-

1. * GB785939 (A)
Description: GB785939 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to the production of thiadiazole derivatives
Description of GB785939 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Imentors: GEORGE FRANK DUFFIN, DOUGLAS JAMES FRY and JOHN DAVID
KENDALL 785,939 Date of filing Complete Specification: Feb 10, 1956.
Application Date: Feb 16, 1955.
No 4695/55.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 2 ( 3), B 4 (E: H: J: K), C 2 C( 1: 2: 7
D), C 2 D 45; 2 ( 4), D 1 Q; and 98 ( 2), C 3.
International Classification:-CO 7 d C 09 b G 03 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to the Production of Thiadiazole
Derivatives We, ILFORD LIMITED, a British Company, of 23 Roden Street,
Ilford, Essex, England, do hereby declare the invention for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates to the production of thiadiazole derivatives
which are methine cyanine and merocyanine dyes of value in the optical
sensitisation of photographic silver halide emulsions.
The present invention makes use of thiadiazole compounds of the
general formula I:As SR 2 I 3 Aj' where R is hydrogen or an alkyl
group and R 2 is a lower alkyl group or an aralkyl group and the

2. quaternary salts thereof of the general formula IA: R 1 CH 2 CcR 3 SR
2 where R, is an alkyl group and X is an acid radicle.
By the term " lower alkyl group " is meant an alkyl group containing 1
to 4 carbon atoms.
Compounds of general formula I may be produced by heating an acyl
dithiocarbazinic ester of the general formula II: lPrice 3 s 6 d l -1
CM c%/ _ S 2 { II with a mineral acid or an anhydride of an aliphatic
mono-carboxylic acid The effect of the treatment is to cause
ring-closure with the removal of the elements of water.
In a modification of the foregoing process there may be used a
dithiocarbazinic ester of the general formula: S c III with an excess
of an aliphatic acid anhydride of the formula RCH 2 CO O COCHR, In
this case the acyl (RCHCO) group is apparently first introduced to
form the acyl dithiocarbazinic ester and the compound (which is that
of general formula II) ring-closes as before.
The group R, in the foregoing formulx, as already stated, is
preferably hydrogen, so' that the 2-substituent is a methyl groups but
compounds in which the 2-substituent is a higher alkyl group, e g
containing up to' 4 carbon atoms, are also useful The group, R, may be
any such alkyl group or an aralkyl group such as benzyl.
The compounds of general formula I may be converted to quaternary
salts by reaction with an alkyl salt RX where R, is alkyl (e g.
as mentioned above) and X is an acid radicle such as a halide
(chloride, bromide or iodide), perchlorate, methosulphate or p-toluene
sulphonate ion.
According to the present invention a pro'cess for the production of
methine cyanine and merocyanine dyes comprises condensing a @ 37 c _,
2 785,939 compound of general formula IA with a com.
pound of the general formula IV:-m DJ a N; (CH CH) ' c Q IV R 4 Y
where N is nought or 1, R 4 is an alky, aralkyl or hydroxyalkyl
radicle, Y is an acid radicle, D, is the residue of a heterocyclic
nitrogen compound and Q is a thioether ( SR), thioX (CH CH), C 4 (CH
Rt 4 CO O PCH C CC(S'C SR 2 R 3 where R 1, R, R 3 N R 4, D 1, D 2, N
and X have the meanings assigned to them above m is nought or 1 D, is,
preferably the residue of a five-membered or six-membered heterocyclic
ring system selected from benzothiazole, benzoxazole, quinoline,
indolenine, pyrroline, thiazoline and corresponding systems in which
any benz ring may contain halogen, alky, alkoxy or aryl groups D is
preferably the residue of a keto methylene nucleus selected from
rhodanic acid, pyrazolone, oxazolone and benziminazothiazolidone.
In the production of compounds of formula VI where R, and R 4 are
identical the procedure may be varied by reacting a base of formula I,
a base corresponding to the compound of formula IV and substantially
two equivalents of a salt RX, and this process is particularly

3. valuable where X is a p-toluene sulphonate ion In the production of
compounds of formula VII the procedure may be varied by reacting a
salt of the formula IA with a compound of the formula:r D 2 H 2 C-Co
and an excess of an alkyl orthoformate, CH(ORJ),.
The aforesaid reactions are perferably effected in the presence of a
basic condensing agent, e g pyridine or triethylamine.
The following are illustrative procedures for the preparation of
dithiocarbazinates suitable for use in preparing compounds of formula
I (temperatures are in 'C):
ethervinyl (-CH= CH-SR), R being an alkyl or aralkyl group, or
acetanilidovinyl grouping, or with a compound of the general 10
formula V:r D 2 I 5 OCHC c OCO V where D 2 is the residue of a
heterocyclic nitrogen keto methylene ring and R, is an alkyl group The
products conform to the 15 general formulw VI and VII:CHm CC""'C 5 R 2
VI R 3 X Methyl and benzyl dithiocarbazinates were prepared by the
method of Busch J prakt.
Chem l 2 l 93, 60 and the following esters by analogous processes: 55
Iso propyl dithiocarbazinate as colourless needles, m pt 790 from
cyclohexane.
Ethyl dithiocarbazinate as a yellow oil, which could not be distilled
but was of sufficient purity to be used for the next stage 60 METHYL
Ac ETYLDIT Hroc ARB Az INATE.
Methyl dithiocarbazinate ( 28 g) was dissolved in acetic acid ( 50 ml)
and acetic anhydride ( 20 ml) added gradually with stirring while
cooling to keep the temperature 65 at 15 -20 Dilution with water
precipitated a solid which was recrystallised from benzene to give the
pure product as colourless needles, m.pt 1210.
The following are illustrative procedures 70 for the preparation of
compounds of formula I (temperatures are in C):2-METHYL-5-METHYLTH
Io-1: 3:4THIADIAZOLE.
Method A Methyl 2-acetyldithiocar 75 bazinate ( 10 g) was mixed with
acetic anhydride ( 25 ml) and the mixture heated on a water bath for
one hour The resulting solution was then evaporated under reduced
pressure and the residue distilled to give the pro 80 duct as a
colourless oil, b pt 125-8 at 14 mm which set to a solid, m pt 360 It
may be further purified by recrystallisation from ether-light
petroleum to give the pure product as colourless rhombic crystals, m
pt 380 85 Method B Methyl dithiocarbazinate ( 31 g.) was mixed with
acetic anhydride ( 60 ml), the mixture became very hot and was then
heated on a water bath for ten minutes Evaporation and vacuum
distillation gave the 90 product as a colourless solid, m pt 380, from
ether-light petroleum as above.
Method C Methyl 2-acetyldithiocarbazinate ( 4 g) was added to 25 % v/v
aqueous sulphuric acid and the mxture heated 95 on the water bath for

