globalization and sanitation

1. Globalization is the process by which the experience of
everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and
ideas, is becoming standardized around the world.
Globalization makes the world more accessible to all
people.
Characteristics
• Connectivity
• Borderless Globe
• Free trade
• Cultural Diversity
• Mobility
• Information Technology changes
What is Globalization?

2. Globalization

3. Importance of Globalization and
Roles in the 21st century
Globalization is important because it opens many doors of
various
fields of study. It broadens the educational horizons for
students.
Technology in the world today has made it easier for students
to find
more in depth information that they are looking for to use for
educational purposes. Students can also learn more about
other
countries because of the impact of globalization.

4. Implementing Technology tools to
promote Globalization
• Facebook- The ability to communicate with people all over the world.
• Skype (video chatting)- The ability to have a live visual meeting with people all
over the world.
• Twitter- The ability to communicate and share information with people all over
the world.
• WikiSpaces- The ability to share ideas, thoughts and images with people all over
the world.
• Phones- The ability to verbally and/or visually communicate with people all over
the world.
• Microsoft Office- The ability to verbally and visually communicate with people
through a office setting through email, live chat and instant messaging.
• WebQuest- Teachers can create a WebQuest for students to participate in an
educational journey on various topics while using the world wide web.
• Podcast- Teachers can create a podcast for students to listen to using media.
Teachers can use this for creating assignments and students can listen to the
podcast as many times as they want.

5. Managing the Globalization of Water Services in a
World Affected by Climate Change
The project contrasts the economic-legal view on international
investment to the notion of water as a nascent human right. The two
aspects of water—investment protection and human rights—are
increasingly contradictory. While the scarcity of water has intensified
the movement towards a human right to water, private control over
water utilities is increasing. In particular, the project examines how
arbitral tribunals have dealt with the failure of contracts to manage
privatized water supplies by focusing on economic cases of water
privatization. The globalization of water services illustrates the clash of
foreign investors’ protection with human rights protection as the
state's responsibility. This tension is only emerging but will intensify
rapidly since more investors will seek access to fresh water in new
countries.

6. There is therefore an impending risk of emergence of global monopolies
in this scarce commodity, which would be detrimental to many people,
especially under climate change. These risks and challenges demand a
proper regulatory answer, which should include an economic, legal and
human rights perspective on water services.
The expected outcomes of this project are:
To improve the understanding of current international legal framework in relation to
internationalization of water services, to identify gaps in that framework (especially
under the threat of possible climate change) and to propose changes to fill those gaps.
To investigate the nature of water as a resource, especially the nascent human right to
water and its interaction with water pricing.
To assess whether host states need greater certainty in managing private investment
contracts governing the supply of their water by foreign consortia.
To inform policymakers and stakeholders about the implications of ‘globalization’ of
water services for the capacity to adapt to climate change in relation to response
options for water resources.
To suggest legal developments which might enable states to better manage vital water
services, even after privatization to foreign companies.

7. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN RURAL LIFE
Rural development primarily concerned with uplifting people out of
poverty. The impact of globalization on rural societies, there economy,
environment must therefore be viewed through this perspective. The
present paper, therefore is an attempt to what impact globalizationis
having on rural areas. Major aspects of globalization that relate to rural
life or its development which includes the commercialization of
agriculture and expansion of agro-industries, the liberlization of
international trade and marketing for food and other agricultural
products, the intensification and internal labour migraton, the
increasing privatization of resources and services and the wider use of
information and communicaton and technologies. Thus, the wave of
globalization hit India at the end of the last century which results in all
the spheres life. Labour migration to cities from rural areas in search of
employment was a common phenomenon. This was for various reasons
especially for luxurious life, handsome salary and for numerous job
opportunities. Earlier there was a ‘minimum wage act’ and now equal
wage for all is provided.

