The very last plenary session will highlight the challenges related to the transition in the energy sector: the big challenge on how to bridge the gap will be the main focus. A wide range of perspectives will be represented and the challenges we are facing as well as the solutions to these will be put on the table.

1. 1
Stephen A. Roosa, Ph.D., CEM, REP, CSDPStephen A. Roosa, Ph.D., CEM, REP, CSDP
Trondeim, NorwayTrondeim, Norway
15 June 201315 June 2013
International Student Energy SummitInternational Student Energy Summit
Policies, Programs and Technologies

2. 2
What is BeingWhat is Being
Presented ?Presented ?
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development
Types of EnergyTypes of Energy
Mega-SolutionsMega-Solutions
Renewable TechnologiesRenewable Technologies
Net Zero BuildingsNet Zero Buildings
Information ApplicationsInformation Applications
Investments in RenewablesInvestments in Renewables
Time for your questions!Time for your questions!

3. Sustainable Policies and Programs
Polices and programs are local, regional, national and
international.
• Policies – strategies and goals developed by
governmental or management structures.
• Programs – activities and incentives developed to
achieve the goals of the policies.
• Technologies – means of implementing
the programs (e.g., equipment, hardware, software,
material, resources, etc.).
Most solutions are local or regional.

4. 4
Origins traced to the 1987 –
Brundtland Report from the World
Commission on Environment
and Development
Development as “development
that meets needs of the present
without compromising the
ability of future generations to
meet their needs” (Holland et
al., 2000:10).
Overarching Policy of the Future:Overarching Policy of the Future:
Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

5. 5
“ Energy is at the heart of some of the
principle environmental problems we
face. The unprecedented economic growth
that has occurred mainly in industrialized
countries in this century has depended to
a very great extent on availability of low-
cost energy, principally in the form of
fossil fuels.” [5]
[5] United Nations (1993). Global partnerships for
environment and development: a guide to
Agenda 21. Geneva: United Nations.
What is Relationship of Energy to SustainableWhat is Relationship of Energy to Sustainable
Development?Development?

6. 6
Categories of EnergyCategories of Energy
Fossil Fuels: Forms of energy formed from deposits of
compressed and heated organic matter that consist primarily
of carbon and hydrogen bonds.
• Coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium
Renewable Energy: Forms of energy that are derived from
and replaced rapidly by natural processes.
• Solar thermal and photovoltaic, wind power, hydropower,
tidal power, biomass, geothermal energy, etc.
Alternative Energy: Substituting one form of energy for
another.
• Using natural gas rather than coal.
• Using solar generated electricity rather electricity generated
from nuclear power or coal.

7. 7
Worldwide Energy Usage by Fuel Type

8. 8
Energy - A Primary Sustainability Issue
• Projected demand for energy to increase
globally to 2030.
• Access to energy provides the means of
improving national economies.
• Human-based carbon emissions are
contributing to significant climate changes
due mainly to growth in the energy supply
and transportation sectors.
Key Problem: How do we cost-effectively
reduce energy-related emissions of
greenhouse gases to stabilize the climate
while meeting the world’s increasing demand
for energy.

9. 9
Linkages Between Renewable Energy and
Reducing Carbon Emissions
Energy, how it is extracted, concentrated, transported
and converted is directly linked to atmospheric
carbon and other greenhouse emissions.
• Fossil Fuels: Generate comparatively high levels of
greenhouse gases, especially carbon in their processing,
transportation and combustion. Use of these fuels increases
carbon emissions.
• Alternative Fuels: When high carbon fuels are substituted for
lower carbon fuels or renewables, carbon emissions decline.
• Renewable Fuels: Generate little if any greenhouse gases.
Use of renewable fuels can reduce carbon emissions.

10. 10
Environmental Impact of Greenhouse GasesEnvironmental Impact of Greenhouse Gases
In 2013, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will hit 400 ppm, the
highest concentration in 3 million years.