4. 5 minutes when all the solid had dissolved The solution was cooled
785,939 The following Examples will serve to illustrate the invention,
but are not to be regarded as limiting it in any way Temperatures are
in degrees Centigrade.
EXAMPLE 1 ( 3-Methyl-5-methylthio-2-1:3: 4-thiadiazole) (
3-ethyl-2-benzoxazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
2: 3 Dimethyl-5-methylthio-1: 3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide ( 0 72 g),
2-21-acetanilidovinylbenzoxazole ethiodide ( 1 08 g), ethanol ( 10
ml.) and triethylamine ( 0 5 ml) were heated under reflux on the water
bath for one hour.
The resulting deep orange solution was poured into 4 % aqueous sodium
iodide ( 50 cc) to precipitate a purple solid After filtration, the
solid was recrystallised from methanol to give the pure dye as red
needles with a blue reflex, m.pt 2330 This dye extends the sensitivity
of a silver iodobromide emulsion to 5900 A with a maximum of 5400 A
The dyes of the following Examples 2-12 were obtained by similar
processes from the appropriate intermediates.
EXAMPLE 2 ( 3-Methyl-5-methylthio-2-1: 3: 4-thiadiazole) ( 1:3:
3-trimethyl-2-indolenine) trimethincyanine iodide.
As blue metallic leaflets, m pt 2240 (d).
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to
6150 A with maximum at 5600 A.
EXAMPLE 3 ( 3-Methyl-5-methylthio-2-1: 3: 4-thiadiazole) (
3-ethyl-2-benzothiazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
As dark green needles, m pt 2200 This dye extends the sensitivity of a
silver iodobromide emulsion to 6300 A with maximum at 5800 A.
and neutralised by the addition of solid sodium carbonate An oil
separated which hardened on standing The solid was filtered off and
purified by recrystallisation twice from a mixture of light petroleum
(b pt 40-60 ') and ether, ml pt 38 WC.
5-BENZYLTHIO-2-METHYL-1: 3:4THIADIAZOLE.
Benzyl dithiocarbazinate ( 10 g) and acetic anhydride ( 25 ml) were
mixed After the initial reaction had subsided, during which time the
solid first dissolved and then another solid crystallised out, the
mixture was boiled under reflux After evaporating, the residue was
distilled in vacuo collecting at 160-165 ' at 0 8 mmn The distillate
rapidly solidified and was recrystallised from light petroleum (b.pt
60-80 ) as colourless plates, m pt.
63-40.
5 Isopropylthio-2 methyl-1:3:4-thiadiazole was prepared from isopropyl
dithiocarbazinate and acetic anhydride in the manner of Method B above
and obtained as a pale yellow oil, b pt 135-6/15 mm.
5 Ethylthio -2 methyl-l:3: 4-thiadiazole was prepared from ethyl
dithiocarbazinate and acetic anhydride in the manner of Method B above

5. and obtained as a pale yellow oil, b pt 136-40/15 mm.
2-Ethyl-5-methylthio-1: 3: 4-thiadiazole was prepared from methyl
dithiocarbazinate and propionic anhydride in the manner of Method B
above and obtained as a pale yellow oil, b.pt 136-8 /15 mtn.
The following are illustrative procedures for the preparation of
compounds of formula IA (temperatures are in "C):2:
3-DIMETHYL-5-METHYLTH Io-1: 3:4THIAZOLIUM IODIDE.
2 Methyl-5-methylthio-1:3: 4-thiadiazole ( 2.0 g) and methyl iodide (
2 0 ml) were heated on a water bath under reflux for two hours The
resulting mixture was cooled, diluted with dry ether, filtered and the
solid well ground with acetone and refiltered Recrystallisation from
ethanol gave the pure iodide as colourless needles, m pt 1910.
The following quaternary salts were prepared from the appropriate
intermediates by a similar method:
Benzylthio-2: 3-dimethyl-1:3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide as colourless
leaflets, m pt.
1710 from ethanol.
2 Ethyl 3 methyl 5 methylthio1:3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide as colourless
needles, m pt 1340 from ethanol.
Isopropylthio, 2:3 dimethyl 1:3:4thiadiazolium iodide as colourless
plates, m pt.
95-60 from acetone.
5 Ethylthio 2:3 dimethyl 1:3:4tliadiazolium iodide as colourless
leaflets, m.pt 1260 (d) from ethanol.
3 Ethyl 2 methyl 5 methylthio1:3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide as colourless
needles, m pt 151-3 from ethanol, EXAMPLE 4 ( 31-Ethyl-21-benzoxazole)
( 3-methyl-5-methylthio-2-1:3: 4-thiadiazole) 6-methyltrimethincyanine
iodide.
From methanol as dark green needles, m pt 110 2080 (d) This dye
extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to 5850 A
with maxlmum at 5500 A.
EXAMPLE 5 ( 3 Ethyl -2 benzoxazoie) ( 5-isopropylthio-3 115 methyl 2
1: 3:4 thiadiazole) trimethincyanine perchlorate.
From methanol as red needles with a blue reflex, m pt 1840 This dye
extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to 120 5800 A
with maximum at 5500 A.
EXAMPLE 6 ( 3 Ethyl 2 benzoxazole) ( 5 ethylthio-3methyl 2
1:3:4-thiadiazole) trimethincyanine iodide 125 From methanol as red
needles, m pt 186 .
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to
5800 A with maximum at 5500 A, 785,939 EXAMPLE 7 (
5-Chloro-3-ethyl-2-benzothiazole) ( 5-methylthio-3-ethyl-2-1:3:
4-thiadiazole trimethincyanine iodide.
From ethanol as dark green microcrystals, m.pt 234 (d) This dye

6. extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to 6200 A
with maximum at 5800 A.
EXAMPLE 8 ( 3-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2-benzoxazole) (
5-methylthio-3-ethyl-2-1:3:4-thiadiazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
From methanol as deep red plates, m pt.
2070 This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion
to 5900 A with maximum at 5600 A.
EXAMPLE 9 ( 3-Ethyl-6-methoxy-2-benzoxazole) (
5-methylthio-3-ethyl-2-1:3: 4-thiadiazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
From ethanol as dark green plates, m pt.
225 (d) This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide
emulsion to 5950 A with maximum at 5600 A.
EXAMPLE 10 ( 3 Ethyl 5:6 dimethyl-2-benzoxazole) (
5methylthio-3-ethyl-2-1:3: 4-thiadiazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
From methanol as red needles, m pt 2180.
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to
5900 A with maximum at 5600 A.
EXAMPLE 11 ( 1:4: 4-Trimethyl-2-A 2-pyrroline) (
3-methyl5-methylthio-2-1:3: 4-thiadiazole) trimethincyanine
perchlorate.
From methanol as small orange plates, m pt.
1960 EXAMPLE 12 ( 5-Benzylthio-3-methyl-2-1: 3: 4-thiadiazole) (
3-ethyl-2-benzoxazole) trimethincyanine iodide.
As bronze plates, m pt 2010 from ethanol.
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to
5950 A with maximum at 5500 A.
EXAMPLE 13
5-l( 3-Myethyl-5-methylthio 4-2-1: 3:4-thiadiazolinylidene)
ethylidenel -3-ethyl-2-thiothiazolid-4-one.
2:3 Dimethyl-5-methylthio-1:3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide ( 0 72 g),
5-ethoxymethylene3 ethyl 2 thio-thiazolid -4 one ( 0 54 g), ethanol (
10 ml) and triethylamine ( 0 5 ml) were heated under reflux on the
water bath for twenty minutes Dilution with water ( 50 cc.)
precipitated a solid which was filtered off and recrystallised from
methanol to' give the pure dye as purple needles, m pt 2480 This dye
extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to 6350 A
with maximum at 5700 A.
The dyes of the following Examples 14-17 were obtained by a similar
processfrom the appropriate intermediates:EXAMPLE 14
2: 3 (Benziminazo 2: 1) 5 l( 3-methyl-5methylthio A' -2 1:3:
4-(thiadiazolinylidene) ethylidenel thiazolid-4-one.
As coppery leaflets from methanol, mi pt 70 260-1 (d) This dye extends
the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to 5800 with maximum
at 5300 A.

7. EXAMPLE 15
2:3 (Benziminazo-2: 1)-5-l( 5-benzylthio-3 75 methyl A 4 -2
1:3:4-thiadiazolinylidene) ethylidenel thiazolid-4-one.
As fine coppery leaflets from ethanol, m pt.
233 This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion
to 5800 A with 80 maximum at 5250 A.
EXAMPLE 16
4 l( 2:3 Dihydro, -3 ethyl-5-methylthio-21:3:4 thiadiazolylidene)
ethylidenel 2phenyl-5-oxazolone 85 From ethanol as red needles, m pt
1920.
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver iodobromide emulsion to
6100 A with maximum at 5600 A EXAMPLE 17 90
5-l 2-( 2: 3-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-methylthio-21:3: 4-thiadiazolylidene)
propylidenel -3ethylthiazolid-4-one.
As red needles from benzene, m pt 207.
This dye extends the sensitivity of a silver 95 iodobromide emulsion
to 6200 A& with maximum at 5900 A.
EXAMPLE 18 ( 1 Methyl-2-quinoline) ( 3-methyl-5-methylthio-2-1:3:4
thiadiazole)trimethincyanine 100 iodide.
2 2 ' Ethylthiovinylquinoline methiodide ( 0.38 g) and 2:
3-dimethyl-5-methylthio1: 3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide ( 0 29 g) were
dissolved in hot ethanol ( 10 mnl) and triethyl 105 amine ( 0 5 ml)
added After boiling under reflux for one hour, the resulting blue
solution was poured into water to precipitate a solid which was
filtered off and recrystallised from methanol to give the pure dye as
small 110 green needles, m pt 2500 This dye extends the sensitivity of
a silver iodobromide emulsion to 6300 A with maximum at 6100 A.
The dye of the following Example 19 was obtained by an analogous
method to that of 115 Example is.
EXAMPLE 19 ( 1 Methyl -4 quinoline) ( 3-methyl-5-methylthio 2-1:3:4
thiadiazole)trimethincyanine iodide From methanol as geen
microcrystals, m pt.
2650.
EXAMPLE 20
4 l( 2: 3 Dihydro-3-methyl-5-methylthio-21:3:4 thiadiazolvlidene)
ethylidenel 3 125 methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone.
3-Methyl-l-phenyl-5-pyrazolone ( 0 35 g), 2:3
dimethyl-5-methylthio-1:3: 4-thiadiazolium iodide ( 058 g), pyridine (
10 ml) and ethyl orthoformate ( 1 0 ml) were boiled under 130 785,939
785,939 reflux for one hour On pouring into' water, a solid was
precipitated which was filtered off and recrystallised from ethanol
to, give the pure dye as orange needles, m pt 1780.
EXAMPLE 21 ( 3 Methyl 2 A' thiazoline) ( 3methylmethylthio 2 1:3:4
thiadiazole) trimethincyanine perchlorate.

