* GB786024 (A)
Description: GB786024 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to means for the printing of characters
Description of GB786024 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786024 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 23,
1950.
No 37203/54.
Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
(Divided out of No 786,021).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 100 ( 4), C( 20 A: 27 L).
International Classification:-B 41 j.
JCOMMPLETE SPEMIFICATION Improvements' relating to means for the
Printing of Characters I, GERIAR DI Ris, of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44,
Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German Nationality, do hereby declare
the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to a means for the printing of characters on
paper or the like.
Such characters may be numerals or the letters of an alphabet or
mathematical signs, command signals for a computer or other characters
The invention may be used amongst other purposes in connection with
calculating machines, book-keeping machines, and the like for the
printing or other indication of a result.
In particular the invention may be utilised in or with an electronic
digital computer of the kind set forth in my earlier Patent
Application No 15773/50 filed June 1950 (Serial No.
7186,0211).
It is an object of the invention to provide a printing means of
extremely simple form, which has a very few pants which can operate at
relatively high speeds and which, without any alteration of form can
be made to print characters of ailmost any kind whatsoever.

The invention comprises a printing body having,a plurality of printing
faces or elements in fixed relationship with each other and each
adapted to print a part only of a character and means whereby a
relative movement between such body land the material @ be printed
upon causes the successive faces or elements to be brought serially
into side-iby-side printing positions within the same letter space or
column, so as selectively to complete the character With such printing
faces spaced longitudinally and transversely on said body they are
brought into the said side-by-side positions successively by a
longitudinal movement of the printing 'body.
There will be means for effecting a to-andfro movement between said
body and a receiving element such as a paper sheet, or the like to
bring the said faces into the side-by-side effective positions The
said faces will be spaced from each other in one direction at
intervals substantially equal to the normal height of the characters
to be formed, and will also 'be spaced from each other in a direction'
across said first direction so that their collective width is equal to
the 'width of the character (preferably without overlapping).
There will also be means for bringing the printing body and 'the
receiving element into mutual contact at selected times and for
selected periods under the control of commands such as for example
signals in a magnetisable or other record means For printing purposes
the said localities will usually be raised parts on the printing
element, adapted for example to press a printing ribbon against a
paper or like sheet, as in a typewriting machine.
The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig 1 is a perspective view of one form of printing element; Fig 2 is
a diagram showing the use of said form of printing element for
printing on a paper passing over a roller, e g in a bookkeeping
machine; and Fig, 3 is a diagram (to a larger scale) of one type of
character which can be printed by the printing element shown in Fig 1,
to illustrate how composite characters 'can' be built up.
Many other characters of this kind may be seen in Figs 7 a and 7 b of
my co-pending Patent Application No 3 q 7222/54 (Serial No.
786,041).
As shown in the drawing, the printing element comprises a body 1,
attached to an operating member 2 In the example illustrated parts 1
and 2 comprise one end of a lever capable of a to-and-fro and a
pivotal movement In other constructions other forms of the device may
be used, as is explained below.
The body 1 is provided on one surface (the top surface in Fig 1)' with
a number of upstanding printing faces or elements in the form of
nipples or dots 3 These nipples which may 'be round as in Fig 1, or
rectangular as in Fig 4, are spaced from each other lengthwise of the

body 1 ' at equal distances equal to the height of the majority of the
characters to be printed, e g the height of the character " 6 " shown
in Fig 3 There are seven dots 3 shown, so that the total distance
between the first and the last is six times the height of the
character to be printed Also, the dots 3 are equally spaced across the
width of the printing element 1 and, without substantial overlapping,
together make up the full width of the character Each printing face 3
will print only a part of a character and they all print within the
same letter space or column so as selectively to complete the
character.
In the arrangement shown in Fig 2, the body 1 is moved to and fro in
the horizontal direction, as shown by the arrow 4, this movement being
a constant regular movement originated by any suitable means (not
shown).
Also, there will be means (not shown) f 6 r moving the body 1 up and
down in the direction of the arrow 5, under the control of command
signals, e g signals in a magnetisable record, or other means
determining what character is to be printed.
Below the body part I is the roller 6, mounted on a fixed axis, around
which roller passes the paper sheet 7 on which the printing is to be
effected, and between the paper sheet 7 and the body part 1 of the
printing element is a printing ribbon 8 similar to the ribbon of a
typewriting machine Whilst in the construction showin the roller 6 is
on a fixed axis and the body part 1 moves towards and away from the
roller, the reverse arrangement could be used if desired, namely with
the body part 1 reciprocating on, a fixed horizontal axis and the
roller 6 movable up and down towards and away from the body part 1 Or
both roller and printing element may have a movement, the essential
feature being that there is a sufficient relative movement between the
parts 1 and 6 to effect a printing by means of the ribbon 8 at the
times and for the periods desired.
Considering now the character " 6 " shown in Fig 3, this rwlll be seen
to be made up of marks in J vertical rows, the marks in each of these
seven rows being made by the respective printing dots 3 on the body
part 1 For example in the first stage of the forward movement of the
body part 1 such part 1 would be moved towards the roller just after
the beginning of its movement and would remain in such position whilst
moving forwardly until just before the end of its movement, so that
the first dot 3 would effect the elongated mark comprising the left
hand portion 9 of the character " 6 " in Fig 3 In the next stage of
the forward movement of the body part 1, the second dot 3 would be
moved towards the paper three times, firstly at the beginning of the
movement to form a part of the bottom row 10 of the character " 6,"
then at the middle of its movement to form a part of the middle row 11

of tat character and lastly at the end of its movement to form a part
of the top portion 12 of the character This would be repeated with the
third, fourth, fifth and sixth printing dots 3 on the body part 1
during the successive stages of forward movement For 70 the last stage
of the forward movement of the body part 1 the seventh dot 3 would
remain in contact with the paper only at the time necessary to print
the right hand part 13 of the character " 6 " 75 In other forms of the
invention the printing device is adapted for multi-denominational or
multi-column printing say for printing the various digits of a number
or the various letters forming a word In such a case 80 there would be
a number of the side-by-side levers 1-2 shown in Fig 1, one for each
denomination and with independent movement towards and away from the
paper By this means the digits of a number and/or the letters 85 of a
word, and other characters could be printed simultaneously whatever
the shapes of the various characters might be.
The means for effecting the relative movement between the printing
element and the 90 paper to effect a marking on the paper may be
operated for example from a magnetic record means having signals
thereon representing the characters to be printed This allows of a
very high speed operation of the printing elements 95 A magnetic
record means of this type is shown in my said co-pending Application
No.
15773/50 (Serial No 786,021).
The signals on the record means would be sensed by a signal head,
amplified and fed to 100 a magnetic means for bringing the printing
element and paper into contact, such element being held in contact
with the paper during each stage of the forward movement for a length
of time determined by the nature of the 105 signal on the record means
at that instant.
Other methods of effecting and controlling the movement of the
printing element and/or the paper could be adapted in other cases.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786025 (A)

Description: GB786025 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in data-entry means for electro-mechanically controlled office
machines
Description of GB786025 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7863025 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June
23, 1950.
No 37204/54.
Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
(Divided out of No 786,021).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 2 G: 4 A; 5), M( 2 B; 6
B: 20).
International Classification:-GO 6 f, k.
COMPILETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Data-Entry Means for Electro-Mechanically Controlled
Office Machines I, GERH Aw D DIR Ks, of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44,
Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German Nationality, do hereby declare
the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statenient: This invention relates
to an office machine controlled by punched cards', punched tapes or
carriers of other input elements which can be sensed either by
electric contacts or by optical sensing means.
The invention may be used inter alia with the electronic digital
computer set forth in my copending application No 15773/50 filed 23rd
June, 1950 (Serial No 786,021).
In the control of officez machines by punched cards, which is typical
of all the above known devices, a series of brushes is provided,
operating in parallel, which effect the electric control of parallelly
operating relays, magnet coils, or the like For electronic computers
which are controlled by punched cards or the like, similar
arrangements are provided in which, instead of electro-mechanical
relays or the like, electronic relays operate This method however, as
hitherto known, requires for instance a multitude of electronic relays
as staticisers or storages.
Usually the signals contained in the vertical columns of punched cards
or the like, must be re-arranged, so far as the side-by-side sequence

