolen from almost every
tomb
▫ Only one not was that of Tutankhamen
 Discovered in 1922
Middle Kingdom
• 2160 B.C.
▫ Central power of pharaohs began to break down
▫ Disunity, civil war, & invasion plagued Egypt for
100 years
• Mentuhotep II
▫ 2055 B.C. brought stability back to Egypt
▫ Period known as Middle Kingdom
Connect to Tradition
• Amenemhet I
▫ Founded 12th Dynasty in 1985 B.C.
 Not a member of the royal line
 Claimed ancient prophecy supported his claim to the
throne
• Prophecy of Neferti dated from the time of Snefru
(4th Dynasty pharaoh)
▫ Fortold of the coming of a king, Ameni, who would
save Egypt from chaos
• The Truth
▫ Amenemhet had this story written to connect him to
Snefru & show his kingship was meant to be
Strength & Prosperity
• Egypt extended boundaries with military during 12th
Dynasty
▫ Wanted to control Numbia’s resources
• 1800 B.C.
▫ Reached 2nd cataract of the Nile
▫ Built fortresses to control new territory
• Agriculture
▫ Boosted during Middle Kingdom
▫ Vast swamps were drained in area known as Faiyum
 150,000 acres created
 Increased food production
• The arts flourished, trade expanded, & pharaohs were
stable & orderly during the thriving 12th Dynasty
Decline & Overthrow
• 13th Dynasty
▫ Weaker rule
▫ Asiatics (people from Sinai Peninsula) immigrated
to eastern Nile Delta
▫ Hyksos invaded from Palestine & Syria
 Conquered Lower Egypt w/ the help of better
weapons & horse-drawn chariots
 Eventually drove out after 100 years in Egypt
Section 4
The New Kingdom & Kush
A Woman Pharaoh
• Period of most powerful rulers of Egypt
• New capital city of Thebes created
• Empire expanded
• Queen Hatshepsut
▫ 1st woman pharaoh
 Wife of pharaoh who died shortly after taking power
 Ruled with stepson Thutmose III
 Eventually declared herself only ruler
 Wore a false beard reserved for pharaohs alone
Trade Grows
• Empire expanded through war
• Hatshepsut
▫ Used war as well as trade to expand empire
 Sent traders to the Red Sea; ships brought back rare
spices, scented wood, live monkeys, and potted trees
to make incense
Hatshepsut’s Legacy
• Erected the obelisk
▫ Four-sided shaft with a pyramid shaped top
▫ Carved from blocks of red granite
▫ Hieroglyphs recorded her great deeds
• After ruling for 15 years Hatshepsut disappeared
▫ Died peacefully or killed by Thutmose III ?
• Thutmose III became pharaoh after her death
▫ Tried to destroy all records of her reign
 Damaged temple & tomb restored by archaelogists
A Reforming Pharaoh
• A New Belief
▫ Akhenaton became pharaoh
 Worshiped sun god Aton
 Closed temples of other gods & promoted worship of
one god (1st time in Egyptian history)
 Priests who served other gods lost power; feared
actions angered the old gods
 New way of thinking affected art
 Small steps towards realism began to appear
• Reform Ends
▫ New religion did not last long
 3 years after Akhenaton death relative Tutankhamen
became pharaoh
 Tut relied on advisors to help him rule
▫ Convinced him to reject new religion & worship old gods
A Powerful Pharaoh• Ramses II took throne in 1279 B.C.
▫ Reigned for 66 years
• Empire Builder
▫ Ramses the Great wanted to make Egypt powerful through war
 Territory extended into African kingdom of Nubia & to eastern
rim of Mediterranean Sea where empire bordered the empire of
the Hittites
▫ Egyptian & Hittites were enemies
 Ramses led army into battle against Hittites
 No one won but Ramses claimed victory
 Negotiated 1st known peace treaty
▫ Ramses built city of Pi-Ramses
▫ At Abu Simbel he built 4 66 foot statues of himself to guard his
temple
 Wanted statues to appear god like in statues
▫ Ramses was over 90 years old at end of his reign
 66 years of rule made Egypt’s gov’t stable & brought peace
Egypt’s Decline
• Egypt never the same after Ramses died
• Gov’t became weak
• Foreign rulers took over
• Persians conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.