8. Methyl p-toluene sulphonate ( 0 93 g) and 2-methyl 5 methylthio -1: 3:
4 thiadiazole ( 0.73 g were fused at 120 for one hour.
2-2 Acetanilidovinyl A 2-thiazoihne metho-ptoluene sulphonate ( 1 9 g)
(prepared as described in Specification No 743,133) and ethanol ( 10
ml) added and the mixture warmed until all the solid had dissolved
Triethylamine ( 1 ml) was added and the solution boiled under reflux
for one hour On pouring into 4 % aqueous sodium perchlorate ( 50 ml),
a solid was precipitated which was filtered off and recrystallised
from methanol to give the pure dye as deep red plates with a blue
reflex, m pt 208 .
EXAMPLE 22 ( 5 Benzylthio 3 methyl 2 1:3: 4thiadiazole) ( 3 methyl 2
benzothiazole) monomethincyanine iodide.
2-Methylthiobenzothiazole ( 0 45 g), 5benzylthio-2-methyl-1: 3:
4-thiadiazole ( 0 54 R 35 Co C = CH CH = 11 1 'R 4 where R,, R,, R,
and R 4 are lower alkyl groups, R, is an alkyl group, N is nought or
1, X is an acid radicle and D, is the residue of a five-membered or
six-membered heterocyclic ring system, and we make no claim herein to
dyes of the said formula.
Subject to the foregoing disclaimer: what
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* GB785940 (A)
Description: GB785940 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Aircraft and the propulsion mechanism therefor
Description of GB785940 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Feb 24, 1955.
1 Application made in United States of America on Mar 9, 1954.

9. Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at A cceptance:-Class 4, A( 3 X: 5), BI, C 7 B 3: H 3 A.
International Classification;-B 64 c, d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Aircraft and the Propulsion Mechanism therefor.
1, ANTRANIG DER SARKISSIAN, a Palestinian, of 24 Park Avenue,
Chatswood, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to aircraft J Oand the propulsion
mechanism therefor and has for an object the provision of a device of
this kind which will give to self-propelled crafts a higher degree of
maneuvrability.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a propulsion
mechanism with which changes of direction of travel of the aircraft
can be effected without the need for fins, rudders and the like.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a propulsion
mechanism in which the conventional gearing between the engine and the
propeller means is eliminated so that the weight and overall size of
the craft may be materially reduced.
Another object of the present invention is to provide aircraft with a
construction aimed at the integration of the propulsive means with the
means of lift, stability and manoeuvrability, in such a manner as to
make possible the use of motor power directly to provide powered lift,
powered stability and Dowered manoeuvrability as well as thrust.
The theory underlying the method of propulsion described and shown on
the attached drawings is, with the exception of its mechanical
structure, the same as the theory behind the propeller of present day
aircraft.
The sameness of both theories lies in the fact that both mechanisms
attack the surrounding atmosphere to propel a craft.
With the foregoing and other objects in view, the invention will be
hereinafter more fully described and more particularly pointed out in
the appended claims.
In the accompanying drawings in whicl the same parts are denoted by
the same reference numerals throughout the several views.
Fig I is a front elevational view of the 5 s device constructed in
accordance with the present invention; Fig 2 is a rear elevational
view, Fig 3 is a top plan view, Fig 4 is a bottom plan view; 55 Fig 5
is a vertical sectional view throuch substantially the center of the
device and with its driving rings broken away; Fig 6 is a fragmentary
top plan view of the upper driving ring; 60 Fig 7 is a sectional view
taken along the line 7-7 of Fig 3, Fig 8 is a diagrammatic view of the