8. The present era, especially in the last two decades everyone
talks of globalization and says that whole world is a global
village. In the basic sense it means 'integrating' the economy
of the country with the world economy. The impact of
globalization on Indian and rural life has a tremendous
influence which is both positive as well as negative. The
Indian urban and rural life is viewed as the two faces of the
same coin. They are mutually interdependent and both have a
greater impact of globalization. India is getting global
recognition and slowly moving forward to become a major
economic and political strength. Thus, the paper clearly
elucidates that globalization is a complex phenomenon and
its impact on rural and urban life clearly. It has a very
profound impact on both Indian rural and urban life. As a
result globalization has shown remarkable growth in
urbanization and rural development.

9. Psychological Impact of Globalization:
The most significant psychological consequence of globalization is that it
transforms one’s identity: in terms of how people think about
themselves in relation to the social environment. According to Jeffrey
Arnett (2002), there are four major issues related to identity, which
develop due to globalization:-.
The first is the development of a bicultural identity or perhaps a hybrid
identity, which means that part of one’s identity is rooted in the local
culture while another part stems from an awareness of one’s relation to
the global world. The development of global identities is no longer just
a part of immigrants and ethic minorities. People today especially the
young develop an identity that gives them a sense of belonging to a
worldwide culture, which includes an awareness of events, practices,
styles and information that are a part of the global culture. Media such
as television and especially the Internet, which allows for instant
communication with any place in the world, play an important part in
developing a global identity.

10. The second issue is identity confusion, which individuals from non-
western cultures experience as a response to globalization. While
people may adapt to changes and develop bicultural or hybrid,
multicultural identities, some may find it difficult to adapt to rapid
changes. The ways of the global culture may seem out of reach, too
foreign, or even undermining their own cultural values and
beliefs. Instead of becoming bicultural, they may feel isolated and
excluded from both their local culture and the global culture, truly
belonging to neither. The terms delocalization and dis-placement have
been used to describe these processes. For some young people,
however, delocalization may result in an acute sense of alienation and
impermanence as they grow up with a lack of cultural certainty, a lack of
clear guidelines for how life is to be lived and how to interpret their
experience. Identity confusion among young people may be reflected in
problems such as depression, suicide, and substance use. A variety of
cultures have experienced a sharp increase in suicide and substance use
among their young people since their rapid move toward joining the
global culture.

11. Negative effects of globalization for developing
country business.
•Global commerce is increasingly dominated by transnational corporations which
seek to maximize profits without regard for the development needs of individual
countries or the local populations
•Protectionist policies in industrialized countries prevent many producers in the
Third World from accessing export markets;
•The volume and volatility of capital flows increases the risks of banking
and currency crises, especially in countries with weak financial institutions
•Competition among developing countries to attract foreign investment leads to a
"race to the bottom" in which countries dangerously lower
environmental standards
•Cultural uniqueness is lost in favor of homogenization and a "universal culture"
that draws heavily from American culture
Source: Don McCubbrey. “Negative and positive effects of globalization for
developing country business.” Business Fundamentals Boundless, 20 Sep. 2016.
Retrieved 11 Jan. 2017.
•The growth of international trade is exacerbating income inequalities, both
between and within industrialized and less industrialized nations.

12. Positive effects of globalization for developing
It creates greater opportunities for firms in less industrialized countries
to tap into more and larger markets around the world
This can lead to more access to capital flows, technology, human capital,
cheaper imports and larger export markets
It allows businesses in less industrialized countries to become part of
international production networks and supply chains that are the main
conduits of trade
For example, the experience of the East Asian economies demonstrates
the positive effect of globalization on economic growth and shows that
at least under some circumstances globalization decreases poverty. The
spectacular growth in East Asia, which increased GDP per capita by
eightfold and raised millions of people out of poverty, was based largely
on globalization—export-led growth and closing the technology gap
with industrialized countries (Stiglitz, 2003). Generally, economies that
globalize have higher growth rates than non-globalizers (Bhagwati and
Srinivasan, 2002).