of columns is concerned, before the said signals can operate within
the control means of the operating parts of the office machine
according to the various tasks or programmes which have to be effected
by a' tabulator or the like The signals arising from the' vertical
columns of a punched card must be altered as to the position of such
column, on their transfer from the punched card sensing means to, the
operating means of the office machine.
Senscd signals therefore have hitherto required to be stored in
electronic tubes or electronic relays or in other relays, before they
fill could be introduced into electronic computing means or other
electronically operating means controlled by the punched cards or by
comparable methods In the usual types of punched card controlled
machines or the like, therefore a great number of such relays
(magnetic and/or electronic) is required.
This invention refers in particular to the control of machines in
which the recorded signals have a movement relatively to transfer
means, for example with the use of magnetic storage means a movement
of such storage means relatively to' signal heads; or, with
cathode-ray screens as storages, a movement of the cathode-ray
relatively to the screen.
In order to solve the problem of re-arranging the signals in certain
vertical columns of punched cards into other vertical columns, and
correspondingly to re-arrange signal positions on signal carriers of
magnetic or electronic computers for instance, electronic relays have
hitherto been required into, which the sensed signals are stored and
from whence these stored signals have been transferred in a second
operation to the succeeding operating means, their sequence being
altered during such transference, usually by manually variable
switching ways.
This invention, in contrast to the described known ways, allows a
direct control of the electronic means of the computer or the like in
the desired sequence without any such intermediate storing between the
sensing of the punched cards or the equivalent means and the operating
means of the machine itself.
The invention provides a system for transferring signals from a record
means in which they are recorded in parallel columns, to a second,
cyclically-operated record means in which they are required to be
recorded in groups of storage areas arranged (one group to a column)
in serial order of columns, characterised in that the columns are
sensed concurrently, in a series of stages, one record area of each
column being sensed at each stage, that at each stage the second
record means goes through a cycle of operation in which are recorded
upon it signals corresponding to the signals present at that stage in
the columns of the first record means, that the signals derived from

different columns of the first record means are fed by interconnection
means to different input circuits of a cyclical distributor, the
relationship between the order of columns on the first record means
and the arrangement of the input circuits of the distributor to which
signals derived from those columns are fed being determined by said
interconnection means, that signal derived froml different columns at
each stage are placed by the distributor in, a serial order of its
input circuits, in a single output circuit, that the cyclical
operation of the distributor is synchronised with that of the second
record means so that a signal derived from a particular column (at
whatever stage it is so derived) is fed to a particular group of
storag e areas of the second record means and that means are provided
whereby, within each group of storage areas of the second record
means, signals derived fromn the first record means at any stage are
recorded at points appropriate to that stage.
In carrying the invention into effect use may be mrade of inductive
distributing means the primary elements of which are controlled by the
sensed signals and the secondary elements of which become effective
selectively in dependence on said relative moverment.
One convenient form, of apparatus according to the invention comprises
punched card sensing means, a cross-switching board or Panel with
selizctable switching ways, and an inductive distributor having
relative movenment betve-en pairs ef prinmary and secondarv coils and
a distributor armature, the said primary coils being connected to the
said selectable switching ways ard the secondary c'ils being connected
to comnrutirn means for example according to my said co-pending
Apnlication No 15773/50.
This invention orerates in such a way, that by meaans of a sensing of
the punched card or the like, voltages or currents are obtained which
are sensed by means operating in synchronism with a relative movement
between the signals being sensed and means for feeding the signals to
a comnputor or the like Such sensing may for exairrpl be effected by
inductive meians Hereby, changeable switchirgs can be provided by
which the sequence of the sensed markings in the punched card or other
malrk-carrier, for instance punchingss within the vertical columns of
the punched cards.
may be altered into a sequence co-ordinated to phases in a timing
cycle of the relative movement between the signals and the said
feeding means, for instance a sequence coordinated to the relative
movement between a magnetic signal carrier and signal heads, or to the
relative movement between a cathode ray and its screen or the like.
In the accompanying drawing the invention is illustrated more or less
diagrammatically.
Fig 1 shows in the first horizontal row a sequenice of markings

corresponding to the vertical columns of a punched card, and in the 70
second and third horizontal row the changed sequence within the signal
carrier of a computing m-chanismr, this changing having been effected
in correspondence with the diagram of Fig 2; 75 Fig 2 is a diagram
illustrating a distributing switching board or panel, and distributive
switching means; Fig 3 shows in side view and in crosssection, one
form of contactless distributing 80 device which effect, in
cooperation with the switching system, according to Fig 2, the
altering of the sequence of the signals; Fig 4 shows a general
diagrammatic view of the sensing means for the punched card co 85
ordinated with the recording and computing means of a magnetic signal
carrier via the switching board according to Fig 2 and electronic
transmission means.
Fig 1 shows in the first horizontal line, in 90 a symbolic way, the
sequence of vertical columns in a punched card, wherein for instance,
beginning from the left, the first vertical column is marked with 1,
the second vertical column with 2, the third vertical 95 column with 3
and so on Within each of these vertical columns of the punched cards
would be marked in the normal way, for instance by means of holes,
different digit values or symr bols for characters The second 100
horizontal line of this Figure shows the sequence in which these
column centents of digit values or symbols have to be placed within a
signal carrier means or in a timing schedule Thus, the signals
corresponding to 105 the first vertical column of the punched cards
are to be placed in the 14th phase of the sequence, say within the
14th interval in the timing schedule of the relative movement betwe en
the signal carrier and signal conveying 110 means The signals
corresponding to the markings of the second vertical column of the
punched cards are to be placed into the 3rd phase of the sequence, say
in the 3rd interval in the timing schedule of the relative move 115
ment benveen the signal carrier and the conveying means, and so on The
third horizontal line of this Figure indicates the new sequence where,
for example, the signals in the original third column are now in' the
first columnrs, the 120 signals in the original fifteenth column are
now in the second column and so on.
Fig 2 shows as a diagram the cross-contact switching board 1 of known
form with horizontal rows 21 and vertical rows 3 _ The 125 horizontal
rows are each connected with one end of the respective primary coils 4
' of a distributor, each such primary winding having an associated
secondary winding 51 n The other ends of all these primary windings 4
1 130 786,015 diagrammatically in Fig 2.
Within this diagram of Fig 2 the sensing brush 71 for the first
vertical column of the punched card is connected by switch plug 181 to
the coil 1414 related to' phase 14 in the 70 timing schedule of the

one hundred possible areas of the signal-carrying means This switch
plug 18 ' connects the battery pole 17 via the common contacts 8 and
the hole representing digit value " 12 " in the first horizontal row
75 of the punched card and the brush 7 of the the vertical row 31, to
the fourteenth horizontal row 2, and thence to one end of the
corresponding primary winding 414 and finally, from there to the
second pole 6 of the battery 80 Within the second vertical column of
the punched card there is a connection provided to the third
horizontal row 2 ', so that digit values marked within the said second
vertical column of the punched card would be trans, 85 ferred to the
third timing phase of the second signal-carrying means As there is no'
hole for digit value " 12 " within the second vertical column, of the
punched card, another digit value being punched in the second vertical
90 column, there is no connection between the common contacts 8 and a
plug in the plugboard 1 The third vertical column of the punched card
is associated with the first timeschedule phase of the second
signal-carrying 95 means, and so on.
This transfer of signals from, a punched card, tape or the like
comprising a first record means, to the co-ordinated area within the
second signal-carrying, means, which for ex 100 ample may be a
magnetic drum or the like, is achieved in such a way in this example,
that the tooth 10 inductively couples one primary coil 4 after another
to' the respective secondary coils 5 If the switching bioard 1 effects
a 105 connection from the contact sensing of the punched card or
equivalent means to' a primary coil 4, the rotating tooth'10 will, at
a definite time instant, generate within the coordmnater secondary
coil a signal which, by 110 way of the general out-put lines 19-20
from the secondary coils 5 can be made to open a discharge tube or the
like, which tube can be closed again by the next tooth 13 to' pass the
single pair of coils 14, 15 In short, the single 115 tooth 10
co-operates with 100 pairs of coils 4-5 for osening a discharge tube,
and the 100 teeth 13 co-operate with the single pair of coils 14, 15
for closing the discharge tube.
The discs 9 and 12 rotate at a speed such 120 that the recording areas
of the second signalcarrying means are scanned once in each cycle of
relative movement between the tooth 10 and the coils 4, 5 If for
instance a magnetic drum or disc is used as the second signal 125
carrier, to receive the new sequence of signals, and the successive
sectors of which, in the direction of rotation, represent successive
columns in a sequence, and in which each such sector is made up, of
areas (in the axial 130 are connected to the battery or mains pole 6.
The vertical rows 3 ' of the switching board 1 are connected to the
respective contact brushes 71-" of a mechanism for sensing punched
cards, a card being shown in broken lines at the bottom of the Figure

preparatory to entering into the sensing means There is a contact
brush 7 for each vertical column of the punched card In those vertical
columns of the punched cards in which, for instance within the first
horizontal row, corresponding to the digit value " 12 " of the punched
card, punched holes are provided, there is a contact between the
corresponding sensing brushes 71 '1 and the complementary common
contacts 8 '-1 the latter usually being constructed for instance as a
brass shaft, or as a silver contact.
In the example of Fig 2 there are holes in the first horizontal row of
the punched card in the first, fourth, fifth and ninth vertical
columns, whereas in the second, third, sixth and other vertical
columns there are no holes in the first horizontal row of the punched
card.
The common contacts 8 -" are all connected to the battery or mains
pole 17.
Fig 3 shows one possible form of contactless distributing means, first
in a side view and then in a transverse section In the example
illustrated the contactless switching means are provided as inductive
means They comprise a disc 9 provided with a single tooth 10 and
mounted on the shaft 11 Further, they com, prise also' the disc 12
provided with the several teeth 13 '-" Around the disc 9 a plurality
of coils are arranged these comnprising the aforesaid primary coils
41-n and secondary coils 51-n connected in pairs by the twoarmed cores
16 " The open end of each yoke is passed once within each rotation of
the disc 9, by the tooth 10, so that the respective pairs of coils are
operating at that instant as a transformer with primary and secondary
coils.
Adjacent the disc 12 is a single pair of primary and secondary coils
14 and 15 which again, only at definite positions of disc 12 are
connected as a transformer by the teeth 131-.
The tooth 10 is distant from tooth 13 by one step; in the sequence.
If the second signal carrier which is to' receive the re-arranged
signals contains for instance 100 areas for the recording of signals
sensed from the first carrier, in this case the punched card, one
hundred pairs of primary and secondary coils 4, 5 are arranged around
the disc 9 with the single tooth'10, and the distance between tooth 10
and the tooth 130 is 360 100 = 3 6 degrees If the punched cards which
are to' be sensed contain only 80 vertical columns for signals, the
relationship between the 80 possible columnnts for sensing and the one
hundred possible recording areas of the second signal carrier is
established b'y the switching board or panel 1 illustrated 2786,0,25
direction) for different digit value signals or signals for other
characters, the drum or disc will rotate once during the sensing of
each horizontal roaw of the punched card.