11. 11
Energy Conservation –incremental improvements to
reduce or eliminate consumption of targeted fuels
by using less energy while satisfying needs and
criterion.
Energy Efficiency – refers to the concept of
replacing less efficient energy consuming
equipment with equipment of greater efficiency.
Fuel Substitution – selecting different types of
energy with greater differential benefits.
Renewable Energy – energy from rapidly
regenerating sources (e.g., solar, wind).
Technologies That Reduce CO2 Emissions

12. 12
Economics of Technological Solutions

13. 13
Mega-Solutions
• Sustainable Development as a
adopted policy
• New efficiency and renewable
Technologies
• New energy production and delivery
technologies
• Buildings: Net Zero Energy, Zero-
Carbon
• Information Technologies – Digital
communications, web based
monitoring and measurement
systems

14. 14
WorldWorld’s Largest Hydro Power Plant’s Largest Hydro Power Plant
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dam
It contains 38 main generators,
each with a capacity of 700
MW. The total electric
generating capacity of the dam
will eventually reach 22,500
MW.
Other types of hydropower:
•Micro-turbines
•Low-head hydro applications
•Tidal Power
•Seawater air conditioning (SWAC)
•Wave power

15. 15
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

16. Large Scale Utility Systems

17. World’s Largest Land Based Wind Farm
Based on Rated Output - Tehachapi Pass, CA
Wind development in the Tehachapi
Pass began in the early 1980s. The area
hosts a multitude of wind farms, with
over a dozen participating companies.
The area has multiple generations of
wind turbine technology installed
including modern three blade
horizontal axis design. There are 5,600
installed Wind Turbine Generators
(WTGs). Some of the newer turbines
generate up to 3 megawatts. Total site
production is 800 Million kWh/yr.

18. 18
Solar Energy Systems
Thermal and Photovoltaic

19. The 30 MW Alamosa Solar Generating Plant is the world’s largest
silicon solar concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) power plant, surpassing
the 5 MW Hatch CPV project in New Mexico and the 7.8 MW Parques
Solares plant in Spain. Uses Amonix dual-axis tracking silicon CPV
technology.
• Alamosa, Colorado
• Completed in 2012
• Carbon Offset: 43,000 tons/Yr
• Cost: $140 to $150 million
• Generate 88 GWH/Yr.
Solar PV Power | Projects
Alamosa Solar Generating Plant| 30 MW
Silicon Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV)

20. With a mix of polycrystalline and moncrystalline silicon photovoltaic solar panels and
commissioned in 2011, the 105.56 MW Perovo Solar Power Station was, as of mid-
2012, the world’s largest utility-scale silicon photovoltaic solar power plant.
•The facility will generate 132.5 GWh annually and will have a capacity factor of
15.1%.
• Crimea, Ukraine
• Completed in 2011
• Carbon Offset: 109,918 tons/
year
• $387 million project cost
Solar PV Power | Projects
Perovo Solar Power Station | 100 MW
Silicon Photovoltaic

21. Built in (3) equal 50 MW phases, Solar Millenium’s Andasol Solar Power Station is the
world’s largest and first commercial-scale solar Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
power plant to combine parabolic trough solar CSP with molten salt energy storage
(MSES) technology.
• Able to store 7.5 hours worth of solar thermal energy.
• CSP plant capacity: 38.8%.
• Aldeire y La Calahorra, Spain
• Project completion: 2011
• Energy Storage Efficiency: 95%
• $1.235 billion
Energy StorageEnergy Storage | Projects
Andasol Solar Power Station | 150 MW
Parabolic Trough CSP + Molten Salt Energy Storage (CSP + MSES)

22. As of completion in 2011, the Zhangbei National Wind and PV Energy Storage and
Transmission Demonstration Project is the world’s first utility-scale hybrid renewable
energy plant to integrate utility-scale wind and solar PV generation with large scale
lithium-ion battery energy storage.
• 100 MW wind energy generation.
• 40 MW solar PV generation.
• 20 MW battery storage (to be expanded to 36 MW).
• Zhangbei County, China
• Project completion: 2011
• $1.88 billion
Energy StorageEnergy Storage | Projects
Zhangbei National Wind and PV Project | 216 MW
Hybrid Wind and Solar PV Generation + Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage

23. Remote locations, islands, and off-grid locations are
traditional sites for hybrid power generation. The cost of
extending the conventional electrical grid to these locations is
typically cost-prohibitive, allowing HRES’s to achieve parity.
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES)