13. What caused globalisation?
Improved transport, making global travel easier. For example, there has been a rapid
growth in air-travel, enabling greater movement of people and goods across the globe.
Containerisation. From 1970, there was a rapid adoption of the steel transport
container. This reduced the costs of inter-modal transport, making trade cheaper and
more efficient.
Improved technology which makes it easier to communicate and share information
around the world. E.g. internet. For example, to work on improvements on this
website, I will go to a global online community, like elance.com. There people from any
country can bid for the right to provide a service. It means that I can often find people
to do a job relatively cheaply because labour costs are relatively lower in the Indian
sub-continent.
Growth of multinational companies with a global presence in many different
economies.
Growth global trading blocks which have reduced national barriers. (e.g. European
Union, NAFTA, ASEAN)
Reduced tariff barriers encouraging global trade. Often this has occurred through the
support of the WTO.
Firms exploiting gains from economies of scale to gain increased specialisation. This is
an important feature of new trade theory.

14. Diagrams for Globalisation
I would draw a diagram for trade creation, showing how the removal of
trade barriers increases exports and imports. Also economies of scale
are very important for encouraging increased specialisation of global
production.

15. 5 Measures Adopted to Promote Globalization
Measure 1# Import Liberalization:
For liberalizing foreign trade, import controls through licensing was
abolished.
With this almost all items of capital goods, raw materials, intermediate
goods can be freely imported subject only to payment of customs
duties. For some time quantitative restrictions on consumer goods
remained but with effect from 1995 all quantitative restrictions, even on
imports of consumer goods, have been lifted.
To liberalize imports peak customs duties which in some cases were as
high as over 300 per cent were lowered in stages to 150 per cent in July
1991, to 85 per cent in Feb. 1993, 50 per cent in 2002. The average
import duty was further reduced to 31 per cent in 2003 and to 20
percent in Jan. 2004, to 15 per cent in 2005 and further to 12.5% in
2006.

16. Measure 2# Imports of Gold and Silver:
Imports of Gold and Silver have been considerably
liberalized. This reduced the incentive for smuggling.
In Jan. 2004 imports of gold were made free from any
commission charged for it.
Measure 3# Market-Determined Exchange Rate:
An important measure in external sector was to
devalue the rupee in July 1991 and after about 2
years in 1993 exchange rate was changed from basket
based pegged exchange rate system to market-
determined exchange rate. With this the exchange
rate of the rupee today is determined by demand and
supply conditions in the foreign exchange markets.

17. Measure 4# Convertibility of Rupee:
Another important reform for globalizing the Indian economy was the
convertibility of rupee on balance of payments on current account. This
implies the importers can get their required quantity of foreign
exchange by converting their rupee resources into dollars from the
foreign exchange market. The exporters do not have to surrender their
foreign exchange (US dollar or EU Euro) earned abroad to RBI but can
now sell them in the foreign exchange markets.
Measure 5# Liberalisation of Foreign Investment:
The new economic policy adopted since 1991 considerably liberalized
the scope of foreign investment, both direct and portfolio. Earlier
investment by foreign companies required prior approval of the
government and was restricted to 40 per cent equity participation and
was also subjected to the conditions of technology transfer to India.
Besides, foreign investment was permitted in priority areas only. Foreign
portfolio investment was allowed mainly into a limited number of public
sectors bond issues.

18. Globalization and National Government Policies.
The view of globalization taken in this chapter is that it is but a subset of the immense
number of structural adjustments that the world is undergoing as a result of the
evolution of a related group of new technologies usually referred to as information
and communications technologies (ICT). Since the ICT revolution is causing many
structural adjustments, including globalization, and since the rethinking of the role of
governments is to a great extent driven by all of these structural changes, it is often
hard to know what is due to globalization and what is due to other aspects of the
adjustments wrought by the ICT revolution. So, the scope of this chapter is the nature
of the ICT revolution, the deep structural adjustments that it is inducing, including
globalization, and the rethinking of the place of the government in the economy—one
major driving force of which is globalization. Sect. 2 of the chapter looks at
technological and structural change in general and ends with globalization in
particular, and Sect. 3 deals with what economists have traditionally regarded as the
functions of the nation state. Sect. 4 develops the chapter's main theme,i.e., how
technological change and globalization are altering views about the place of
government in the economy and, in the process, leading to a new clash of ideologies.

