1. zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com
中国农业科学 2009,42(9):3028-3035
Scientia Agricultura Sinica doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.09.003
用反义 RNA 技术创造高直链淀粉玉米材料
关淑艳,王丕武,刘广娜,刘慧婧,赵丽娜
(吉林农业大学生物技术中心,长春 130118)
摘要:
【目的】利用反义 RNA 技术调控玉米淀粉的生物合成过程,创造高直链淀粉玉米材料。
【方法】克隆玉
米淀粉分支酶(sbe2a)基因片段,以载体 pWGLL 为基础,构建高效反义表达载体,通过花粉管通道法将其导入玉
米自交系铁 7922 中。【结果】获得了 4 株转基因株系,GFP 表达检测、PCR 扩增和 Southern 杂交结果表明,目的
基因已整合到基因组中,且能够遗传。对 4 株转基因植株进行 RT-PCR 和淀粉分支酶活性检测,结果表明转反义
sbe2a 玉米淀粉分子酶基因的转录受到了明显抑制,淀粉分支酶活性明显低于野生型,相差最多的降低 79.4%;直
链淀粉含量也发生明显的变化,最高的提高了 84.3%,且总淀粉含量与对照之间基本没有差异。
【结论】采用反义
RNA 技术通过沉默内源 sbe2a,可获得高直链淀粉含量的玉米材料。
关键词:玉米;高直链淀粉;反义 RNA;淀粉分支酶基因 sbe2a
Reducing the Maize Amylopectin Content Through
Anti-Sense Manipulation
GUAN Shu-yan, WANG Pei-wu, LIU Guang-na, LIU Hui-jing, ZHAO Li-na
(Biotechnology Center of Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118)
Abstract: 【Objective】 In order to control the biosynthesis process of maize starch and to develop transgenic maize with high
amylase starch content. 【Method】 RT-PCR was employed to clone the maize starch branching enzyme gene sbe2a and high
efficient anti-sense expression vector was constructed based on plant expression plasmid pWGLL. Then the vector was introduced
into maize inbred line Tie7922 by pollen tube pathway. 【Result】 Four transgenic plants were obtained. PCR amplification and
Southern blotting hybridization proved that the sbe2a had integrated into maize genome. RT-PCR and enzyme activity results showed
that both mRNA level of sbe2a and activity of starch branching enzyme decreased significantly in the transgenic plants than that in
the wild type plants and the maximum decrease level of enzyme activity was 79.4%. However the total starch content had no
significant difference between the transgenic plants and the wild type plants, while the content of amylose starch increased by 84.3%
compared to the wild type plants. 【Conclusion】 Anti-sense RNA is an efficient gene silencing method and can be used effectively
in the production of high-amylose maize by silencing endogenesis gene sbe2a.
Key words: maize; high-amylose starch; anti-sense RNA; starch branching enzyme gene sbe2a
电子芯片等行业。玉米高直链淀粉的另一个潜在用途
0 引言 是生产光解塑料,用光解塑料取代传统塑料是解决“白
【研究意义】淀粉是玉米籽粒的主要成分,在人 色污染”的有效途径[1-3]。目前,生产中使用的直链淀
类生活中占有重要地位。直链淀粉是重要的工业原料, 粉主要来自玉米,而从普通玉米中提取直链淀粉成本
用途广泛,涉及到各个领域,如食品、医疗、纺织、 很高,导致中国工业所需要的直链淀粉多从美国进口,
造纸、包装、石油、环保、光纤、高度印刷线路板、 所以急需加强这一领域的研究。另外,中国的玉米种
收稿日期:2008-11-26;接受日期:2009-03-04
基金项目:国家转基因专项(J99-13-001) 、吉林省财政厅项目和吉林农业大学科研启动基金项目(200619)
作者简介:关淑艳(1971-) ,女,吉林榆树人,副教授,博士研究生,研究方向为生物技术在作物遗传育种中的应用。Tel:13134316758;E-mail:
