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Seminar on Management of Bronchial Asthma
1. Seminar on;
Management of Bronchial Asthma
Prepared by Dr. Atinkut Abesha.
Moderator Dr. Girma (MD, Assistant professor of I. Medicine)
Date: 27/04/2014 E.C
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 1
2. Objectives
To know about definition of Asthma
To know about pathophysiology of Asthma
To know approaches to management of B. Asthma
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 2
3. Outlines
Introduction
Etiology and Risk factors of Asthma
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Classification of Asthma
Clinical presentations of Asthma
Diagnosis
Management of Asthma
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 3
4. Case scenario 1
Mr. X a 21 years old male patient presented with SOB, chest
tightness, and dry cough of 01 week duration which was
exacerbated during cold weather. Those symptoms came
1x/month. Associated to this he has hx of sneezing, rhinorrhea
and nasal congestion. He has also recurrent hx of itching
sensation around his nose. He has also family hx of Asthma,
DM and HTN from his father. He did not took any medication
before for those symptoms.
4
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
5. Case scenario 1… Cont
P/E: G/A: ASL
V/S: BP= 110/70, PR= 105, RR=28, T=36.9, SPO2= 91% with ATM
R/S: scattered wheezing on posterior chest bilaterally
N/S: COTPP
Investigation: CBC: WBC= 9.2, N=78%, E=8.1, Hgb=12.1, Hct=37.9,
MCV=84.2, PLT= 274
CXR=Unremarkable
Mgt: Salbutamol 6 PUFF PRN, prednisolone 40 mg/day for 01 week
5
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
6. Case scenario 1… Cont
1. What will be the possible Dx (Diagnostic flow chart)?
2. How do we assess the patient (Based on parameters)?
3. Where is her step of treatment
4. How do we manage the patient (Step up and Step down approach)?
5. Comment on the treatment which was given to the patient?
6
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
7. Case scenario 2
Ms. Y: a 28 years old known Asthmatic patient for the last 06
months duration who was on Budesonide: Formotelol
(Symbicort) which was taken 2 PUFF twice daily and
Salbutamol 6 PUFF PRN presented with exacerbation of SOB
of 02 day duration. Associated to this she has hx of whitish
productive cough, audible breath sound, chest tightness, LGIF
of the same duration. She also had hx of night time wake up
1x/wk . She has also previous hx of similar attack 02/month.