10. electric and hydraulic control circuit, Fig 9 is an enlarged
fragmentary view 65 of one of the pressure devices with the bearing
shown in section; Figs 10, l l and 12 are rear and side elevational
and cross sectional views of a modified form 70 Referring more
particularly to Figs 1-9 of the drawings, 10 generally indicates a
shell or cover which is substantially of flattened sphere shape The
shell comprises a bottom 11 and a top 12 which are dished or 75 saucer
shaped and are placed with their open sides in confronting relation
and their free edges engaging one another and they may be secured
together in any suitable manner.
The shell may be made out of any suitable 80 material which is light
and strong, such as an alloy of aluminium or the like The shell has a
right side or wall 13 and a left side or wall 14.
Within the medial portion of the shell 1085 an occupants' space or
fuselage 15 is formed by a housing or casing, generally indicated at
16 The housing comprises the intermediate portion 17 of the top 12
which forms the roof or ceiling of the fuselage, a sub 90 785,940 No
5540/55.
fl, 785,940 stantially annular side wall 18 and an annular dish-shaped
floor 19 The upper edge of the side wall 18 is secured in any suitable
manner to the inner face of the portion 17 of the top 12 and the lower
edge of the side wall 18 is secured to the outer neripheral edge of
the floor 19 in any appropriate manner so as to support the floor in
spaced relation above the bottom 11 to provide a passageway 20 between
the bottom 11 and the floor 19 The side wall 18 is spaced from the
inner face of the shell to provide a space 18 a therebetween.
The upper surface of the floor 19 is covered with a layer of heat
insulating material 21 which may be made of any material suitable for
the purpose, such as an asbestos composition.
The occupants may enter and leave the fuselage by a door 22 hinged as
at 23 to the top 12 A handle 24 is carried by the door 22 to
facilitate its opening and closing from the outside A stairway not
shown may be provided on the interior of the fuselage leading from the
door 22 to the floor 19.
An upper ring or wheel 25 and a lower ring or wheel 26 are mounted in
the shell for rotation around the outside of the fuselage in opposite
directions The lower ring 26 is rotatably supported by a plurality of
pressure devices, each of which is generally indicated at 27 and the
upper ring 25 is rotatably supported by the enlarged portions 28 of
the motor shafts 29 of the motors 30 Any desired number of pressure
devices and motors may be provided, but in the Resent illustrations
four such pressure de-.ices and motors are illustrated and are
angularly spaced apart approximately ninety degrees.
Each of the lower pressure devices 27 comprises a mount or pillar 31

11. which extends upwardly from the inner face of the bottom 11 to which
it is secured in any suitable manner Each pillar 31 has formed therein
a pressure chamber 32, the lower end of which is closed and the upper
end of which opens into an enlarged recess 33.
A piston, generally indicated at 34, works in the pressure chamber 32
and the recess 33 and comprises a substantially rectangular frame
having sides 35, 36 37 and 38 The side 35 carries a depending plunger
39 which works in the pressure chamber 32.
The sides 36, 37 and 38 extend upwardly out of the recess 33 and are
received by the space 40 which is defined by the vertical flanges 41
and 42 and the horizontal crosspiece 43 of the lower ring 26 which is
substantially channel-shape in cross-section.
The sides 36 and 38 of the piston 34 carry guide rollers 44 which
engage the inner faces of the adjacent flanges 41 and 42 of the ring
26 to prevent undue radial movement of the ring The side 37 of the
piston 34 carries a pressure roller 45.
The ring 26 is mounted for vertical movement into and out of
engagement with the enlarged portions 28 of the motor shafts 29.
In order to move the ring 26 upwardly into 70 engagement with the
shaft portions 28 fluid under pressure is introduced into the lower
portions of the pressure chambers 32 through bores 46 which
communicate at their inner ends with the lower ends of the pressure 75
chambers 32 The outer end portion of each bore 46 threadedly receives
the outer end portion of a pipe 47 which communicates with a suitable
source of fluid under pressure A valve 48 selectively controls the 80
amount of fluid under pressure which is admitted to the lower end
portions of the pressure chambers 32.
A manually operated control 49 for the valve 48 is mounted upon the
control panel 83 which in turn is mounted in the fuselage convenient
to the pilot A pump 51 may be provided for maintaining the fluid under
the proper pressure When fluid is admitted to the lower ends of the
pressure chambers 90 32, the pistons 34 will be raised and the
pressure rollers 45 will engage the crosspiece 43 to move it into firm
frictional ennacement with the enlarged shaft portions 28.
When the fluid pressure is cut off from the 95 pressure chambers 32,
the pistons 34 will fall and the lower ring 26 will move downwardly
out of engagenment with the motor shaft portions 28.
The smaller diameter shaft portions 29 of 100 the motors 30 extend
through suitable openings in the thickened portions 52 of the bid
walls 18 of the fuselage housing 16 The motors 30 are positioned
within the fuselage and may be secured to the thickened por 105 tions
52 of the side walls 18 by bolts 53 or the like.
The upper ring 25 is substantially channelshaped in cross-section and
has the vertical flanges 54 and the horizontal crosspiece 55 110 which

12. normally lightly rests on the enlarged shaft portions 28 The
horizontal crosspiece of the upper ring 25 is selectively pressed into
firm frictional engagement with the shaft portions 28 by four upper
pressure 115 devices, generally indicated at 56 Each of the upper
pressure devices 56 comprises a mount or pillar 57 which is secured to
the inner face of the top 12 of the shell 10 and depends therefrom
Each pillar 57 is pro 120 vided with a pressure chamber 58, the outer
end of which communicates with an enlarged recess 59 A piston,
generally indicated at 60, works in the pressure chamber 58 and the
recess 59 and comprises a substantially 125 rectangular frame having
sides 61, 62, 63 and 64.
The side 61 carries an upwardly extending plunger 65 which works in
the pressure chamber 58 The sides 62 63 and 64 ex 130 c 785,940 tend
downwardly out of the recess 59 and a are received by the space 66
which is de t fined by the vertical flanges 54 and the cross s piece
55 of the upper ring 25 The sides a 62 and 64 of the piston 60 carry
guide rol lers 67 which engage the inner faces of the adjacent flanges
54 of the ring 25 to pre f vent undue radial movement of the ring.
The side 63 of the piston 60 carries a pres 1 sure roller 68 1 Each of
the guide rollers and the pres sure rollers of the upper and lower
pressure I devices may be mounted on ball bearings, as is shown in Fig
9 of the drawings, in which one of the upper pressure rollers 68 is
shown in section The roller 68 comprises an inner race 68 a and an
outer race 68 b with the ball bearings 68 c positioned therebetween
and a plate 68 d secured to the inner race 68 a by screws or other
fastening elements 68 e The plate 68 d is in turn secured to the side
63 of the piston 60 by welding 68 g.
The upper end of each pressure chamber 58 is connected to a pipe 69 by
a bore 70.
Each pipe 69 is connected to a suitable source of fluid under pressure
A valve 71 controls the flow of fluid from the source of fluid supply
and a control device 72 for the valve 71 is mounted upon the
instrument panel 50 to be operated selectively by the pilot A pump 73
may be positioned between the valve 71 and the source of fluid supply
for maintaining the fluid under proper pressure.
The motors 30 may be of any conventional type used in the propulsion
of aircraft, such as a turbo-jet, an internal combustion engine or an
electrically operated motor In Fig.
8 of the drawings the motors are shown to be electric motors and the
circuits therefor are indicated diagrammatically The main lines are
indicated at 74 and the branch lines for the various motors are
indicated at 75, 76 and 77 and the fourth motor indicated at a is
connected directly to the main lines 74 A manually operated switch 78
may be mounted on the panel board 50.