guanshuyan1971@yahoo.com.cn。通信作者王丕武(1958-) ,男,吉林蛟河人,教授,研究方向为生物技术在作物遗传育种中的应用。
Tel:0431-84532908;E-mail:peiwuw@yahoo·com·cn
zycnzj.com/http://www.zycnzj.com/
6. zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com
9期 关淑艳等:用反义 RNA 技术创造高直链淀粉玉米材料 3033
1~4:转基因植株(铁 7922-1,铁 7922-2,铁 7922-3,铁 7922-4);5:未转化的植株
1-4: Transgenic plant (Tie 7922-1, Tie 7922-2, Tie 7922-3, Tie 7922-4); 5: Non-transgenic plant
图7 转基因植株 T1 代淀粉分支酶活性和籽粒中直链淀粉含量
Fig. 7 SBE activity and amylose contents in kernels of transgenic T1 plants
表 转基因植株 T2 代 PCR 分析
Table Genetic analysis of T2 transgenic plants
T2 代穗行 种子数 出苗数 PCR 阳性株数 PCR 阴性株数 阳性数/阴性数
T2 line Seed No· of T2 No· of seedlings Positive plant No· of PCR Negative plants No· of PCR Positive/ negative
Line 1 20 20 15 5 3.0﹕1
Line 2 20 19 14 5 2.8﹕1
Line 3 20 17 13 4 3.2﹕1
Line 4 20 18 14 4 3.5﹕1
<0.01)。转基因植株铁 7922-1-1、铁 7922-2-1、铁 41.8%、51.3%和 42.5%,未转化的植株直链淀粉含量
7922-3-1、铁 7922-4-1 的淀粉含量测定,结果显示, 为 28.7%(图 8-b),最高比对照提高了 78.7%,平均
-1
总淀粉含量分别约为 680、690、710 和 690 mg·g DW 提高了 50.8 %,平均比对照提高到了 1.5 倍,和对照
(籽粒),转基因植株的直链淀粉含量分别为 37.5%、 比差异显著(P<0.05)。
1~4:转基因植株(铁 7922-1-1、铁 7922-2-1、铁 7922-3-1、铁 7922-4-1);5:未转化的植株
1-4: Transgenic plant (Tie 7922-1-1,Tie 7922-2-1,Tie 7922-3-1,Tie 7922-4-1); 5: Non-transgenic plant
图8 转基因植株 T2 代淀粉分支酶活性和籽粒中直链淀粉含量
Fig. 8 SBE activity and amylose contents in kernels of transgenic T2 plant
zycnzj.com/http://www.zycnzj.com/
7. zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com
3034 中 国 农 业 科 学 42 卷
以上结果表明, 2 和 T1 代的淀粉分支酶活性和淀
T 将部分 sbe2a 片段反向插入植物表达载体导入玉
粉含量无显著变化,初步表明外源基因在转基因玉米 米,经转录后与靶 RNA 进行碱基配对结合的方式参
后代中能够遗传。关于这些转基因材料后代的遗传分 与基因表达的调控,进而抑制 sbe2a 表达。采用反义
析,还将进行进一步的研究。 RNA 技术得到了直链淀粉含量高达 51.5%的转基因植
株。反义 RNA 是一种高效的基因沉默手段,有效地
3 讨论 调控了玉米淀粉的代谢途径,能够有效抑制靶标基因
反义 RNA 技术是一种调控基因表达的有效技术, 表达,通过抑制 sbe2a 表达,有效提高玉米的直链淀
该技术已在植物基因工程研究中得到了广泛的应用。 粉含量。
玉米淀粉分支酶有 3 种同工酶,sbe1、sbe2b 和 sbe2a,
它们共同参与支链淀粉的合成。sbe2b 和 sbe2a 对胚乳 References
直链淀粉含量的作用最大,其编码基因的突变(玉米 [1] 郭志鸿, 张金文, 王 蒂, 陈正华. 用 RNA 干扰技术创造高直链
ae 突变体)可使玉米胚乳中直链淀粉的含量达到 淀粉马铃薯材料. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41(2): 494-501.
51.5%。用常规育种方法来改良胚乳性状不但时间长, Guo Z H, Zhang J W, Wang D, Chen Z H. Using RNAi technology to
[30]
而且引起淀粉总含量的减少和产量降低 。 produce high-amylose potato plants. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008,
反义技术能在不破坏目的基因的前提下调控基因 41(2): 494-501. (in Chinese)
的表达,因此,它既是阐明基因功能的一种新手段,又 [2] Visser R G F, Jacobsen E. Towards modifying plants for altered starch
拓宽了通过基因工程改良动、植物品质和治疗疾病的 content and composition. Trends in Biotechnology, 1993, 11: 63-68.
途径。适当地应用反义 RNA 技术可以封闭某一特定 [3] Smith A M, Denyer K, Martin C. The synthesis of the starch granule.