Othewise no hx of DM and HTN
7
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
8. Case scenario 2… Cont
P/E: G/A: ASL INO2
V/S: BP= 120/70, PR= 110, RR=30, T=36.8, SPO2= 96% with 4L &
82%ATM
R/S: diffuse wheezing on posterior chest bilaterally
N/S: COTPP
Investigation: CBC: WBC= 17.21, N=94%, E=1.6, Hgb=16.7, Hct=48.9,
MCV=92.3, PLT= 280
CXR= Hyper inflated lung
8
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
9. Case scenario 2… Cont
1. What will be the possible Dx (Diagnostic flow chart)?
2. How do we assess the patient (Based on parameters)?
3. Where is her step of treatment
4. How do we manage the patient (Step up and Step down approach)?
5. Comment on the treatment which was given to the patient?
9
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
10. Introduction… Def…
Asthma; a disease characterized by episodic airway
obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness usually
accompanied by airway inflammation
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 10
11. Introduction… Epidemiology…
∼241 million people affected globally (Worldwide; 4.3%)
More prevalent among children (8.4%) than adults (7.7%)
Childhood M: F; 2:1, but Adulthood greater prevalence in
women
Mortality rate globally 0.19/100,000
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 11
12. Etiology and Risk factors of Bronchial Asthma
Allergen exposure
Occupational exposure
Air pollution
Infections
Tobacco
Obesity
Diet
Irritants
High intensity exercise in elite athletes
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 12
13. Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma
Histology of Bronchus;
Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Cartilaginous layer
Adventitia
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 13
16. Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma
Airway hyperresponsiveness is a hallmark of asthma;
Bronchoconstriction
airway inflammation, and
Mucous impaction
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 16
17. Classification of Bronchial Asthma
Intermittent
Persistent Based on Severity (symptoms)
Mild
Moderate
Sever
Childhood onset Asthma Based on age of Onset
Adult onset Asthma
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 17
18. Clinical Presentations of Bronchial Asthma
History of respiratory symptoms
Wheeze
Chest tightness Vary over time and
in intensity
Shortness of breath
Cough
Variable expiratory airflow limitation
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 18
19. Diagnosis of Bronchial Asthma
History
Physical Examination
Investigation
Pulmonary Function Tests
Eosinophil Counts
IgE
Skin Tests
Radioallergosorbent Tests
Exhaled Nitric Oxide
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 19
20. Diagnosis of B.Asthma…Investigation
Spirometry;
Assess how well the lungs work by measuring lung volume,
capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange
Confirms Variable Expiratory Air flow limitations
FEV1, FEV1/FVC
Diurnal PEF variability
Lung function after treatment
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 20
21. Diagnosis of B.Asthma…Investigation
Spirometry;
Helps to differentiate Obstructive or Restrictive Lung diseases
Characteristics Obstructive Restrictive
FEV1 <80% of the predicted
normal
<80% of the predicted
normal
FVC but to a lesser extent
than FEV1
<80% of the predicted
normal
FEV1/FVC <0.7 >0.7
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 21
22. Diagnosis of B.Asthma…Investigation
Spirometry;
Clues b/n obstructive lung diseases
Characteristics Spirometry for Asthma Spirometry for COPD
FEV1 Increases by 12% after BD Doesn’t Increase by 12% after
BD
FVC May or May not be reduced Always Reduced
FEV1/FVC Less than 70% Less than 70 %
Serial Spirometry Vary or remain similar over time Deterioration in values in time
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
22
23. Diagnosis of B.Asthma…Investigation
Spirometry;
Once the diagnosis of asthma has been made, the main role
of lung function testing is for the assessment of future risk.
It should be recorded;
At diagnosis
3–6 months after starting treatment
Periodically thereafter.
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 23
24. Diagnosis of B.Asthma…Diagnostic flowchart
Patient with respiratory symptoms.
Are they typical of Asthma?
Detailed Hx & P/E for Asthma.
Are they supports Asthma Dx?
Is patient already taking asthma controller
treatment?
Perform Spirometry /PEF with reversibility test.
Is result support Asthma Dx?
Treat for Asthma
No Further Hx & Test for
alternative DX
Treat for
Alternative Dx
Y
e
s
No
- Arrange other tests
-Confirm Asthma Dx
Consider trial of
treatment for most
likely Dx or refer for
further investigations
yes
yes
No
N
o
No
Y
e
s
Yes
No
yes
Dx
step
es
for
Cont
rolle
r t/t
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 24
25. Diagnosis of B.Asthma…Diagnostic flowchart
Is patient already taking asthma controller treatment?
Variable
respiratory
symptoms and
variable airflow
limitation
Variable
respiratory
symptoms but no
variable airflow
limitation
Few respiratory
symptoms, normal
lung function and no
variable airflow
limitation
Persistent shortness
of breath and
persistent airflow
limitation
1 2 3
4
Diagnosis of
asthma is
confirmed
Assess the level
of asthma
control
Consider
repeating
Spirometry
1. If FEV1 is >70% predicted,
stepping down &reassess
after 2-4wks
2. If FEV1 is <70% predicted,
stepping up for 3 months
1. Symptom emerge
and lung function
falls: asthma is
confirmed…. Step Up
Consider stepping
down
2. ceasing
controller if no
change in
symptoms or lung
function (1 year
follow up)
Consider
stepping
up for 3
months
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
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26. Assessment of Asthma
Asses Asthma control
Asses Asthma severity
Asses Comorbidity
Asses treatment issues
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 26
27. Assessment of Asthma
I. Assessment of Asthma control
Asthma control is assessed in two domains:
Symptom control (In the past 4 weeks)
Frequency of daytime asthma symptoms (>2/wk)
Any night waking due to asthma
