This document discusses re-industrializing Scotland's manufacturing sector. It provides data showing that while Scotland's manufacturing output as a percentage of GDP was once high, it has declined significantly. It also shows that Scotland's output per capita and overall manufacturing output rank below other major manufacturing nations. The document suggests several factors that have contributed to the UK's relatively poor manufacturing performance, such as a lack of long-term political support and a complacent attitude toward ownership. It argues that high labor costs are not the primary issue, as Scotland's hourly wages are comparable or lower than other EU nations. The document concludes by stating that a vibrant manufacturing base is important for creating a strong middle class and a more equitable society.