The connection of common contact 8 through brush 71 in the first
vertical contact row, plug 181 and the fourteenth primary winding 414
has the effect that a signal indicating digit value " 12 "' will be
generated within the recording phase of the signal-carrying means
beginning at that timing instant when tooth 10 passes the core of the
fourteenth primary winding 414 and ending when next a tooth 13 passes
the core of the coil system 14-15 The primary coils can be energised
by DC and the secondary coils then receive their signals as; a pulse.
Fig 4 gives a diagrammatic survey of the operation of the whole
arrangement It shows the punched card 22, which is fed by the feeding
mechanism 23 below the sensing brushes 71 _n of which there may be 80
for example Each of the brushes 7 ' is connected to the cross
switching board or panel 1 according to Fig 2, being connected to the
respective ways 3 '-1 In dependence on the sensed holes within the
first horizontal row of the punched card corresponding to the digit
values to be sensed by the brushes 71 l, and in dependence on the
switch plug connections 18 within the switching board 1, the input
ways 19-20 of the electronic control system 24 receive digit value
signals at definite timing instants, as has been explained in
connection with Fig 2 for the first horizontal row 25 of the punched
card 22, for digit value " 12 ".
On further feeding of the punched card 22 by the feeding mechanism 23
a second rotation of the magnetic signal carrier 26 is effected during
the passing of the brushes 71 ' over the second horizontal row 252 of
the punched card 22 The operation is similar for all the digit values,
i e for all the horizontal rows 250 _ 2512 of the punched card 22.
The shaft 27, which carries the drum, 26, is driven by motor 28 and
carries also the toothed wheel 29 which meshes with gear wheel 30 (on
shaft 31) with a speed reduction ratio 1: 12 The shaft 27 also carries
the discs 9 and 12 described with reference to Fig 3.
On the shaft 31 is fixed the contact distributor 32-34 with a common
contact wiped continuously by the contact blade 32, and the
distributing contact 33 wiped successively by the switching contact
blades 34-12, in twelve successive phases of one rotation of shaft 31,
for thea twelve successive sensings of the punched card during one
rotation of that shaft The switching contact 3412 is switched on
during the sensing period of horizontal row 2512 of punched card 22,
switching contact 3411 is switched on during the sensing period of
horizontal row 25 of punched card 22, switching contact 340 is
switched on during the sensing period of horizontal row 25 of punched
card 22 and so on The synchronism between the movement of the punched
card 22 and the effectiveness of the switching contacts 34 " 12 is
achieved by the cain groove 36 of cam 35, whereby the cam 70 moves the
feeding mechanism, 23 in such a way, that by the synchronised

switching contacts 340-12 different switching ways can be co-ordinated
to the respective horizontal rows 12 of the punched card 22 75 Fig 4
shows tho complete arrangement of a punched card sensing mechanism 71
' via switching board 1, electronic computing means 24, operating
together with signal heads 37 arranged digitwise in such a way, 80
that the signal carrier 26 for instance represents within its one
hundred sectors a 100denomination calculator, corresponding for
instance to the general construction of the calculator described in my
co-pending Appli 85 cation for Patent No 15773/50 (Serial No.
786,021) In this case the signal-carrying m-eans 26, for instance a
magnetic signal carrier, must be contemplated as divided up into one
hundred, successive areas each includ 90 ing at least ten digit value
localities for digit value signals 0-9 respectively The electronic
computor 24 is enabled to operate as a serial adder, operating
together with signal heads 37 -' and 38 During the sensing of 95 the
horizontal row 251 of the punched card 22 by the brushes 71-', i e
during the corresponding cycle of the relative movement betwleen
signals and conveying means (one rotation of the magnetic disc 26
against signal 100 heads 37, 38) the computing task for an adding
process is the following:Within all those areas of the signal carrier
which are co-ordinated via switching board 1 to those brushes 71-',
under which there is 105 a hole, the digit value " 1 " is to be added,
whereas in all the other areas the recorded digit value is to remain
unaltered One hundred different areas of the magnetic signal carrier
must in this case be regarded as equi 110 valent to the one hundred
accumulator wheels of for instance -a tabulator, each being
coordinated via the switching board to a certain vertical column.
During the sensing period of the horizontal 115 row 252 of punched
card 22, during the corresponding rotation of the magnetic drum, the
computing task is changed only in regard to the constant which is to
be added Instead of digit value " 1 ", digit value " 2 " is to be 120
added in the areas of signal carrier 26 correspcnding to all those
vertical columns of the punched card, in which there is a hole,
whereas all the other digit values recorded in the other areas of the
signal carrier 26 are to re 125 main unaltered During the sensing of
the horizontal row 253 of the punched card 22, the digit value " 3 "
is to be added in those areas of the signal carrier 26 which
correspond to the vzrtical columns of the punched 130 4 w 786,025
786,025 cards in which there is a hole, and so on.
During this operation the sensing head 38 is sensing the previously
recorded signals of the different areas, of signal carrier 26 and is
generating the required signals; within the serial adder 24, which
again is giving to the recording head the result sumi of the sensed
digit value from the magnetic -carrier plus the constant digit value

corresponding to the sensed horizontal row of the punched cards.
In a similar manner all those combinations of signal carrier and
computors can be used which are described in more detail in my
abovementioned Patent Application No.
15773/50 filed 23rd June, 1950 (Serial No 786,021).
In this co-pending application there are also described other examples
of the conversion of information from parallel to serial form, such as
the entry of data set up on a multi-denomination, keyboard onto a
magnetic drum or disc in serial form This application and other
associated co-pending applications also describe various ways in which
the signals may be recorded on the drum and in which they may be
recorded in desired locations.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786026 (A)
Description: GB786026 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in means for the visual indication of numbers and other
information
Description of GB786026 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,026 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June
23, 1950.
No 37205154.
Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
(Divided out of No 786,021).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 97 ( 1), J 3; and 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 2 G:
4 A: 6).

International Classification:-GO 2 d G 06 f.
COMPLETE SPI El OIFI'CAT Ii ON Improvements in means for the Visual
Indication of Numbers and other Information I, GERHARD 'DIRKS, of
Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German
Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to the visual indication of numbers and other
information and has especial though not exclusive reference to fthe
visual indication of information contained in a storage means for
example a magnetic record means.
The invention will find use inter alia for making visible the result
of a computation in an electronic digital computer, such as the
computer set forth in my co-pending Application for Patent No 15773/50
filed 23rd June 1950, (Serial No 786,021) with a priority date from
1st October, 1948 Another use of the invention will be in making
visible the amount recorded on operation of a cash register or like
machine Still other uses will be found for the invention.
'The invention relies for its usefulness on the persistence of human
vision whereby what is actually a rapidly intermittent indication is
seen by the eye las a continuous indication.
According to the invention, there is provided in combination, a
magnetisable record means for signals and means for the cyclic sensing
of such record, successive areas of the record in the direction of
sensing corresponding to successive columns or denominations for
characters, a series of sets of optically-reproducible characters on a
carrier, one set for each denomination, means for moving said carrier
synchronously with said cyclic sensing so as to bring said sets of
characters past a viewing position, flash tube illuminating means for
reproducing characters in all said sets whilst they are at the viewing
position and switching means for said illuminating means, controlled
by said sensing means, whereby in each column or denomination only
that character is reproduced which corresponds to signals sensed in
the respective area of the record means.
In some forms of the invention, the several characters are
optically-reproducible on a rotatable disc, those for the successive
denominations being in successive sectors of the disc, offset from
each other radially, so as to pass behind a radially-disposed viewing
aperture in the respective denominational positions.
In some other forms of the invention' the characters are arranged in
rows on a rotatable cylinder and are adpated to be illuminated
selectively as they pass behind a viewing aperture.
In all cases the carrier with ithe opticallyreproducible signals for