19. Globalization of Politics
General Analysis on Globalization of Politics
These articles discuss the theory, function, and creation of global politics and political
movements. The page pays special attention to political tools and methods.

20. Technology has now created the possibility and even
the likelihood of a global culture. The Internet, fax
machines, satellites, and cable TV are sweeping away
cultural boundaries. Global entertainment companies
shape the perceptions and dreams of ordinary
citizens, wherever they live. This spread of values,
norms, and culture tends to promote Western ideals
of capitalism. Will local cultures inevitably fall victim
to this global "consumer" culture? Will English
eradicate all other languages? Will consumer values
overwhelm peoples' sense of community and social
solidarity? Or, on the contrary, will a common culture
lead the way to greater shared values and political
unity? This section looks at these and other issues of
culture and globalization.
Globalization of Culture

21. Advances in communication and transportation
technology, combined with free-market ideology, have
given goods, services, and capital unprecedented
mobility. Northern countries want to open world
markets to their goods and take advantage of
abundant, cheap labor in the South, policies often
supported by Southern elites. They use international
financial institutions and regional trade agreements to
compel poor countries to "integrate" by reducing tariffs,
privatizing state enterprises, and relaxing
environmental and labor standards. The results have
enlarged profits for investors but offered pittances to
laborers, provoking a strong backlash from civil society.
This page analyzes economic globalization, and
examines how it might be resisted or regulated in order
to promote sustainable development.
Globalization of the Economy

22. General Analysis on Globalization of the Economy
With international trade, financial transfers, and foreign direct investment, the economy is
increasingly internationally interconnected. This page analyzes economic globalization, and
examines how it might be resisted or regulated in order to promote sustainable development.
International Trade and Development
Trade Agreements, such as the FTAA, NAFTA, and CAFTA facilitate international trade, thereby
strongly impacting people at all levels of the economy. They make trade "free" for Northern
exports, without prohibiting the rich countries' protectionist measures that harm Southern
competitors. Such agreements tend to slow development in poor countries and pull them
deeper into poverty.
Trade Agreements
Trade Agreements, such as the FTAA, NAFTA, and CAFTA facilitate international trade, thereby
strongly impacting people at all levels of the economy. Rich countries often manage to prioritize
their own interests in such agreements, which tend to harm development of poor countries,
pulling them deeper into poverty.
Multilateral Agreement on Investment and Related Initiatives
In May 1995, the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development committed itself to
the immediate start of negotiations aimed at reaching a Multilateral Agreement on Investment
(MAI).
Transnational Corporations
Transnational corporations have become some of the largest economic entities in the world,
surpassing many states. Their continuous push for liberalization has driven globalization while
challenging environmental, health, and labor standards in many countries.

23. Globalisation: what is it and how does it affect health?
Abstract
The term “globalisation” tends to be misused and overused. We need
greater clarity in our understanding of the globalisation process,
including the distinct changes involved and their relation to human
health.
The health impacts of globalisation are simultaneously positive and
negative, varying according to factors such as geographical location, sex,
age, ethnic origin, education level, and socioeconomic status.
Globalisation is not an unstoppable force. Our key challenge is to create
socially and environmentally sustainable forms of globalisation that
provide the greatest benefits and least costs, shared more equitably
than is currently the case.
The health community must engage more directly in current research
and policy debates on globalisation and encourage values that promote
human health. At the same time, those at the helm of globalisation
processes must recognise that attending to health impacts will
strengthen the long-term sustainability of globalisation.