基因的表达,人为地模拟基因的点突变,因而使该项 Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,
技术具有极广泛的应用前景。总之,反义 RNA 作为 1997, 48: 67-87.
分子生物学与基因工程一个热点,将在基础与应用研 [4] 柴晓杰, 王丕武, 关淑艳, 徐亚维. 应用 RNA 干扰技术降低玉米
[28]
究中开辟一个新的领域 。已有研究证明,将反义蜡 支链淀粉含量. 植物生理与分子生物学学报, 2005, 31(6): 625-630.
质基因导入水稻可明显降低转基因水稻种子的直链淀 Chai X J, Wang P W, Guan S Y, Xu Y W. Reducing the maize
粉含量。目前采用反义蜡质基因成功实现降低稻米直 amylopectin content through RNA interference manipulation. Journal
[31]
链淀粉含量的研究 。本研究通过基因工程手段,克 of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, 2005, 31(6): 625-630. (in
隆并构建了 sbe2a 的反义基因表达载体,通过花粉管 Chinese)
通道法成功地导入玉米自交系。对转基因植株的 T1、 [5] Casey J, Slattery I, Kavakli H, Okita T W. Engineering starch for
T2 代检测结果显示,获得的转基因植株其淀粉分支酶 increased quantity and quality. Trends in Plant Science, 2000, 5(7):
活性比对照有明显下降,分别降低了 58.3%、67.3%、 291-298.
79.4%、64.9%和 57.3%、69.5%、79.9%、67.9%,说 [6] Clarke B R, Denyer K, Jenner C F, Smith A M. The Relationship
明构建的反义表达载体有效地表达了反义 RNA,抑制 between the rate of starch synthesis, the adenosine 5′-
了内源性淀粉分支酶 mRNA 的翻译,使淀粉分支酶活 diphosphoglucose concentration and the amylose content of starch in
性最大降低了 79.9%。而直链淀粉的含量却有明显的 developing pea embryos. Planta, 1999, 209: 324-329.
提高,最多提高了 84.3%。说明利用反义 RNA 技术能 [7] Denyer K, Johnson P. The control of amylose synthesis. Plant
够有效地调控玉米淀粉的合成途径,使支链淀粉的合 Physiology, 2001, 158: 479-487.
成受到抑制,在总淀粉含量基本不变的情况下,极大 [8] Ball S, Mhbjw V, Isser R. Progress in understanding the biosynthesis
提高了直链淀粉的含量,对转化的高直链淀粉玉米植 of amylose. Trends in Plant Science, 1998, 3: 462-467.
株进行纯化,得到高直链淀粉玉米自交系。利用抗性 [9] Nakamura T, Vrinten P, Hayakawa K. Characterization of a
好的转基因高直链淀粉株系和 ae 自交系进行基因聚 granule-bound starch synthase isoform found in the pericarp of wheat.
合,选育出高直链淀粉玉米杂交种,为玉米高直链淀 Plant Physiology, 1998, 118: 125-132.
粉的改良提供了新途径。 [10] Blauth S L, Yuan Y, Klucinec J D, Shannon J C, Thompson D,
Guilitinan M. Identification of mutator insertional mutants of
4 结论 starch-branching enzyme 2a in corn. Plant Physiology, 2001, 125:
zycnzj.com/http://www.zycnzj.com/
8. zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com
9期 关淑艳等:用反义 RNA 技术创造高直链淀粉玉米材料 3035
1396-1405. Characterization of T-DNA insertion mutants and RNAi silenced
[11] Blauth S L, Kimk N, Klucinec J. Identification of mutator insertional plants of Arabidopsis thaliana UV-damaged DNA binding protein 2
mutants of starch-branching enzyme (sbe1) in Zea mays L. Plant (AtUV-DDB2). Plant Molecular Biology, 2006, 4: 227-240.
Molecular Biology, 2002, 48: 287-297. [23] Zhang L, Tao J, Wang S, Chong K, Wang T. The rice OsRad21-4, an
[12] Gao M, Fisher D K, Kim K M, Shannon J C. Independent genetic orthologue of yeast Rec8 protein, is required for efficient meiosis.
control of maize starch branching enzymes isolation characterization Plant Molecular Biology, 2006, 4: 533-554.
of a SBE2a cDNA. Plant Physiology, 1997, 114(1): 69-78. [24] Rychlik W, Rhoads R E. A computer program for choosing optimal
[13] GuanH P, Baba T, Preiss J. Expression of branching enzyme Ι of oligonucleotides for filter hybridization, sequencing and in vitro
maize endosperm in Escherichia coli. Plant Physiology, 1994, 104(4): amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 1989, 17: 8543-8551.