• Alexander the Great took over in 332 B.C.
▫ Began 300 years of Greek rule
Nubia & the Kush Civilization
• When central power broke down at end of New
Kingdom separate ruling groups came to
dominate Lower & Upper Egypt
▫ Where not able to exert control in Nubia
 A Nubian kingdom called Kush came to power
Cultural Relations Between Egypt &
Kush
• Cultural exchanges took place during the times
when Egypt controlled Nubia
▫ Art influenced by Egyptian rule
▫ Young Kushite nobles learned Egyptian language
in Egypt
 Adopted customs & clothing styles
 Brought back royal rituals & hieroglyphic writing
system
 Egyptian pyramids also copied in Kush
Kush Rises to Power
• Kushite worshiped Amun
▫ Power struggle took place in western delta &
threatened Upper Egypt
▫ Rules of Thebes, center of Amun worship, invited
Kushite king Piye to defend them
 Piye sailed up the Nile to Thebes where he was
declared pharaoh
 Continued into Lower Egypt defeating enemies along
the way
▫ After long war he ruled all of Egypt
Political and Commercial Relations
with Egypt
• Piye united Egypt & Kush
• Nubia est. own dynasty
▫ Piye rule marked beginning of 25th Dynasty
 Did not live in Egypt, lived in Kush capital city of
Napata
• Napata
▫ Located at head of a road to move goods by one of
Nile’s cataracts
 Led to trade along the Nile
 Became for the spread of Egyptian goods and
culture & other Kush trading partners
The Decline of Kush
• 704 B.C.
▫ Kushite Egyptain forces battled Assyrians in
Palestine
 Supported ruler there who resisted Assyrian rule
▫ Assyrians iron weapons better than Kush copper
weapons
 Assyrians won
▫ Sides fought off and on for years
• 671 B.C.
▫ Assyrians invaded & conquered Egypt
 Ended Kushite rule in Egypt

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Blog notes

  • 2. Section 1 Gift of the Nile
  • 3. Geography of Ancient Egypt • Nile River has fed Egyptian civilization for over 5,000 years
  • 4. The Longest River • Nile River ▫ Longest river ▫ Has cataracts (waterfalls) ▫ Branches into a delta (area near a river’s mouth where the water deposits silt) ▫ Flows north to Mediterranean Sea ▫ Use to flood every summer causing silt to be deposited along Nile’s shores  Silt was fertile & good for growing crops
  • 5. Black Land, Red Land • Egyptians ▫ Lived in narrow bands of land on each side of the Nile  Called black land because of fertile soil  Red land was the desert region beyond the fertile region • Weather ▫ Always the same; 8 months sunny & hot, 4 months of winter were sunny but cooler • Deserts ▫ Acted out barrier to keep out enemies • Mediterranean Coast ▫ Swampy & lacked good harbors
  • 6. Land of Plenty • Ibises birds ▫ Flew up from the south ▫ Egyptians knew when these birds arrived annual flood waters would soon follow  When waters drained away crops were planted in fertile soil
  • 7. Agricultural Techniques • Developed ways to control yearly flood • Irrigation canals ▫ Dug to divert water to dry areas • Catch basins ▫ Areas where water would pool to be used at a later date • Removed earth was used to make embankments to protect areas from the flood • Shadoof ▫ Introduced in 1600 B.C. ▫ Used to move water between the Nile and a canal, a canal and a catch basin or a catch basin and a field
  • 8. Egyptian Crops • Variety of crops grown ▫ Wheat & barley were important  1st to grind wheat into flour & add yeast to make bread ▫ Vegetables were also grown ▫ Also grew materials for their clothes  1st to weave fibers from flax plants into linen
  • 9. Egyptian Houses • Used bricks made of mud & straw • Had narrow windows • Painted walls white to reflect the sun • Used sticks & palm branches for roofs • Woven reed mated covered the dirt floor • Wealthier people had fancier homes ▫ Tree-lined courtyards, pools with lotus blossoms & fish