13. Gauges 79 of a conventional type may be mounted on the instrument
panel 50 for indicating the pressures which are being applied to the
rings 25 and 26 by the pressure devices.
The upper ring 26 has fixed to the outer face of its outer flange 54 a
series of angularly spaced apart blades 80, each of which, as shown in
Fig 6 of the drawings, is scoopshaped and has an upper portion 81
overhanging the lower edge portion 82 thereof.
The ring 25 rotates in a clockwise direction looking at Fig 6, that is
in the direction indicated by the arrow 83 The blades 80 are
positioned with their concavities 84 facing the direction of movement
of the ring The top 12 of the shell 10 has an Lrcuate cut away portion
85 at the left side hereof looking at Fig l of the drawings :o that
the blades 80 are exposed to the ambient atmosphere through the cut
away )ortion 70 The lower ring 26 has fixed to the outer ace of its
flange 41 a series of angularly paced apart blades 86, each of which
is of the same shape and size as the blades 80 and has an upper
portion 87 overhanging 75 the lower edge portion 88 The ring 26
rotates in a counterclockwise direction looking at Fig 4 of the
drawings, that is, in the direction of the arrow 89 The blades 86 are
positioned with their concavities 90 80 facing the direction of
movement of the ring 26 The bottom 11 of the shell 10 has an arcuate
cut away portion 91 at the right side thereof looking at Fig 1 of the
drawings so that the blades 86 are exposed to 85 the ambient
atmosphere through the cut away portion The cut away portions 85 and
91 are of the same area and shape.
The bottom 11 of the shell has formed therein a circular discharge
onening 9290 which is located at substantially the center of the
bottom and communicates with the passageway 20 A sliding door 93 is
provided for controlling the opening 92 The door may be in the form of
a substantially 95 rectangular plate and is guided in its sliding
movements from its closed to its open position by a guide member 94
which is substantially of inverted U-shape in cross section and has
its legs 95 secured to the inner 100 face of the bottom 11 of the
shell 10 The connecting piece 96 of the guide member 94 overlies the
door 93 when it is in its open or partially open position For
operating the door, a piston 97 is pivotally connected 105 by a link
98 to the door adjacent the edge remote from the guide member 94 The
piston works in a cylinder 99 which is secured to the inner face of
the bottom 11 of the shell Within the cylinder 99 the piston 110
carries a head 100 against the opposite sides of which fluid under
pressure may be selectively directed through valve controlled pipes
101 and 102 which are connected to a suitable source of fluid under
pressure 115 Conventional bleed ports may be provided, in the
cylinder.

14. A discharge opening 103 is formed in the rear adjacent portions of the
top 12 and the bottom II of the shell The opening may 120 be of any
desired shape and size but is shown to be elliptical shaped and it
communicates with the passageway 20 The opening 103 is controlled by a
sliding door 104 which may be operated by a pressure 125 device
similar to that by which the door 93 is operated.
The pillars 31 and 57 may be of aerofoil section to offer a minimum of
resistance to the air flowing by them 130 4 785,940 In the use of the
device, assuming that it is desired to take off", the pilot will close
the switch 78 to start the motors 30 and rotate the shafts 29 The
valves 48 and 71 will then be opened to actuate the pressure devices
27 and 56 to press the rings 25 and 26 against the rotating shaft
portions to cause the ring 25 to rotate in a clockwise direction and
the ring 26 to rotate in a counterclockwise direction The blades 80
will contact the ambient atmosphere in the cut away portion 85 of the
top 12 and pull in outside air and push it downwardly into the path of
the adjacent oppositely rotating blades 86 of the lower rinz 26 which
will force the air downwardly into the Passaaewav 20 towards the
center of the craft This will cause the air to be compressed in the
passageway 20 and the intensity of the cornpression will be as high as
the speed of rotation of the motor shafts permit.
The flow of the ambient air through the Passagewav in contact with the
inner surface of the bottom 1 1 of the Shell c-Xi 11 es high friction
whllich heats the bottorn For this reason the bottom 11 shold be made
from an allov which heats ouickl and can withstand excessively high
compression The friction heated alloy will heln increase comroression
when outside atmos There usually cold and with vapor content comnes m
contant with the hot alloy and expands.
The blades 86 will contact thfe utisde atmosphere in the cut away arep
91 end Push the contacted air dowtnwwardlv Thle Pushine of the
atmosnhere fron in Side the craft out into the outsi-dce amosphee
throli h the cat away portion 91 vill balance the nullt of the outside
tmosphere into fhe craft bv the unner blades 80 through the cut awe'
nortion 85.
During the "ta e-off" the door 104 Will he closed and the door 93 will
lhe encn.
The force of escape of comp-sd air tn 1 v O l 'h tlh e opening 92 _
toget her if i be ftrie of the upward pull of the blades 80 and the
force of the downward nush of eir bh' the lower blades 856 will enable
the cr-aft to lift itself up and gain altitude in liclicont'e fashion
and travel forward W^lhen the craft becomes airborne due to sp 2 ed
the bottom door 93 will be moved to its fullr closed position and the
rear door 104 will be ejnedl so that all of the compressed air i:side
the nassageway 20 will be discharged through the rear opening 103 and