24. How is globalisation linked to health?
Humans have lived with continual change since the migration of Homo erectus out of
Africa a million years ago. Globalisation, in this sense, has gone hand in hand with the
evolution of human societies.5 But our current phase of globalisation is distinctive in
its unprecedented intensity and extent of change.
It would be overly simplistic and inaccurate to describe globalisation as either “good”
or “bad” for health. For example, spatial change is leading to increased migration of
people throughout the world. For high-income countries, the debate surrounding
globalisation and health tends to focus on the perceived threat, from low- and middle-
income countries, of acquiring certain acute and epidemic infections, such as
HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, plague and, more recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS).6 Richer countries also fear the potential financial burden of unhealthy
populations migrating from the developing world. What are less appreciated are the
risks that high-income countries may export to other parts of the world through
products such as tobacco and fast food and, more indirectly, macroeconomic policies
affecting foreign direct investment and debt burdens. There is also a tendency to
overlook the benefits to high-income countries from population mobility — the
migration of health professionals from poorer countries offers benefits to understaffed
health systems in high-income countries (but at the expense of capacity in the
developing world).7 In other words, the increased movement of people and other
items creates a complex equation of pluses and minuses for each society

25. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting
health through prevention of human contact with
the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal
of sewage or wastewater. Hazards can be either
physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease.
Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal
excreta, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage or greywater)
industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention
can be by using engineering solutions (e.g., sanitary sewers, sewage
treatment, surface runoff management, solid waste management,
excreta management), simple technologies (e.g., pit latrines, dry
toilets, urine-diverting dry toilets, septic tanks), or even simply
by behavior changes in personal hygiene practices, such as hand
washing with soap.
Providing sanitation to people requires a systems approach, rather than
only focusing on the toilet or wastewater treatment plant itself.[1]The
experience of the user, excreta and wastewater collection methods,
transportation or conveyance of waste, treatment.

26. Globalization and disease
Globalization, the flow of information, goods, capital, and people across political and
geographic boundaries, has helped spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases
known to humans.[1] The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has
increased through history. Early diseases that spread from Asia to Europe were
bubonic plague, influenza of various types, and similar infectious diseases.
In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other
time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and
increased global trade in agricultural products has brought more and more people into
contact with animal diseases that have subsequently jumped species barriers
(see zoonosis).[2]
Globalization intensified during the Age of Exploration, but trading routes had long
been established between Asia and Europe, along which diseases were also
transmitted. An increase in travel has helped spread diseases to natives of lands who
had not previously been exposed. When a native population is infected with a new
disease, where they have not developed antibodies through generations of previous
exposure, the new disease tends to run rampant within the population.

27. Today’s world is a global village with
growing concentrations of people in
huge cities, mass migrations forced by
social or economic pressures, and
accelerating commerce and travel. More
than 3 million airline passengers cross
international borders daily, creating
routes by which human infections can
radiate around the world within hours.
The crates and containers in which goods
are shipped worldwide provide safe
passage for disease vectors and animal
pathogens.

29. Conclusion
The church of globalisation is a broad one, and its denominational factions full of
perceived sinners and saints, but lacking clear revelation of the future to lead us all
forward. The health community needs to find a way into this debate without feeling
overwhelmed by it. This means moving into unfamiliar territory and engaging in
debate on subjects that have traditionally been seen as outside the health field. As
Ruggie writes,
Globalisation does not come in tidy sectoral or geographically demarcated packages. It
is all about interconnections — among people; across states, in production networks
and financial markets; between greed and grievance; among failing states, terrorism,
and criminal networks; between nature and society. The complex interrelatedness of
issues and their cumulative, often unforeseen, consequences demand far greater policy
coherence than the existing system of national and international institutions has been
able to muster.18
Engaging with the globalisation debate is only the starting point. Adding informed
voices, backed by sound evidence, about the value of promoting and protecting
human health will help move the debate forward at a time when it is much needed