24. When completed, the consolidated enXco 140 MW Pacific Wind and 130 MW
Catalina Solar generating plant will be perhaps the largest integrated wind + solar PV
hybrid generation plant in the U.S.
•Currently under construction.
•Originally conceived separately but are almost immediately adjacent to one another,
leading the installations to share a transmission gen-tie and facilities at the point of
interconnection.
• Kern County, California, U.S.
• Projected completion: 2013
Hybrid Renewable Energy SystemsHybrid Renewable Energy Systems | Projects
Pacific Wind and Catalina Solar Project | 270 MW
Hybrid Wind Power + Solar PV

25. 25
Atlantic City, NJ WWTP
Grid interconnected powerGrid interconnected power
Electric vehiclesElectric vehicles
7.5 MW Wind7.5 MW Wind
500 KW Solar PV500 KW Solar PV

26. 26
Algae Fuels
Biomass to Bio-Oil
Bio FuelsBio Fuels
Ethanol
Algae Farms
Bio-Fuel Facility

27. 27
Hydrogen Gas VehiclesHydrogen Gas Vehicles
• Offers promise if
derived in a
sustainable manner.
• Renewable hydrogen
can be generated by
using solar-hydrogen
production
technologies.
• Combustion process
is similar to using
gasoline.
• Produce little
pollution.

28. Net Positive Energy Buildings
•Those buildings generate energy that is sold back to the utility. They
are normally interconnected with local power grids.
Net Zero Energy
•Those buildings that generate energy equal to what they consume
over a period of time (typically per year).
Carbon Neutral Construction
•Buildings that use no energy from the external power grid are
carbon neutral.
Zero Energy ApplicationsZero Energy Applications

29. 29
Net Zero Middle SchoolNet Zero Middle School
Kentucky, USAKentucky, USA
Turkey Foot Middle Schools
•Solar PV
•Geothermal HVAC
•Natural lighting systems

30. 30
Aldo Leopold Legacy CenterAldo Leopold Legacy Center
Wisconsin, USAWisconsin, USA
Carbon NeutralCarbon Neutral
The Leopold Center is a net zero
energy building, meeting all of
its energy needs on site. Despite
the contrasts of Wisconsin’s
four-season climate, the Leopold
Center uses 70 percent less
energy than a building built just
to code, and the center’s roof-
mounted solar array is projected
to meet 110 percent of the
building’s energy needs on an
annual basis.

31. 31
• Automated data acquisition
• Greater use of wireless control and remote
monitoring systems.
• Database management and statistical analysis
• Distributed Generation – Producing electrical
energy at the point of use and managing it
using digital control systems.
• Web based control, monitoring and
measurement systems controlled by handheld
communication devices.
• Automated smart meters, even smarter grids,
micro-grids
• Interconnecting transportation systems with
utility grid.
What is the Future of Information Technologies?What is the Future of Information Technologies?

32. 32
Integrated BuildingsIntegrated Buildings
Twenhofel Middle SchoolTwenhofel Middle School
Kentucky, USAKentucky, USA

33. 33
Increasing Investments in Renewable Energy
Worldwide Investments in Renewables in 2010
• Total - $211 billion compared to
$219 billion in coal, oil and natural gas
• Increase of 32% over 2009
• Renewables accounted for 30% of all new
electrical generating capacity
Investment by Leading Countries in 2010
• China - $49.8 billion, up 28%
• Germany - $41.0 billion, up 100%
• U.S. - $29.6 billion, up 56%
• Italy - $13.8 billion, up 136%
• Brazil - $6.9 billion, down 5%
• Canada - $5.2 billion, up 52%
• Spain - $4.9 billion, up 53%

34. 34
Carbon Reduction – Policies, Strategies and
Technologies
Reductions of local, regional, national
and international greenhouse gas
emissions in homes, businesses,
industries and communities has
become an international priority.
This book describes in clear, concise,
and understandable terms the nature
and scope of the climate change
problem. The authors propose a
defined road map which can be
implemented to help control and
abate the alarming increases in
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gas emissions.