For patients using SABA, frequency of SABA use (>2/wk)
Any Activity limitation due to Asthma
Well controlled, Partly controlled, Uncontrolled
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 27
28. Assessment of Asthma
I. Assessment of Asthma control
Risk of adverse outcomes (Exacerbations)
≥1 exacerbation in the previous year
Socioeconomic problems
Poor adherence
High SABA use
Incorrect inhaler technique
Low Lung function test
Exposure
Type II inflammatory mediators like blood eosinophilia
Other medical conditions
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 28
29. Assessment of Asthma
II. Asthma severity
Mild
Moderate
Sever
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 29
30. Assessment of Asthma
III. Comorbidities
Contribute to symptoms and poor quality of life, and
sometimes to poor asthma control
Rhinitis
Rhinosinusitis
GERD
Obesity
OSA
Depression
Anxiety Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 30
31. Assessment of Asthma
IV. Treatment issues
Inhaler technique
Written asthma action plan
Patient’s attitudes and goals for their asthma and medications
Document the patient’s current treatment step
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 31
32. Management of Bronchial Asthma
Goals of management
To achieve good symptom control
To minimize future risk of asthma-related mortality
To minimize exacerbations
To minimize persistent airflow limitation
To minimize side-effects of treatment
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 32
33. Management of Bronchial Asthma
In order to achieve the above goals;
Non pharmacological treatment
Pharmacological treatment
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 33
34. Management of Bronchial Asthma
I. Non pharmacological treatment
Reducing triggers
Treating modifiable risk factors
Vaccination
Bronchial thermoplasty
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 34
35. Management of Bronchial Asthma
II. Pharmacological treatment
Bronchodilators (β2 -agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline)
Controllers (Anti-Inflammatory/Antimediator); Costicosteroids
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
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36. Management of Bronchial Asthma
II. Pharmacological treatment
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 36
37. Management of Bronchial Asthma
For adults and adolescents step Up/Down approach
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 37
38. Management of Bronchial Asthma
Patients should be seen 1–3 months after starting treatment
Every 3–12 months thereafter.
After an exacerbation, a review visit within 1 week should be
scheduled
Stepping down treatment when;
Asthma is well controlled for 2–3 months and
Lung function has reached a plateau
N.B. Complete cessation of ICS is associated with a significantly
increased risk of exacerbations
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 38
39. Management of Bronchial Asthma
It involves a continual cycle that involves assessment,
treatment and review by appropriately trained personnel
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 39
40. References
Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine 21st edition
GINA, 2022 updated
Up to date 2018
Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern) 40
41. Management of Bronchial Asthma; BY: Atinkut A. (Medical Intern)
Thanks A Lot!!!
41
1
1 2 2
+
3
Hinweis der Redaktion
in those with a predisposition to atopy
Mucosa, lining the inside of the bronchus.
Muscularis mucosae, a smooth muscle layer under the mucosa.
Submucosa, a connective tissue layer with seromucous glands.
Cartilaginous layer, a layer of cartilage plates located beneath the submucosa.
adventitia, the deepest layer separating the bronchus from surrounding tissues
Most commonly, this
inflammation is eosinophilic in nature. In some patients, neutrophilic
inflammation may be predominant, especially in those with more
severe asthma. Mast cells are also more frequent. Many
inflammatory cells are present in an activated state, as will be
discussed in the section on inflammation.
. It is defined as an acute narrowing response of the airways in reaction to agents that do not elicit airway responses in nonaffected individuals or an excess narrowing response to inhaled agents as compared to that which would occur in nonaffected individuals
An estimated 5–20% of new cases of adult-onset asthma can be attributed to occupational exposure
Mild persistent: symptoms of asthma occur no more than two days per week or two times per month.
Moderate persistent: Increasingly severe symptoms of asthma occur daily and at least one night each week
Sever persistent :symptoms occur several times per day almost every day
more than one-third of patients with a physician diagnosis of asthma do not meet the criteria for the diagnosis.
Physical Examination In between acute attacks, physical findings may be normal. Many patients will have evidence of allergic rhinitis with pale nasal mucus membranes. Five percent or more of patients may have nasal polyps, with increased frequency in those with more severe asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Some patients will have wheezing on expiration (less so on inspiration). During an acute asthma attack, patients present with tachypnea and tachycardia, and use of accessory muscles can be observed. Wheezing, with a prolonged expiratory phase, is common during attacks, but as the severity of airway obstruction progresses, the chest may become “silent” with loss of breath sounds.
Spirometry Reading
Sometimes abnormal but may be normal in allergic induced asthma
Always abnormal
Consider repeating spirometry after withholding BD (4 hrs for SABA, 24 hrs for twice-daily ICSLABA, 36hrs for once-daily ICS-LABA) or during symptoms. Check between-visit variability of FEV1, and bronchodilator responsiveness. If still normal, consider other diagnoses (Box 1-5, p.27). If FEV1 is >70% predicted: consider stepping down controller treatment (see Box 1-5) and reassess in 2–4 weeks, then consider bronchial provocation test or repeating BD responsiveness. If FEV1 is