  • 10. Geography Shapes Egyptian Life • Economy depended on farming • Also used natural resources for everyday need & developed economic activities
  • 11. Minin • Mined & quarried different metals & minerals ▫ Copper: used to make tools & weapons ▫ Iron: stronger metal choice ▫ Gold: prized by Egyptians ▫ White limestone: used to build important religious centers & artistic centers ▫ Turquoise & emeralds: precious stones used to make jewelry
  • 12. Fishing & Hunting • Rafts were made to go onto the Nile • Used nets & harpoons to catch fish • Hippopotamuses & crocodiles • Captured quail & nets ▫ Used boomerangs to knock down flying ducks and deese
  • 13. Transportation & Trade • Sails & oars were later added to reed boats ▫ Nile became a highway • Nile provided a surplus of food ▫ Began to trade with each other ▫ There was not money so people bartered
  • 14. Section 2 Life in Ancient Egypt
  • 15. Work and Family Life • Surplus leads to economic expansion • Cities become centers of culture & power ▫ People learn different jobs  i.e. scribes
  • 16. Specialized Jobs • Complex civilizations led to new jobs ▫ Artisans: created stone or brick houses & temples; other made pottery, mats, furniture, clothing, sandals, or jewelry ▫ Traders: traded with other Africans; traded Egyptian products (scrolls, linen, gold & jewelry) for exotic woods, animal skins, & live beasts
  • 17. Rulers & Priests • Growth led to need for organization • Empire divided into 42 provinces • Army created for defense • Jobs: ▫ Priests: highest jobs; followed rituals & cared for temples; pleased the gods ▫ Slaves: bottom of society; most captured in war; worked on public building projects; some were domestic servants
  • 18. Women & Children • Best place to be a woman ▫ Had equal rights • Women ▫ Care for children and home ▫ Wove clothes ▫ Worked in fields or workshops • Children: ▫ Played w/ toys (dolls, animal figures, board games, etc.) ▫ Rough games: balls mad of leather or reeds ▫ Some went to school ▫ Most learned parents jobs ▫ Most married in their early teens
  • 19. Pets • Dogs ▫ Used on hunting trips ▫ Lapdogs • Cats ▫ Favored pet ▫ Even cat goddess, Bastet
  • 20. Expanding Knowledge • Came from priests studying the world to find ways to please the gods • Because of practical discoveries
  • 21. Writing • Hieroglyphs developed ▫ Over time included more than 6,000 symbols • Papyrus developed ▫ Easy to carry
  • 22. Math & Science • Developed 1st geometry ▫ Surveyors used it to restore property lines ▫ Used to design royal temples & monuments • Study of the sky allowed them to develop the 1st calendar
  • 23. Medicine • Prepared bodies for burial • Knowledge of the body helped w/ surgeries • Penicillin ▫ Antibiotic that changed modern medicine • Willow bark ▫ Similar to aspirin
  • 24. Life After Death • Positive view of life • Not just pharaoh or nobles could look forward to life after death ▫ Afterlife: life believed to follow death  Views of what made for a happy afterlife varied
  • 25. Many Gods • Polytheists • Worshiped gods that were related to the afterlife & to parts of nature • Many gods were worshipped in certain areas only
  • 26. Making Mummies • Bodies embalmed before they were placed in tombs ▫ All organs removed except the heart  Organs kept & treated ▫ Body was washed & purified ▫ Body packed and covered w/ natron  Body transformed into a mummy ▫ Linen was wrapped around the mummy ▫ Whole process took about 70 days
  • 27. Egyptian Tombs • Tombs held everyday objects any person might want or need ▫ Food, drink, clothing, & furniture  Living relatives were suppose to bring fresh food & drink daily, as well as prayers for persons soul