15. thereb" greatly increase the speed of the craft.
A difference in pressure between the tx 'o s r of pressure devices
will enable one rip g to rotate with more force and speed than the
other at the came time the shafts of the motors will travel along the
base of the rinl aeainst which they are more firmly pressed.
Thus, the whole craft will turn cround its center The speed of turn
depends end is controlled by the pressure difference bet- Y-ethe two
sets of pressure devices.
To change the course of flight of the cram from one direction to the
opposite directiothe pressure will be released, say, on t' 70 upper
ring for just that long, which wou be a fraction of a second, that
would enable the craft to make half a turn, that is abo Lr degrees,
around its center Equal pre sure will then be restored to both rings
75 When the pressure is released on th upper ring, the energy of the
shafts 29 'P keep the lower air blades ring rotating -itk force Also,
the shafts 29 will travel hal' around the base of the lower ring acai
80 which they are still firmly pressed, and thusb' the whole craft
will be enabled to turn around its center.
While the release of prezsere is made d the upper ring, the blades of
the lowxer ring 85 revolving with undiminished force, keen Ad pushing
the air inside the craft into the side atmosphere fromn the open
bottom side The upper blades with the release of 7,ressure on the
unper ring re oll-e with drr, 9 inished force This diference o" qs
tilts the craft on its edge fler less fhan thtime required to turn the
craft half ao its centre.
At the complete half turn he t' '1 r 95 portions e Xposinga C ai i
ldes ar e no;.
opposite revlersecd E ses ho +ai blades afre-o 11 in as before tile
halft 7: as rnd " y are e::-poed on sid S tos v e i i 10 directio 1
owl filcht a tt aivades pushing the atos V; t-l ie initial S 1 i htlt
i R in" Anrs O nt It-s __o thle turn 'iias made a- i D ing the
atinoqnilr 105 of filh Ot 'he cra'g? The onen rear d's 1 h S g o,,enis
<:which the comre Q ed air escancs S on the opposite side too, p
'tilthe enpressed mar in the direction;f the i 110 course of the craft
The ha'f turn ot the cr{aft around 's.
ter acts as a brealf in its course as -fhits a wall and Nounces back
The turniac of the craft o tlhe v;'' 115 left to the desired degree
na; be plished by a corresnondine oi p h time the pressure is released
on one Of rings.
In order to hover over a Silen ar,2 n, 120 rear door will be closed
and the bottom d opened and the pressure on the rings w,-it be reduced
until the horizontal movernern of the craft has ceased To make a
landing the pressure on the rings will be gradually 125 reduced until
the craft has safely landed and the pressure on the two rings will be

16. entire-' reduced.
Due to the nature of propulsion, it is practical to incorporate with
the motors an elec 130 11,11 785 940 785,940 tric generator whose two
main parts would be the two rotating rings The electric power produced
by these two rings which rotate in opposite directions is
considerable, and would probably be enough to heat to incandescence
the inner surface of the bottom 11 against which the air is
compressed.
Referring to the form of the invention shown in Figs 10 to 12, a
casing generally indicated at 105, extends upwardly from the
intermediate portion of the shell top 12 and comprises two portions
106 and 110 which are substantially dished shape and are secured
together In any suitable manner along their free opposed edges A
casing generally indicated at 108 extends downwardly from the
intermediate portion of the shell bottom 11 and comprises two portions
109 and 110 A pair of rings 111 and 112 are rototably mounted in the
casings 105 and 108 for rotation in a substantially vertical plane The
rings 111 and 112 are similar in construction to the rings 25 and 26
and are rotated in opposite directions by motors similar to motors 30
The rings 111 and 112 carry blades 113 and 114 respectively, which are
exposed to the ambient air by arcuate cut away portions 115 and 116
formed in the portions 107 and 109 of the casings 105 and 108
respectively.
The rings 111 and 112 are mounted for rotation around the fuselage in
the same manner as are the rings 25 and 26 and the blades 113 pull the
ambient air into the casing 105 and deliver it to the blades 114 of
the ring 112 which in turn deliver the air to the passageway 20 for
compression therein and for selective discharge through the discharge
openings 93 and 103 The blades 114 will push the ambient air which it
contacts laterally away from the craft It will be noted that in the
form of the invention shown in Fig 10, the bottom discharge opening 92
and its door are located laterally of the casing 108.
In the description of the use of the device and in the clarification
of its operability which follow, it is noted that the embodiment of
this invention is based on mechanical principles known to the arts and
science of aeronautics.
The problems of the operability of the device are the same as the
problems underlying the flight of present day aircraft The basic
problems being: thrust, lift, stability and manoeuvrability, the
solution of all four said problems is essential for the operability of
the device.
In accordance with the princiules of mechanics, the amount of thrust
generated will be equal to the rate at which momentum is given to the
ambient air of an aircraft by its propulsive mechanism In other words,

