This document discusses human behavior and factors that influence it. It covers topics like the definition of behavior, factors that shape it like knowledge, attitudes, and social influences. It also discusses different types of behaviors like health, illness, and treatment behaviors. It examines responses to behaviors, like emotions and adjustments people make. Overall, the document provides an overview of concepts related to understanding human behavior and the various internal and external factors that impact it.

1. Dr. Sujatha Sathananthan, MD.,DPH.,
Assistant Professor
Department Of Community Medicine
Chengalpattu Medical College

2. DEFINITION
The study of human behaviour – of
how people behave and why they
behave in just the way they do
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3. Behaviour
 Is the total reactions of an individual accessible to
external observation.
 Thought and Understanding are implicit behaviour
which are observable not directly , but solely by
inference from other observable behaviour
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4. Factors influencing the behaviour
 Knowledge
 Beliefs
 Values
 Attitudes
 Skills
 Finance
 Materials
 Time
 Influence of family members, friends, co-
workers,opinion leaders and health workers
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5. Factors influencing the behaviour
 Male/female role,
 Poverty
 Unemployment
 Educational oppurtunities
 Cultural and social factors
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6. BEHAVIOUR
 HEALTH BEHAVIOUR
 ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR
 TREATMENT BEHAVIOUR
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7. Responses
 Physical responses: habits ,skills
 Organic responses: emotions, feelings , tension
 Intellectual responses: perceptions, thinking ,
reasoning
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8. Making Adjustment
To meet the needs of a given situation
Examples :
Losing temper and complaining to everyone
Isolating oneself or simply avoiding facing others
Making excuses for the failure
Accepting with good grace and making amends by
changing his behaviour
The adjustment may be both active and passive.
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9. Emotions
 Is a strong feeling of the whole organism
Major emotions:
1. Fear 8. Sorrow
2. Anger 9.Sympathy
3. Love 10. Pity
4. Hate 11. Lust
5. Jealousy 12. Grief
6. Moodiness
7. joy
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10. Role of emotions in health and
disease
 Lack of concentration
 Lack of appetite
 Increased risk of accidents
 Lack of sleep
 Palpitation
 In children , temper tantrums, abdominal pain ,
spasms , tics and aggressiveness
 PSYCHO-SOCIAL ILLNESS: hypertension, peptic
ulcer, asthma .
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11. Control of emotions
 Cultivate hobbies ,good habits of reading , recreation
 Adopt a philosophy of life to enable you to avoid
mental conflicts
 Try to understand your own limitations
 Develop sense of humour
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12.  When fear becomes exaggerated or unnecessary ,it is called PHOBIA
 DEFINITION: IRRATIONAL FEAR OF A SPECIFIC OBJECT,SITUATION OR ACTIVITY , OFTEN
LEADS TO PERSISTANCE AVOIDANCE OF THE FEARED OBJECT, SITUATION OR ACTIVITY.
 Examples :
1. Agoraphobia
2. Acrophobia
3. Zoophobia
4. Xenophobia
5. Algophobia
6. Claustrophobia
7. Hydrophobia
8. Photophobia
9. Ailurophobia
10. Cynophobia
11. Arachnophobia
12. Chemophobia
13. Ophidiophobia
14. Chiroptophobia
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15. MOTIVATION
 Is the inner force which drives an individual to a
certain action
 Motivation is CONTAGIOUS
1. POSITIVE MOTIVATION
2. NEGATIVE MOTIVATION
Needs and urges:
 Biologic needs
 Social needs
 Economic needs
 Ego – integrative needs
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16. OBSERVATION
 PERCEPTION
 ATTENTION
Errors of perception:
1. Imperception
2. Illusion
3. Hallucination
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18. LEARNING
 Any relative permanant change in behaviour that occurs as
a result of practice or experience.
 Acquiring new knowledge, new tecniques , new skills , new
experiences
Conditions affecting learning:
1. Intelligence
2. Age
3. Learning situation
4. Motivation
5. Physical health
6. Mental health
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19. Types of Learning
 Cognitive learning [ knowledge ]
 Affective learning [ attitudes ]
 Psychomotor learning [skills ]
Theories:
1. Learning by conditioned reflex
2. Trial and error
3. Learning by observation and imitation
4. Learning by doing
5. Learning by remembering
6. Learning by insight
7. Demonstration
8. Field experience
9. Problem solving
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20. Habits
 Is an accustomed way of doing things .
Characteritics :
1. They are acquired through repetition
2. They are automatic
3. They can be performed only through similar
circumstances
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22. Frustrations & conflicts
Frustrations occur when a person unable to meet their
needs and desires
Source : unemployment ,failures, defeats ,lack of
health, lack of intellectual inability
 Conflict is like a tug of war between opposing ideas
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23. Defence mechanisms
When an individual is faced with problems,difficulties
or failures , he employs certain ways or devices to
acheive health, happiness or success
1. Rationalisation
2. Projection
3. Compensation
4. Escape mechanism
5. Displacement
6. Regression
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24. Personality
 Implies certain physical or mental traits which are
characteristic of a given individual
COMPONENTS :
1. Physical
2. Emotional
3. Intelligence
4. Behaviour
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25. Personality traits
A Trait is the tendency to behave in a conistent manner invariable
situations.
The basic personality traits are established by the age of 6 years .
Personality traits,
 Cheerfulness
 Good manners
 Sportsmanship
 Honesty
 Kindliness
 Loyalty
 Reliability
 Sense of humour
 Tactfulness
 Willing to help others
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26. CARL JUNG ‘s classification of
personality
2 types
Extrovert: is a person who is thought to be dashing ,
practical, active, showing – off , easily mixes with the
people.
Introvert : is a person who is reserved , shy and
generally keeps to himself
MOSTLY BOTH TYPES ARE EXHIBITED IN PEOPLE
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27. INTELLIGENCE
Includes perceiving, knowing, reasoning and
remembering.
MENTAL AGE: BINET & SIMON
TERMAN : defining intelligence as the capacity to use
abstract ideas for solving problems
GESSEL : four sectors of intellectual development
1. Motor ability
2. Adoptive behaviour
3. Language development
4. Personal –social behaviour
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28. Intelligence Quotient
I.Q.=[MENTAL AGE/CHRONOLOGICAL AGE]*100
Levels of Intelligence IQ Range
Idiot 0-24
Imbecile 25-49
Moron 50-69
Borderline 70-79
Low normal 80-89
Normal 90-109
Superior 110-119
Very superior 120-139
Near genius 140 and over
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