characters may be associated with a magnetic record means moving in
synchronism with it, the illumination of the various characters being
controlled selectively by the sensing of signals on the record means.
The optically-sensitive member may carry two sets of characters, one
for true and one for complementary digit values, and the sensing means
may include switching means for making either of said sets of values
operative according as to whether digit value signals sensed are
positive or negative.
The invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying
drawing, wherein:
Fig 1 shows a part of an optically sensitive disc and a wiring diagram
for the flashing of signals on to said disc; Fig 2 shows a magnetic
and optical stroboscopic disc provided with rows of characters for
true and complementary digit values; Fig 3 shows in perspective one
mode of obtaining an enlarged representation of the stroboscopically
indicated characters; and Fig 4 shows one means for the parallel
operating of stroboscopic indicating means in which the various
denominations are indicated simultaneously and not successively.
Referring to Fig 1, there is la portion of a stroboscopic indicating
disc 1, which is rotatable in the direction of the arrow 2 around axis
3 The disc 1 may be of any suitable diameter according to the maximum
number of denominations which are to be handled.
The disc is provided with optical sensitive rows 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, which are arranged as concentric rings, each of these rings
containing in a certain sector the digit value characters 0-9 as
optically reproducible characters These concentric rings are arranged
in such a way, that the digits 0-9 in the innermost ring are situated
in one sector, in the next outer ring they are in the next sector, in
the third ring they are in the third sector and so on to the outermost
ring.
Combined with this rotatable disc is a flash tube 12 behind a slot 13
in a mask or blind 14, the width of which slot is only slightly
greater than the height of the digit value characters In the example
shown in Fig 1, the digit " 2 " is visible in the slot 13 of the mask
14 in the optically-sensitive ring 6, representing the penultimate
denomination of the number " 028 " The said slot 13 in combination
with the flash tube 12 has the task of indicating in a stroboscopic
way the side-by-side digits of the different denominations of numbers
Various means may be employed for actuating the stroboscopic devices
from a computor, e g.
from a storage or record means, it being necessary to transform
signals sensed from such a record means before they can be passed to
the indicating means.
In Fig 1 there is shown a track az of a magnetizable record means,

such as is explained in detail in my co-pending application for Patent
number 157,73/50 filed on the 23rd June 1950, (Serial No 786,021).
This track a carries magnetic signals having the meaning of " 028,"
that is in the first ten fields of sector I a magnetic signal is
contained in, field 8 and, in the first ten fields the sector II a
signal is contained in field 2.
The disc-like optical record means also contains in each of the
concentric rings 4-11 the optical characters of the figures 0-9 They
are arranged in such a way, that the fields in track a containing the
magnetic signals correspond in position to the fields containing the
corresponding optical characters of the figures 0-9 If the magnetic
layer for the record means and the optical film layer for the
stroboscopic indicating are deposited on the same glass disc 1 or the
like, comprising a rotating record means, the functional connection
between computing and indicating is especially evident In this case
the track a consists of a concentric ring (imaginatively defined) on
the magnetic layer upon the disc 1 being sensed by sensing-head 15 The
field " 2 " in track a corresponds to the figure 2 in the
opticallysensitive ring 6 in such a way that at that instant when the
magnetic field " 2 " is below the slot of the sensing head 15, the
shape of figure " 2 " on the optical sensitive ring 6 is within the
slot 13 of the mask or blind 14.
In consequence of the width of the slot 13, only one figure in each
annular row of characters can be seen at any one time, in this case
figure " 2 " 70 Instead of the magnetic record means and
optically-sensitive means being on the same carrier member (disc 1)
they could in other cases be on separate members moving in synchronism
with each other 75 As the optically-sensitive layer is black and as
only the rows of characters of the figures 0-9 within the concentric
rings 4-11 are transparent, only the shape of the figure " 2 " will be
visible if and when the stroboscopic 80 flash will light the optical
layer from below at the instant when the shape of figure " 2 " is
behind the slot 13 of the mask 14 The concentric ring 6 corresponds to
the sector II of track a and similarly the interior ring 7, cor 85
responds to sector I of track a The moment in which the flash is to
light within the discharge lamp 12 is controlled by the sensing head
15 in circuit with the amplifier 16, the coupling-capacitor 17 and the
discharge tube 90 18 which, by its ignition, opens the discharge of
the capacity circuits 19, 20 via the discharge flashlight lamp 12 In
one convenient arrangement the respective terminals of the circuit for
illuminating the stroboscopic lamp had the 95 following voltages: a=
-20, b== 300, c= 0, and d= 2000.
As this flashlight lasts only for some few microseconds, with great
intensity, repeating this flash at every rotation of the record means

100 (for example at 50 times per sec) the shape of the figure " 2 "
seems to stand in the slot 13 as a continuous image, although the disc
lis rotating and the light flashing at e g 3000 times per minute
During each rotation of the 105 disc this flashing will take place
only when the character of figure " 2 " is passing behind the slot 13
of the mask, i e in the same instant when the magnetic signal " 2 " on
the record means passes below the slot of the sensing 110 head 15.
Persistence of vision effects, that figure " 2 " is clearly seen in
the penultimate denomination.
In the concentric ring 6, the shapes of the 115 figures 0-9 are
arranged within sector II of the record means and the corresponding
part of the optical reproducible layer of the stroboscopic disc The
digit values for the last denomination, sector I are represented in
the 120 ring 7, which is set off by one column, i e.
by one concentric ring, towards the interior compared with the
concentric ring 6 Thus, at each rotation of the disc a flashlight is
effected by the same means (sensing-head 15, 125 amplifier 16,
coupling-capacitor 17, discharge tube 18, capacity circuits 19/20,
flashlight lamp 12, slot 13 and mask 14) repeatedly at that instant,
when field " 2 " of the sector
II with its magnetic signal " 2 " is passing 130 786,026 Fig 2, the
mask through which the valve is indicated, is movable between two
positions, in one of which it co-operates with the digit characters
0-9 and in the other of which it co-operates with the digit value
characters 70 9-0, so that in the one position a number may be
indicated as a direct value and in the other position as a
complementary value The moving of the mask between these two positions
is controlled by signals on the record 75 means in dependence on
whether the number to be indicated is positive or negative In one
convenient arrangement the mask is mounted on slides for movement
between its two positions and may be urged to one such position 80 by
a spring and brought to the other position by a magnetic means such as
a solenoid operated by a signal on the record means The mask may
include a movable portion adapted to cover the denominations where
otherwise 85 a zero character would be indicated It is obvious also
that zero-signals can either be indicated by a lighted zero on the
optically sensitive disc or by the suppressing of the flashing behind
those signals It is obvious also, that 90 within such concentric rings
commas or other signs or commands can be shown, so that indicated
numbers can be subdivided and separated into denominations in any
desired way in dependence on the signals controlling the 95 flashing
of the flashing stroboscopic lamp 12.
The movable part of the mask mentioned above can be used both with an
arrangement indicating direct values only and with a means for

indicating direct or complementary values 100 selectively In the
latter case it will be transferred from one position to the other with
the mask as a whole.
In cases where the indication of the values would be small, for
example where the disc 105 is divided into a large number of
denominations, means may be provided for enlarging the indication One
such means is shown in Fig 3 and comprises a Tense 21 in front of the
mask 14 through which the indicated value 110 is projected and shown
on a screen 22 as an enlarged indication.
An alternative indicating arrangement is shown in Fig 4, suitable for
use inter alia in a cash register, where the digit values are 115
carried on a rotating cylinder 23 % being in parallel rows, and behind
each circumferential row is a stroboscopic lamp As, this cylinder
rotates in synchronism with the signals on a record means representing
the various digits 120 to 'be indicated, a stroboscopic lamp will be
lit at the moment at which in any one denomination the digit value
character to be indicated passes between the lamp and the slot in the
mask For example, if the number 323 '125 is to be indicated the
stroboscopic lamp in the first circumferential row will be lit as the
digit value 3 ' comes opposite the mask, the stroboscopic lamp in the
second, circumferential row will be lit when the digit value 2 130
below the slot of the sensing head 15, and when field " 8 " of the
sector I, with its magnetic signal " 8 " is passing below the sensing
head 15.
As the row of characters for the figures 0-9 in sector I is set off by
one concentric ring toward the interior, the shape of the figure " 2 "
appears one denomination left from figure " 8 " within the slot 13 of
the mask 14 and because of persistence of vision is seen as a
continuous image, so that within the slot 13 the number " 28 " is
indicated.
It is obvious that with the same sensing head and flashlight circuit,
so many denominations can 'be indicated within the slot 13 of the mask
114 at each rotation of the record means and stroboscopic disc, as
there are concentric rings provided with off-set rows of the
opticallyreproducible characters 0-9 The indicating of a
16-denominations-numiber requires 16 concentric rings, which
correspond, from the innermost to the outermost rings to the 16
successive sectors I-XVI of the record means, whereby the row of
characters of the figures " 0-9 " for the last denomination
(corresponding to sector I of the record means) is arranged within the
innermost ring of the optical layer the row of characters of the
figures " 0-9 " for the last but one (penultimate) denomination
(corresponding to sector II of the record means) is arranged within
the second concentric ring of the optical layer; the row of characters