  • 29. The Old Kingdom • King Narmer ▫ Legend says he united Upper & Lower Egypt ▫ Occurred in about 3100 B.C. ▫ History divided into Old, Middle, & New Kingdom ▫ Pyramids built during Old Kingdom
  • 30. The First Dynasties • Began when Egypt was unified • First three before Old Kingdom • Dynasty: a line of ruler from the same family ▫ When king died one of his children took place as ruler ▫ Succession: order in which members of a royal family inherit a throne • More than 30 dynasties ruled Egypt
  • 31. Pharaohs Rule • Pharaoh ▫ King of Egypt ▫ Ruled from capital city of Memphis ▫ Though to be child of the gods & a god himself ▫ Happy lives = pharaoh pleased gods ▫ Suffering = pharaoh angered gods; new pharaoh usually took over • Religion & Government were not separate ▫ Priests had a lot of power in government
  • 32. Kufu’s Great Pyramid • 1st rulers ▫ Buried in an underground tomb topped by mud bricks • Soon mud bricks replaced w/ small pyramids • King Djoser ▫ Built step pyramid
  • 33. The Great Pyramid • King Kufu ▫ Had great pyramid built  760 feet long 7 core was built from 2.3 million blocks of stone ▫ Hard work to build pyramid  Blocks of stone cut using copper saws & chisels  Stones pulled up ramps & put in place  Farmers did heavy labor  Hauled stone during flood season ▫ Took 20 years to build ▫ 20,000 Egyptians worked on it ▫ City of Giza was built for pyramid workers & for the people who fed, clothed, & housed them
  • 34. Grave Robbers • Pyramids stopped being built ▫ Pyramids drew attention to tombs; grave robbers broke into tombs to steal treasure buried there • Robbed Tomb ▫ Believed if tomb was robbed the person buried there could not have a happy afterlife • New Kingdom ▫ During this period pharaohs built secret tombs in the Valley of the Kings ▫ Treasures, however, were stolen from almost every tomb ▫ Only one not was that of Tutankhamen  Discovered in 1922
  • 35. Middle Kingdom • 2160 B.C. ▫ Central power of pharaohs began to break down ▫ Disunity, civil war, & invasion plagued Egypt for 100 years • Mentuhotep II ▫ 2055 B.C. brought stability back to Egypt ▫ Period known as Middle Kingdom
  • 36. Connect to Tradition • Amenemhet I ▫ Founded 12th Dynasty in 1985 B.C.  Not a member of the royal line  Claimed ancient prophecy supported his claim to the throne • Prophecy of Neferti dated from the time of Snefru (4th Dynasty pharaoh) ▫ Fortold of the coming of a king, Ameni, who would save Egypt from chaos • The Truth ▫ Amenemhet had this story written to connect him to Snefru & show his kingship was meant to be
  • 37. Strength & Prosperity • Egypt extended boundaries with military during 12th Dynasty ▫ Wanted to control Numbia’s resources • 1800 B.C. ▫ Reached 2nd cataract of the Nile ▫ Built fortresses to control new territory • Agriculture ▫ Boosted during Middle Kingdom ▫ Vast swamps were drained in area known as Faiyum  150,000 acres created  Increased food production • The arts flourished, trade expanded, & pharaohs were stable & orderly during the thriving 12th Dynasty
  • 38. Decline & Overthrow • 13th Dynasty ▫ Weaker rule ▫ Asiatics (people from Sinai Peninsula) immigrated to eastern Nile Delta ▫ Hyksos invaded from Palestine & Syria  Conquered Lower Egypt w/ the help of better weapons & horse-drawn chariots  Eventually drove out after 100 years in Egypt
  • 39. Section 4 The New Kingdom & Kush
  • 40. A Woman Pharaoh • Period of most powerful rulers of Egypt • New capital city of Thebes created • Empire expanded • Queen Hatshepsut ▫ 1st woman pharaoh  Wife of pharaoh who died shortly after taking power  Ruled with stepson Thutmose III  Eventually declared herself only ruler  Wore a false beard reserved for pharaohs alone