1449-1453. [25] 王关林, 方洪筠. 植物基因工程. 北京: 科学出版社, 2002.
[14] Visser R G F, Somhorst I, Kuipers G J, Ruys N J, Feenstra W J, Wang G L, Fang H J. Plant Genetic Engineering. Beijing: Science
Jacobsen E. Inhibition of the expression of the gene for granule-bound Press, 2002. (in Chinese)
starch synthase in potato by antisense contructs. Molecular and [26] Kirchberger S, Leroch M, Huynen M A, Wahl M, Neuhaus H E,
General Genetics, 1991, 225: 289-296. Tjaden J. Molecular and biochemical analysis of the plastidic
[15] Salehuzzaman S N I M, Jacobsen E, Visser R G F. Isolation and ADP-glucose transporter (ZmBT1) from Zea mays. Journal of
characterization of a cDNA encoding granule-bound starch synthase in Biological Chemistry, 2007, 282, (31): 22481-22491.
cassava and its antisense expression in potato. Plant Molecular [27] 李太贵, 沈 波, 陈 能, 罗玉坤. Q 酶在水稻籽粒垩白形成中作
Biology, 1993, 23: 947-962. 用的研究. 作物学报, 1997, 23(3): 338-344.
[16] Hofvander P, Persson P T, Tallberg A. Genetically engineered Li T G, Shen B, Chen N, Luo Y K. Effect of Q-enzyme on the
modification of potato to from amylode-type starch. PCT chalkiness formation of rice grain. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 1997,
International Application, WO9211375. 1992: 1-19. 23(3): 338-344. (in Chinese)
[17] Natalie H, Klein L. Plants expressing sense and antisense genes for [28] 何照范. 粮油籽粒品质及其分析技术. 北京: 农业出版社, 1985:
starch branching enzymes and the formation of starches with novel 128-294.
branching patterns and properties. PCT International Application, He Z F. Analysis Technique for Grain Quality of Cereals and Oils.
WO9722703A2. 1997: 15-54. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 1985: 128-294.
[18] 柴晓杰, 王丕武, 关淑艳, 徐亚维. 玉米淀粉分支酶基因反义表达 [29] Seo B S, Kim S, Scott M P, Singletary G W, Wong K S, James M G,
载体的构建和功能分析. 作物学报, 2005, 31(12): 1654-1656. Meyers A M. Functional interaction between heterologously expressed
Chai X J, Wang P W, Guan S Y, Xu Y W. Construction and functional starch branching enzymes of maize and the glycogen synthase of
analysis of antisense vector of maize starch branching enzyme gene. brewer’s yeast. Plant Physiology, 2002, 128: 1189-1199.
Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2005, 31(12): 1654-1656. (in Chinese) [30] 刘俊杰, 魏小春, 齐树森, 史为民. 反义基因技术及其在植物研究
[19] Cartew R W. Gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Current 上的应用. 生物技术通报, 2008, (4): 78-85.
Opinion in Cell Biology, 2001, 13(2): 244-248. Liu J J, Wei X C, Qi S S, Shi W M. Antisense gene technology and its
[20] Papon N, Vansin A, Gantet P, Chenieux J C, Rideau M, Creche J. application in the plant research. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2008, (4):
Histidine-containing phosphor transfer domain extinction by RNA 78-85. (in Chinese)
interference turns off a cytokinin signaling circuitry in Cathatanthus [31] Zhou P H, Tan Y F, He Y Q, Xu C G, Zhang Q. Simultaneous
roseus calli suspension cells. FEBS Letter, 2004, 558(1-3): 85-88. improvement for four quality traits of Zhenshan 97, an elite parent of
[21] Kong Z, Li M, Xu W, Xue Y. A novel nuclear-localized CCCH-type hybrid rice, by molecular marker-assisted selection. Theoretical and
zinc finger protein, OsDOS, is involved in delaying leaf senescence in Applied Genetics, 2003, 106(2): 326-331.
rice. Plant Physiology, 2006, 4: 1376-1388.
[22] Koga A, Ishibashi T, Kimura S, Uchiyama Y, Sakaguchi K. (责任编辑 于 竞,孙雷心)
zycnzj.com/http://www.zycnzj.com/