of the 'figures " 0-9 " for the antepenultimate denomination
(corresponding to sector III of the record means) is arranged within
the third concentric ring from the interior on the optical layer, and
so on.
Referring now to Fig 2, there is shown a combined magnetic and optical
sensitive disc 1, the centre part of which comprises a magnetic record
means such as is explained in detail in my said co-pending application
No.
15773/50 filed 23rd June 1950, (Serial No.
786,021) This magnetic area is divided into sectors representing
successive denominations of a number, with at least one extra area for
command signals and to allow for operating time, and the outer part of
the disc, which is coated with an optically-reproducible material, is
divided into similar sectors, each of which contains a row of digit
value characters 0-9 and a second row of characters 9-0, so that a
value may be indicated either as a true value by the one set of
characters or as a complementary value by the other set of characters
The disc rotates about its axis, and its optically-sensitive layer
passes an indicating means comprising the flash tube 12 and the slot
13 ' of a mask 14, so that, at any time when a digit value character
is below the slot 13 and at the same time a magnetic signal for that
value is below the slot of a sensing head the value is indicated by
the stroboscopic means.
When using the combined disc shown in :786,02 X 6 comes opposite the
mask and likewise in the third circumferential row the stroboscopic
lamp will be lit when the digit value 3 comes opposite the slot in the
mask These various high speed intermittent flashings will be seen by
the eye as a continuous image 323 This form of the stroboscopic
indicating means may of course be used for any other purpose than in a
cash register In the same way instead of the characters on the
cylinder being numbers they could be letters of any alphabet so that
instead of a number being indicated stroboscopically a word or words
can be indicated In the arrangement shown a magnetic record means is
provided at the left hand end of the cylinder as a magnetic drum and
signals thereon are sensed by the signal heads 15, the sensing of
these signals determining which of the stroboscopic lamps shall be lit
at any particular time.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database

* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786027 (A)
Description: GB786027 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements relating to the printing of characters
Description of GB786027 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
US2976801 (A)
US2976801 (A) less
Translate this text into Tooltip
[79][(1)__Select language]
Translate this text into
The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7 /4 H i Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June
23, 1950.
& -: ' No 37206/54.
Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948, (Divided out of No
786,021).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 100 ( 4), C 20 82 K( 1: 2), C 27 L.
International Classification:-B 41 j.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to the Printing of Characters I, 'GERHARD DIRKS,
of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German
Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following

statement: -
This invention relates to an apparatus for the printing of characters
for example numerals or the letters of an alphabet or mathematical
signs or other characters and is useful amongst other purposes in
connection with the printing of the results obtained by a calculating
machine, or in a book-keeping machine or the like.
The invention is especially useful in association with the electronic
digital computer forming the subject of my earlier Application for
Patent No 15773/50 filed 23rd June 1950 (Serial No 786,02,1).
In a purely mechanical printing telegraph apparatus it has been
proposed to provide for each key lever of a keyboard, a rocker to an
intermediate part of which a constant rising and falling movement was
imparted by a crank or the like, one endi of the rocker resting on the
related key and the other end being associated with selectively
operated arresting means.
The arrangement was such that when said other end was not arrested,
the movements of the rocker were ineffective on the key lever but,
when the arresting means intervened the movements of the rocker were
effective to operate the key lever.
The present invention is concerned with high-speed dot and line
printing devices in which each character is built up by a suitable
disposition of dots and lines printed by a plurality of printing
elements.
The invention comprises a plurality of sideby-side printing members
each having a printing surface near one end, means imparting a
constant to-and-fro movement to an intermediate part of said members,
towards and away from the paper to be printed, and electromechanically
controlled means operating selectively to restrain one or other of the
ends of the members against said to-and-fro movement, so that when the
printing surface end of the member is restrained no printing results
and when the other end is restrained printing is effected.
The arrangement is such that if the operative end of a printing member
is held against movement towards the paper or other material the
operative surface is held out of contact and no character
representation takes place, whereas if the other non-operative end, of
the said member is held, the operative surface partakes of the
movement of the lever and is moved into contact with the paper or
other material, whereupon a printing operation or other representing
of a character takes place.
In the case of a device for printing characters of a mosaic type (see
Figs 7 a and 7 b of my co-pending Application No 37222/54 (Serial No
786,041) each printing member will have at its operative end a nipple
or a point adapted to press a printing ribbon against a paper,
similarly to the type-levers of a typewriter.

Said selective electromechanical means for control of the levers is
preferably such as to require only very short pulse-like energizing,
at a rather high intensity, thus allowing of very high speeds of the
printing device, especially as the levers require only very short
movements to be effective.
Examples of apparatus according to the invention are illustrated in
the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig 1 is a diagrammatic
perspective view of an embodiment of a printing device for the
printing of characters, in a single denomination, column or the like;
Fig 2 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a similar device as
adapted for the printing of characters in a number of side-by-side
denominations or columns or the like; Fig 3 is a diagrammatic
fragmentary sectional view of the apparatus illustrating the operation
of the various parts and with the parts in one particular position;
Fig 4 is a view corresponding to Fig 3 but 86027 2 786,027 with the
parts in another particular position, as explained below; and Figs 5
and 6 are two further views similar to Fig 3 showing still further
positions of the various parts, according to the operation of the
apparatus at different times.
In the drawings, referring first to Fig 1 and 3-6, there is
schematically shown an apparatus having a nonmagnetic base plate 1 and
having on either end of such plate a fixed stud 2 on which main levers
3 and 4 are located These main levers are arranged on the respective
outer side of a set of parallel printing levers 51 to 13 A shaft 14
extends through a hole in each of the levers 5 to 13 and between the
arms of the C-shaped members 15, and; through holes in the adjacent
ends of the main levers 3 and 4.
The main levers 3, 4 are actuated for up and down movement of shaft 14
by means of magnet systems in the members 15 (or by cams or the like)
causing the printing levers to 13 to move up and down correspondingly
in unison with each other and with the main levers 3 and 4 This shaft
14 will be moved up and down by the magnet system 15 actuating the
shaft by the magnets 16 mounted on the respective ends of the shaft 14
The up and down movement will be initiated by the energy of the
magnetic fields of coils, with windings around the magnet-systems 15,
said energy being generated by an alternating current of a certain
frequency, therefore moving the levers 5 to 13 up and down in that
frequency The levers 5-13 are shown somewhat exaggerated as spaced
apart from each other, for clearness of illustration.
In the case shown in Fig 2 X, for a multicolumn printing unit, the
nine levers 5-13 for each denomination are together equal to the
normal width of a character By means of a non-magnetic layer upon
their surfaces the levers 5 to 13 are insulated against mutual
magnetic attraction Alternatively they may be made of a non-magnetic

material.
The distance between the adjacent sets of the levers, for the adjacent
denominations is determined by distance sleeves and blade-like
distance levers 14 a on shaft 14, whereas the distance between the
levers themselves is determined by small humps or the like pressed out
of the levers or by thin washers between the levers By this
arrangement, a frictionless operation of all reciprocating printing
levers 5 to 13 will be guaranteed.
A multi-column printing unit (Fig 2) consists of a corresponding
number of sets of levers 5-13, spacing sleeves, distance-elements and
the like, kept at the desired spaces from each other, according to the
denominational spacing of the various printing columns Above the
printing levers 5-13 (see also Fig 1), between the shaft 14 and the
rearward ends of the levers, the permanent magnet 17 is mounted, this
covering all the printing levers within the one or several printing
columns.
The magnetic flux of the field of the permanent magnet 17 will flow
from the Northpole N via the rear portion of the printing levers (i e
the portion to the rear of shaft 70 14) to the permanent magnetic
plates 18 on the printing levers and via the iron-core of the
magnet-coils 19 back to the South pole S of the magnet 17 There are
only very small air gaps throughout the whole magnetic flow, be 75
cause the levers 5-13 anchor to the magnet 17 at its North-pole, and
the magnetic plates 18 directly touch the cores of the magnet-coils
19.
Such a coil 19 and plate 18 is provided for 80 each of the printing
levers 5-13 To secure such an arrangement in a practical design, in
which the printing levers are closely spaced together over the maximum
of the width of a character, each of the 9 magnet-coils for one 85
character will be off-set against the neighbouring one with regard to
their width-wise location This is to say, the coils 19 for each
denomination will vary progressively in their distance from shaft 14
so as to overlap each 90 other and allow their axes (and the printing
levers) to lie in closer planes.
The magnetic plates 18 are made of thin pieces fixed to the printing
levers, or are bentover lugs or flanges of the printing-levers 95
themselves and extended laterally therefrom.
In a practical case, these plates 18 are located under their
respective magnet coils 19 without hindering each other in their
correct action.
The printing levers 5 to 13 follow the up 100 and down movement of the
shaft 14, initiated by the magnet-system 15, and since the levers are
normally held by the plates 18 against the cores of coils 19, the said
levers 5 to 13 oscillate to and fro with the plates 18 acting as 105