  • 41. Trade Grows • Empire expanded through war • Hatshepsut ▫ Used war as well as trade to expand empire  Sent traders to the Red Sea; ships brought back rare spices, scented wood, live monkeys, and potted trees to make incense
  • 42. Hatshepsut’s Legacy • Erected the obelisk ▫ Four-sided shaft with a pyramid shaped top ▫ Carved from blocks of red granite ▫ Hieroglyphs recorded her great deeds • After ruling for 15 years Hatshepsut disappeared ▫ Died peacefully or killed by Thutmose III ? • Thutmose III became pharaoh after her death ▫ Tried to destroy all records of her reign  Damaged temple & tomb restored by archaelogists
  • 43. A Reforming Pharaoh • A New Belief ▫ Akhenaton became pharaoh  Worshiped sun god Aton  Closed temples of other gods & promoted worship of one god (1st time in Egyptian history)  Priests who served other gods lost power; feared actions angered the old gods  New way of thinking affected art  Small steps towards realism began to appear
  • 44. • Reform Ends ▫ New religion did not last long  3 years after Akhenaton death relative Tutankhamen became pharaoh  Tut relied on advisors to help him rule ▫ Convinced him to reject new religion & worship old gods
  • 45. A Powerful Pharaoh• Ramses II took throne in 1279 B.C. ▫ Reigned for 66 years • Empire Builder ▫ Ramses the Great wanted to make Egypt powerful through war  Territory extended into African kingdom of Nubia & to eastern rim of Mediterranean Sea where empire bordered the empire of the Hittites ▫ Egyptian & Hittites were enemies  Ramses led army into battle against Hittites  No one won but Ramses claimed victory  Negotiated 1st known peace treaty ▫ Ramses built city of Pi-Ramses ▫ At Abu Simbel he built 4 66 foot statues of himself to guard his temple  Wanted statues to appear god like in statues ▫ Ramses was over 90 years old at end of his reign  66 years of rule made Egypt’s gov’t stable & brought peace
  • 46. Egypt’s Decline • Egypt never the same after Ramses died • Gov’t became weak • Foreign rulers took over • Persians conquered Egypt in 525 B.C. • Alexander the Great took over in 332 B.C. ▫ Began 300 years of Greek rule
  • 47. Nubia & the Kush Civilization • When central power broke down at end of New Kingdom separate ruling groups came to dominate Lower & Upper Egypt ▫ Where not able to exert control in Nubia  A Nubian kingdom called Kush came to power
  • 48. Cultural Relations Between Egypt & Kush • Cultural exchanges took place during the times when Egypt controlled Nubia ▫ Art influenced by Egyptian rule ▫ Young Kushite nobles learned Egyptian language in Egypt  Adopted customs & clothing styles  Brought back royal rituals & hieroglyphic writing system  Egyptian pyramids also copied in Kush
  • 49. Kush Rises to Power • Kushite worshiped Amun ▫ Power struggle took place in western delta & threatened Upper Egypt ▫ Rules of Thebes, center of Amun worship, invited Kushite king Piye to defend them  Piye sailed up the Nile to Thebes where he was declared pharaoh  Continued into Lower Egypt defeating enemies along the way ▫ After long war he ruled all of Egypt
  • 50. Political and Commercial Relations with Egypt • Piye united Egypt & Kush • Nubia est. own dynasty ▫ Piye rule marked beginning of 25th Dynasty  Did not live in Egypt, lived in Kush capital city of Napata • Napata ▫ Located at head of a road to move goods by one of Nile’s cataracts  Led to trade along the Nile  Became for the spread of Egyptian goods and culture & other Kush trading partners
  • 51. The Decline of Kush • 704 B.C. ▫ Kushite Egyptain forces battled Assyrians in Palestine  Supported ruler there who resisted Assyrian rule ▫ Assyrians iron weapons better than Kush copper weapons  Assyrians won ▫ Sides fought off and on for years • 671 B.C. ▫ Assyrians invaded & conquered Egypt  Ended Kushite rule in Egypt