pivots for the oscillation The up and down movement of the printing
levers 5-13 results from the frequency of said alternating current in
the magnet systems 15 acting in such a way that the printing-levers
will oscillate on their 110 extreme rear ends with an amplitude at the
front ends of about 0 25 mm As each of the printing-levers has on the
front edge of its lower surface a small printing nipple or dot 20, the
nipple will act as the printing medium 115 when set in operation If
between the nipples of all the printing-levers, an inked ribbon be
inserted, a thin dotted black line will be produced in every printing
column on the paper if the paper is moved in the direction of 120 the
arrow (Fig 1) and if one of the magnet coils 19 has been excited.
Above the front end of the printing levers 5-13 a second and
relatively weak permanent magnet 21 is arranged (Figs 3-6) stretching
125 across all of the levers 5-13 and providing an alternative pivot
for the printing levers, in cases when the magnet coils 19 are
excited.
With the shaft 14 in its uppermost position, each of the printing
levers 5-13 rests with 130 786,027 2.
place on to the paper at these points, the nipples being held up off
the paper by the magnet 21 If the exciting of all the coils 19 is
controlled by pulses in dependence on' the shape of the different
numbers or other 70 characters to be printed' the printing will be
effected correspondingly in connection with the control pulses,
blackening the paper at the respective points, leaving the paper free
at other points, and thereby eventually forming 75 the image of the
respective characters The printing pressure can be adjusted by an
auxiliary coil-winding (not shown), co-ordinated to the permanent
magnetism, resulting in an increase or decrease of the magnetic flux
80 of the magnet 17, when energized accordingly.
High printing speeds may be obtained by the use of higher frequencies,
if the exciting of the coils 19 is controlled in accordance with the
oscillation of the shaft 14 during the period 85 of upward movement in
such a way that the inductance within the coils 19 has declined when
the shaft has gained its upper position.
By the use of this principle, relatively high printing frequencies
with high printing pres 90 sures will be obtained, for the pressure
operating in this printing mechanism originates exclusively from the
central driving system of the shaft 14 itself, and the coils 19 have
only to provide a controlling magnetic flux 95 in the form of short
pulses.
The permanent magnets 17 and 21 can be replaced by leaf-springs or the
like which are coordinated to the individual printing levers in a
suitable manner Likewise can the 100 printing levers be individually
arrested by mechanical association with corresponding armatures of

control magnets, thereby replacing the direct control and actuation of
the printing levers as explained above 105 In both cases, the driving
force will be taken from the oscillation of said shaft 14 (or the
mentioned C-shaped members 15 between which the levers are arranged),
while by the control procedure itself a displacing of the 110 pivoting
position of the printing levers from the rear end to the front end (or
vice versa) will be effected.
As the previously explained arrangement of the actuation of said
printing levers requires 115 a surge exciting the corresponding coil
19 only at the moment, when the shaft 14 is just short of the
uppermost position, the dimensions of the coils 19 can be kept
relatively small, as the coils can be highly charged for 120 the short
intervals in which they operate, so that a minimum of space is
required for the printing levers and their control coils ' If, shortly
after the reaching of the uppermost position of shaft 14, the magnetic
flux 125 of the permanent magnet 17, by means of magnetic
pole-changing devices affecting the coils 19 should be counteracted, a
short duration of the counteraction is sufficient as the magnetic flux
between plates 118 and the cores of coils 130 its upper front edge
against the lower part of the permanent magnet 21, which operates as a
spring The distance from the middle of shaft 14 to the actuating point
of the magnetic plate 18 represents the longer arm of the respective
double-armed printing levers 5-13 m while the distance from the middle
of the shaft 14 to the magnet 21 is relatively short representing the
shorter arm of said double-armed levers.
If the magnet coils 19 are not excited at the instant when the upper
limit of the up-anddown movement of the levers is reached, the
magnetic force of the relatively-weak magnet 21 will not prevent the
printing levers 5-13 pivoting around the bearing surfaces of the
plates 18 on the cores of their corresponding coils 19 On the other
hand, if the coils 19 are excited in such a way that the exciting flux
opposes the permanent flux of magnetism in the magnet 17 in that
instant, when the up-and-down movement of the levers reaches the upper
limit the magnetic force between the core of coil 19 and the plate 18
will be eliminated, by reason of the said opposite polarity.
Consequently, those printing levers, of which the coils 19 have been
excited, will pivot around their lugs resting upon magnet 21, when the
shaft 14 is moving downward as soon as the rear end, of each of the
actuated levers 5-13 has been moved away from the magnet, the magnetic
flux is then interrupted by the consequent air-gap The printing levers
are thus able to pivot about either of two axes, one at -the rear end
and one at the front end, one of such pivoting movements allowing the
lever to effect a printing operation and the other preventing a
printing operation.

The exciting of the coils 19 can be pulselike, effected with a rather
high intensity, in spite of the small dimensions of the coils, as this
control-pulse is only necessary for the very short instant from
shortly before the upper limit of the upward movement of the levers
until shortly after it.
Furthermore, the exact moment of excitation in the coils 19 can be
chosen in such a way, that the time of inertia from the self-induction
of the coils 19 is just passed when the limit of the upward movement
is reached, so that this relay " is practically free of any additional
inertia which relays usually require for self-induction and
armature-movement, since the " armature-lever " is, at the moment of
excitation of the coil, lying directly against the core of the coils
19 As soon as the plate 18 of a lever has been separated from the
coordinated core of the coil 19 only by a narrow air-gap, so that the
direct magnetic circuit is broken off, a further exciting of the coil
19 is no longer necessary, as the downwardlymoving end of this lever
cannot be held again.
The printing nipples or projections 20 remain inactive on those levers
which are held by the magnet 21, so that no printing takes 786,027 19
will meanwhile have practically ceased altogether, preventing the
movement of the front end of the levers 3 and 4 and consequently
preventing the printing nipples 20 from markS ing the paper The
control-pulses will preferably be fed from a glow-discharge relay
device or the like, which can be controlled by stored signals or by
direct signals, e g pulses of a coding device It is also possible, in
a modified arrangement to operate the printing mechanism levers 5 to
13 to pivot on the end surface of the cores of coils 19 only, if the
coils are excited, while in case of non-exciting, the frontal pivoting
on magnet 21 will come into action.
Instead of the direct magnetic control of the rear ends of the levers
5-13, a mechanical or other control may be adapted under magnetic
actuation, for example by means of levers, cams or the like.
A multitude of printing levers operating on the same principle as
described above may be used for a high-efficiency single line
multicolumn printing unit A permanent magnet 17 (Fig 2) has its
magnetic arms bridged by the several sets of printing levers 5-13, and
the cores of the coils 19 are arranged one behind the other The main
shaft 14 is moved up and down by means of the polarized magnetized
pieces 16 moving between the poles of magnets 15, excited by an
alternating current flowing through the coils of the magnets 15 By an
exciting of the magnet coils 19 in a rhythm depending on the shape of
the type characters which are to be printed, the printing of the
different lines or dots forming the parts of the character can be
effected in several denominations simultaneously at rather high

speeds.
The speed of operation is limited only by the maximum frequency of
movement which can be reached by oscillating levers controlled by
magnet coils As compared with the more difficult conditions obtaining
in relays with the times of inertia by self-induction in the coils and
the like, in which an armature frequency of two hundred and fifty
cycles per second can be reached, an output under the better
conditions obtaining with the present invention allows that 250
dot-lines can be printed per second, equalling 15 tape character lines
per second as a maximum speed This output corresponds to 10,000 type
character lines per hour or, in a multi-column printing unit of 100
columns, to a maximum speed of 250 type characters per second.
The control of the exciting of the coils 19 may be effected in
combination with a cathode ray distributor The use of such a
relatively simple and cheap delay-less distributor is preferred in
teleprinting on account of the easy synchronisation of distributing
tasks Likewise also, inductive distributors may be used with
multi-column printers.
The up and down movement of the printing levers may be sinusoidal or
otherwise.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB786028 (A)
Description: GB786028 (A) ? 1957-11-13
Improvements in teletyping means for the printing or other indication of
numbers andother information
Description of GB786028 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:

DE1021188 (B) US3403385 (A) US3530285 (A)
DE1021188 (B) US3403385 (A) US3530285 (A) less
Translate this text into Tooltip
[83][(1)__Select language]
Translate this text into
The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
786,028 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June
23, 1950.
No 37208/54.
Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948.
(Divided out of No786,021) p Complete Specification Published: Nov 13,
1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 40 ( 1), H 1113 ( 9: 11 A; 1 X), H Ul L
International Classification:-GO 8 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Teletyping means for the Printing or other Indication
of Numbers and other Information I, GERHARD Di R Ks, of Moerfelder
Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German Nationality, do
hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be
granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: This
invention relates to a means for the transmission of signals
representing characters to be printed or typed or fed to some other
devices and consists essentially in a means for converting input
signals in serial order to output signals in parallel order so that
each character may be printed or typed as a whole even if the original
signals represent parts of the character in a predetermined sequence.
The invention will find use inter alia for making visible the result
of a computation performed by an electronic digital computor, or for
indicating other information, in a high speed or parallel-operating
teletyping way.
The invention may be used with the computer set forth in my co-pending
application for Patent No 15773/50 filed on the 23rd June 1950 (Serial
No 786,021).
The invention provides a means for the:
trarnsmission of signals representing information in a plurality of

columns: or denominations, comprising at least one electronic
distributor (as herein defined) for converting input) signals which
are in serial order to output signals which are effective in said
plurality of columns or denominations in parallel and wherein the said
distributor delivers the signals to a crosswise arrangement of storage
elements, such elements being selectively operable in dependence on
receiving signals from, both directions of such crosswise arrangement,
the elements made operable being effective in parallel.
In the following description, the invention is shown as applied to a
multi-denomination, line-wise, high-speed printer or parallel
teletyper as an example It is evident that it can be used also with a
prihter or teletyper for lPiice 3:
only a few denominations and whether printing on the dot or
line-principle or otherwise.
The designation dot-and-line printing as used herein refers to the
printing of characters by continuous or intermittent impressions in a
plurality of rows Examples of such characters are illustrated in my
co-pending Application for Patent No 37201/54 (Serial No.
786,022), and in Figs 7 a and 7 b of my copending Application for
Patent No 37222/54 (Serial No 786,041).
One of the main features of the operation of the invention is the use
of an electronic distributor with electronic synchronizing means.
The distributors are preferably cathode ray distributors, the cathode
ray of which is deflected in dependence on synchronizing signals on
the same signal carrier as the character-representing signals.
In the accompanying drawing:
Fig 1 shows a multi-denomination printer for high speed printing
and/or teletyping according to the said dot or line-wise printing and
adapted to print in different denominations simultaneously Such a
printer itself forms the subject of my co-pending applica.
tion for Patent No 37206/54 (Serial No.
786,027) Fig 2 shows diagrammatically an electronic synchronizing and
distributing means for the control of such a multi-denomination
printing device as is shown in Fig 1, and Figs 3 a and 3 b together
show, diagrammatically, a transmitting and a receiving station
apparatus, with a dot-wise operating multi-column teletyper,
coordinated electronic synchronizing means in the form of cathode ray
distributors, and (in Fig 3 a) alternative magnetic storage means in
the form of a magnetizable drum and a magnetizable tape on the
transmitting side A particular use of this synchoiised transmitter and
receiver arrangement forms the subject of my co-pending Application
for Patent No 37225/54 (Serial No 786,043).
As stated above, the invention is illustrated as applied to a printing
device such as is set forth in my co-pending Application for Patent No

37206/54 filed 23rd December 1954 (Serial No 786,027), in which
characters are made up of dots and/or lines in rows, the rows usually
running transversely across the characters so that, with a series of
side by side characters, the saiid transverse rows extend through all
the characters, and the complete sequence of characters can be printed
by the simultaneous printing of the several rows of dots and/or lines.
As shown, a permanent magnet 1 closes its magnetic flux via the
respective ends of the separate printing levers 2 ' and the cores of
the coils 31 and so cn, these being arranged as sets of coils one
behind the other as explained in the said copending Application No.
37206/54 The main shaft 5 is moved up and down by the polarized
magnetized elements 6 moving between the poles of magnets 7, which are
excited by an alternating current or a current controlled by
electronic tubes or by contacts, and flowing through the coils 9 and
10 of the magnets 7 and 8 with e g the endings 11 and 12 By an
exciting of the magnet cojils 31 U, 41 and so on, in a selective
sequence depending on the sequences of parts of characters in the said
transverse rows of the characters which is to be printed, the printing
of the different rows, collectively forming the shapes of the
different characters, can be effected at rather high speeds The speed
is limited only by the frequency which can be reached by swinging
levers controlled by magnet coils Under the more difficult conditions
of the usual relays, involving inductive and mechanical inertia, an
armature frequency of 250 cycles per second in the printing devices is
easily reached An output under the improved conditions which the
present invention makes possible, removes the restrictive effect of
the inductive and mechanical inertia of the mechanism, and makes
possible that at least 250 dot lines may be printed per second,
equalling 25 type character lines per second as a maximum speed This
output corresponds to 90,000 type character lines per hour, or in a
multi-column printing unit of 100 denominations, a working limit of
250 type chaarcters per second in multi-denomination teleprinters.
The control of the exciting of the said coils is effected in the
example shown by the cathode ray distributor 13 of Fig 2 The use of
this relatively simple and cheap delavyless distributor is preferred
for this mode of high speed printing and teleprinting on account of
the easy synchronisation which it makes possible.
The teletyping arrangement of Fig 1 and the cathode ray distributor of
Fig 2 operate together in the following way The magnetic or optically
sensible tape 14 (Fig 3 a) or the storage drum 15 (Fig 3 a) or a
storage disc (not show) contains synchronizing frequencies at 14 a, 15
a, additional to the signals at 14 b, b representing the different
type characters to be printed An optical tape suitable for this
purpose is set forth in my co-pending Application for Patent No

37216/54 (Serial No 70 7 u 6,035) In order to print the type
characters by dots or lines when they are initially symbolized by
other signals or signal sequences for other systems of character
representation, such other signal sequences must be converted to 75
sigrals or signal sequences for the dot and line system of character
representation In such a case the selective storage 15 of Fig 3 a, or
a similar arrangement will be used as a converter The series of
signals representing dots, 80 or lines whether as initial signals or
as produced by a converter, can be used not only for printing but also
for indicating, as by means of a cathode ray tube indicating a
multitude of denominations by black and fluorescent 85 spots in the
necessary relative positions.
In the wiring diagram of Fig 2 there are several rows of pulse
sequences for the same number of rows of dots and lines in the
character to be printed These rows of signals are 90 sensed one after
another, each being sensed serially and being effective in parallel
The signals representing the dots or lines in the top line of the row
of side-by-side type characters, which is the first row to be printed,
will be 95 sensed first by a sensing coil 16, the one end of which is
connected withi the control grid of the amplification pentode 17 The
consequent variations of the plate voltage of this pentode 17 are
transferred via the capacitor 18 to the 100 negatively biassed control
electrode 19 of one deflecting system of the double deflecting systems
of the cathode ray tube 13.
The synchronization of the rotation of the cathode ray over the
sectors 20 on the 105 screen 13 with the movement of the storage 14 or
15 is described in my co-pending Application for Patent No 37217154
filed 23rd December 1954 (Serial No 786,036) and is effected by means
of the sensing head 21 the 110 slot of which lies opposite the
synchronization signals ( 14 a, 15 a) of the storage One end of the
coil of this sensing head 21 is connected with the control grid of
pentode 22 After amplification this synchronization frequency is 115
conducted to a phase-shifting device consisting of a bridge 23, 24
each way including one capacitor and one resistance, shifting the
phase of the sensed control frequency by 90 .
From there the sine waves, shifted by 900, 120 are conducted to the
deflecting plate systems and 26, being the upper electrode system of
the cathode ray tube Instead of a phase shifting device, a second
sensing of a control or synchronizing frequency could be made 125
shifted by 90 on the storage relatively to the first sensing, and
conducted to the deflecting system 15 after amplification of the same
upper system of the cathode ray tube.
The negative bias of the control electrode 130 -86,028 786,028 19 of
the upper electrode system of the cathode ray tube is such that the

intensity of the cathode ray passing over, for instance, the secondary
electron emitting sectors 20 '" of the screen 13 does not normally
release a sufficient quantity of secondary electrons to be able to
effect a surge at the control grid of the thyratrons 271 N and 281-0
and so on, if no' pulse is sensed and amplified via pentode 17.
If by such a pulse the control voltage becomes) less negative for the
length of this pulse via the capacitor 18, connected to the plate of
pentode 17, the intensity of the cathode rays is increased in such a
degree that the corresponding sector in which the impulse has to
become effective, releases secondary electrons in sufficient
quantities in order to' ignite the said gas discharge tubes 27, 28 and
so' on.
In the main discharge circuit of these discharge tubes the control
pulse coils 31-n, 41 n of the printing unit and so on are
interconnected in any selected way, as via a switching plug board.
The exciting of the magnetic systems 7 and 8 is controlled e g via a
discharge tube 29, in the main discharge circuit of which the coils 9
and 10 of these magnetic systems are interconnected with e g the said
endings 11 and 12 In the event, that not more than about 100 to 200
coils are to be excited, the control of the control grid of the
discharge tube 29 can.
be effected by pulses taken directly from the secondary sector 200
being arranged once for each rotation of the cathode ray on the screen
13.
With such a number of coils 3 '", 41-' and so on, and corresponding
sectors on the screen 13, the ordinary small dimensions of cathode ray
tube distributors can be used, with greater numbers of coils and
sectors and using small sized cathode ray tubes as distributors a
plurality of such tubes would be used, operating in series.
At the bottom of Fig 2 is shown a crosswise storage arrangement
comprising storing elements in horizontal and vertical rows, the
particular elements shown being discharge tubes 27 28 which may be
small glow discharge relays soldered directly into the wiring
connections.
The vertical rows are controlled respectively by the deflection 4
system 25 26 with the circular deflection target area comprising the
arrangement of distributing sectors 2001-, whereas the horizontal rows
are controlled by the deflection system 31 having only a vertical
deflection target area comprising the arrangement of target fields
300-10, of which the targets 301-10 control a bias in the horizontal
rows of storage elements successively.
With such an arrangement, having ten horizontal rows 30110 the number
of storing elements may be ten times the number of the switching ways
or distributing ways from the electronic distributing system 200-n,

the several storage elements being individually controlled during
successive cycles of the distributor During the first cycle the first
horizontal row of storage elements may be actuated as only that row
has a sufficient bias to be effective, the said bias being produced by
the electronic relay 351 in dependence on the target 301 During the
second cycle the second horizontal row is made effective similarly, as
the cathode ray in the system 31 has been deflected from the target
301 to target 302, thus making only the second row effective via the
next electronic relay, and so on.
The cathode ray of the deflecting plate system 31 is controlled by
capacitor 32 lying in the plate circuit of pentode 33, the one end of
which is connected with the said deflecting plates 31 With every cycle
of the rotation of the cathode ray over screen, 13 a pulse is released
from sector 200, effecting the discharge of the discharge tube 34 By
this means the leading pentode 33 is "open" for a short interval,
although it is normally " closed " in consequence of a negative bias
adjusted to the control grid via the grid-leak resistance By this
means a stepwise deflection of the cathode ray, passing over the
targets 300 to 301 " is effected in such a way that during every
rotation, this cathode ray is deflected by one step, according to the
stepwise loading of the capacitor 32, in the plate circuit of pentode
33.
At the stepwise movements of the cathode ray over targets 301 to 3010,
that is, after the completion of the full cycle, the cathode ray, 100
having a definitely adjusted intensity, ignites at the first rotation
the discharge tube 29, via connection a, associated with the target 30
, thus discharging condenser 32 When impinging sector 20 , the cathode
ray effects the igni 105 tion of the discharge tube 34 Condenser 32 is
charged by one unit as described above thus deflecting the cathode ray
by one step onto sector 30 ' and igniting the coordinated gas
discharge tube 351 This excited gas discharge 110 tube produces at its
cathode resistance 361 at plate voltage for the discharge relays 271-n
of the upper row, being just below the ignition voltage Therefore,
only one of these rows is prepared to be ignited, if one of them will
115 receive a pulse at its vertically connected control grids 5 being
connected each with one sector 201 to 20 " of the cathode ray
distributor, 13 Thus, only that one of the discharge relay tubes can
be ignited, at which the vertically 120 controlled pulse from the
sectors 20 ' to 20 n meets the horizontally excited row of discharge
relays, controlled by the sections 301 and 30 n of the targets 130.
After one cycle, i e after one rotation of the 125 cathode ray of the
distributor the cathode ray passes over target 200, thus igniting the
discharge tube 34 pulse-like, via the connection c, and by this means
breaks off the anode circuit of the tube 37 by a negative pulse to

its, 130 756,025 grid by the transformer d, said tube 37 feeding the
discharge tubes 351 " 1) Therefore, the discharge tube 351 (second
rotation of the cathode ray in distributer 13) is extinguished, but
those of the discharge relays 27 'n of the upper row which had been
excited, will remain excited, as this row is connected over a
resistance 381 to the positive pole with a voltage, which is a little
higher than the extinguishing voltage of the relay tubes.
During the third rotation, the discharge tubes of the second row,
controlled by discharge tube 352 (not shown in the drawing) will be
ignited, in the third row discharge tube 35 i and so on, so; that
after e g ten rotations of this cathode ray distributer, all the
required discharge tubes are excited The co-ordinated coils 31-n, 41-1
and so on will effect that the respective printing levers 2 "
co-ordinated to these cogs will print or not print on to the paper in
this horizontal dot-line, according to whether they were excited or
not excited.
In order to' achieve that an intensive pulse will be effective in
these coils, the voltage of the positive pole, which, during the
preparation phase described above, was only a little higher than the
extinguishing voltage of the discharge tube is, shortly before the
culmination point of the upward movement of shaft = 5, changed over by
switch 39 to a higher voltage, just below the ignition voltage of the
discharge tubes, the change occurring during a W short interval
beginning shortly before and ending shortly after the said culmination
point.
This switch 39 can be either a contact switch or it can be an
electronic switch controlled by the discharge tube 29.
Instead of the changing of the voltage from a little higher than the
extinguishing voltage to a little below the ignition voltage of the
discharge tubes, discharge tubes with an additional electrode can be
used, being ignited over the ignition electrode, kept in action over
the additional electrode during the preparation cycle and pulse-like
charged over their control grid and main discharge circuit between the
ordinary plate and the cathode.
This main discharge circuit can then only be effected at the
pre-ignited discharge tubes during the short interval at the
respective movements when the levers are at their upper culminating
points The relay tubes mentioned can either be provided with a heated
cathode (Thyratron) or with a cold cathode.
The multi-column printing units c-an be used also in a high efficiency
manner for teleprinting according to Figs 3 a-3 b In this case, the
printing unit at the transmitting station (Fig 3 a) is the same as
described 650 above The intensity of the ray of the cathode ray
distributer 41 is controlled, by the pentode 42 conducting the same

pulses to the modulating tube of the transmitter 43 The pentode 42
transfers the synchronization frequency 6.5 from the synchronization
area 15 a of the storage drum 15, or the synchronization area 14 a of
the storage tape 14 to the deflecting plate systems 45 and 46 over the
phase shifting bridge 47, transferring the same frequency to the
modulation part of the transmitter 43.
Both modulations will be transmitted in such a way that the modulated
high frequency of the said transmitter contains the sine wavecontrol
frequency from the synchronising track, with a relatively low
frequency per second, compared with the additional modulation of the
coded or decoded type character pulses, which have a much higher
frequency, as to, each pulse.
The different sectors of the cathode ray distributer screen 48 effect
the exciting or notexciting of the control-discharge tube of the
multi-denomination tubes 491 "i controlling the multi-denomination
printing unit 51 with its coils 3 'n " 4 -n (see Fig 1) over the
switching plug board 51 In this case, the discharge relay tubes are
shown as tubes with cold cathodes The up and dots movement of the
Plain shaft 5 (see Fig 1), with the several printing levers, is
controlled again by the sectors on the cathode ray distributer 48 The
extinguishing of the discharge tube 52 is shown as effected by
interrupting the circuit by means of a mechanical contact 53 or a
relay controlled mechanically by the moving ends of the main shaft 5.
At the receiving station the similar arrangement is to be found, as
shown in Fig 3 b The transfer is effected dot line per dot line via
receiver 54, the cathode ray distributer 55 and the printing unit 52
The trasnmitted or received pulses are conducted from the receiver to'
the electronic two-way filters 56/57 of which 57 allows the passing of
lower frequencies i e the synchronizing frequencies whereas the filter
56 allows the passage of higher frequencies, li e pulse sequences.
Eventually, the necessary phase shifting of these frequencies is
effected with known means, for example a phase-shifting bridge such as
that shown at 47 in Fig 3 a.
The lower frequency passing the electronic filter 57 is amplified in
pentode 58 controlling, after the amplification, the deflection plate
system 59 and 60, the voltages being chosen in such a way that the
voltages at deflecting plate system 59 are phase shifted by 90 degrees
compared with the frequency controlling the deflecting system 60 The
amplification of the pulses by pentode 61 controls the intensity of
the cathode ray in the cathode ray tube 55 according to whether or
not, at the momnent concerned the control electrode 62 becomes less
negative than its bias As the rotation of the cathode ray in the
cathode ray distributor 41 at the transmitting station is effected by
the same control frequency as controls the rotation of the cathode ray

in the distributer 55, the cathode ray of the cathode ray distributer
screen 48 passes at every moment of are transferred by a direct
reproduction of their shape, the teleprinting in the way of wireless
transmitting can be used, as atmospheric distortions have only slight
influence on the readibility of the type characters Likewise it is
immaterial Whether figures, letters or other images are to be
reproduced in the same lines.
If results achieved in a computor are computed twice, even if over
separate electronic means, verifying of the computations at the
highest degree of accuracy can be achieved by an automatic comparing
of the resulting pulses in a device according to this invention
corresponding to, the two groups of teletypers in the transmitting and
receiving station.
In the tele-control of computors, teleprinting etc the same procedure
of a second transfer and a comparison of the resulting pulses within a
device corresponding to group control or comparing mechanism
guarantees highest reliability Thus the great reliability of
electronic computing can be increased to a degree) far above
mechanical possibilities by the usej of the present invention for
checking or comparing the results of two or more computations.
By the term electronic distributor as used herein is meant a device in
which the actual distribution of signals is effected or controlled by
electronic means, for example the cathode ray tube described, and it
does not include an arrangement wherein an inductive distributor
delivers signals to electronic means (e g amplifiers) Such an
arrangement is set forth in my co-pending Application No 37202/54 and
is toa be regarded as excluded from the appended claims.
* Sitemap
* Accessibility
* Legal notice
* Terms of use
* Last updated: 08.04.2015
* Worldwide Database
* 5.8.23.4; 93p