17. the application of a force upon the ambient P Sair by the said
propulsive mechanism will cause an equal and opposite reaction upon
the surface which produces the force In this case the formula is
thrust=mass x velocity, where mass is the amount of air affected per
second, and velocity is the 70 momentum in feet per second which the
propulsive mechanism imparts to the air.
As applied to the said device, the thrust or force that operates to
keep it going forward is generated as soon as the rings 25,75 26, 111
and 112 (which, together with their corresponding blades 80, 86, 113
and 114 are enclosed within shell 10) are rotated.
At the arcuate cut away portions 85, 91, and 116 of said shell, the
said moving 80 blades engage and exert a force upon the ambient air
Such an engagement will generate a momentum whose velocity and force
will be in direct relation to the rate and force of rotation of the
said moving blades 85 In this manner momentum is imparted to the
ambient air with the consequent production of thrust which would
propel the device in the direction of thrust.
In accordance with the principles of aero 90 dynamics, the air flowing
past a flat ulate which has its leading edge raised, is found to have
the pressure of the air on the ton surface of the plate decreased,
while that underneath increased The result of this is 95 a net
pressure on the plate trying to force it upwards The same reaction
would result when such an inclined plate is moving through still air.
As applied to the disclosed device, the 100 said inclined plate
corresponds to the blades 80, 86, 113 and 114 As shown in Fig 6 of the
drawings, the said blades have an upper edge portion 81 which
overhangs the lower edge portion 82 Such an arrange 105 ment provides
an inclination of the blades to the rotational plane of the
corresponding ring In this manner, a net pressure is caused which
forces the said inclined blades upwards when moving through the
ambient 110 air The force thus acting on the blades is transmitted to
the corresponding ring, and from the ring to the corresponding
pressure devices and finally to the whole device, which is thus lifted
into the air 115 The ability of the said device to change its
direction of motion would be its ability to change its direction of
thrust Since thrust is generated at the arcuate cut away portions 80,
86, 113 and 114 of shell 10, 120 the device should therefore have the
ability to rotate on its axis to enable the change of position of said
cut away portions.
The device is rotated upon its axis by motor 30 whose shaft 29 with
its enlarged 125 portion 28 is situated between the two rings of each
pair of said rings The said portion 28 when rotating imparts motion to
the two corresponding rings whenever friction is applied between
portion 28 and the rings 130 785,940 Such friction is provided when

18. necessary by means of the pressure devices 27 which are actuated and
controlled by the valves 48 and 71 Since pressure can be varied,
friction can be provided to one ring more than the other on the said
shaft portion Such a difference of friction between two rings on the
same shaft will cause the shaft to move along the ring with which it
is with greater friction In this manner the said shaft portion will
impart its own motion along the ring to the motor 30 which is securely
fixed to the device and thus the whole of the device will follow the
motion of the said shaft portion Since there are four rings within the
device that rotate in four different directions, the device by
applying different pressures on the -shafts would be capable of
changing its direction of motion to left, right, up, or down.
Whereas in the modified form stability is along the horizontal as well
as the vertical axis, in the first form it is only in the horizontal
axis, but since the stability is achieved and controlled by the motors
-30, it would have quite sufficient stability-to enable-flight of the
device Concerning the -mancuvrability of the device of Figs 1 to 9, it
would turn to -its left or right by applying more pressure to one of
the two rings, thus the rmotor shaft would move along the ring with
which it is with greater friction imparting such motion to the whole
craft.
The same principles as described above are valid and are applicable
for the first -form of the device of Figs 1-9 as it is to the modified
form of Figs 10 to 12 The explanation of the operation would be the
same in both, the only difference is the extra two vertical rings for
the modified form which should be neglected when examining the
operation of the first form of the device referring only to those
parts of the device of the first form -
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* GB785941 (A)
Description: GB785941 (A) ? 1957-11-06

19. Improvements in the mounting of stales on brushes, hand tools or the like
Description of GB785941 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION 7
Date of filing Co 2 plete Specification: Jan 31, 1956.
Application Date: March 2, 1955 No 6124155.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 61, K 4)D( 1: 4: 5 6 1 OG).
International Classification:-A 46 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in the Mounting of Stales on Brushes, Hand Tools or the
like.
I, ALEC HYMAN ALEXANDER, of 31 Grange Avenue, Stretford, County of
Lancaster, a British Subject, do hereby declare the invention, for
which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:-
This invention relates to improvements in the mounting of stales on
brushes, hand 1 o tools and like implements of the type in which a
socket attachment for the stale is tapped to receive a screw passing
through a resilient sleeve whereby the tightening of the screw expands
the sleeve to grip the walls of a recess in the brush, hand tool or
like implement.
It has been proposed to provide an attachment for securing a broom or
like handle to a stock comprising a socket adapted to receive the end
of the handle, and having a threaded hole coaxial with the axis of the
socket at one end thereof, and a separate screw carrying a rubber or
like ring, said screw being adapted to engage the threaded hole in the
socket so that when the assembly of screw and ring is inserted in a
recess in the stock and the socket is turned relatively to the stock
the ring is expanded to form a friction-tight engagement with the wall
of the recess in the stock.
According to the invention the socket is formed with a tapering nose
to receive the screw and the resilient sleeve is mounted between two
washers through which the screw passes.
The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings:Fig 1 is an elevation of the socket, Fig 1 is an enlarged
vertical section.
A socket A is formed with a cylindrical or other bore to receive a
brush-stale B or the handle of a garden implement or other lPrice 3 s
6 d l tool to which it is secured by a screw b or the like.

20. The nose end a of the socket A is tapered and tapped to receive a
screw C The screw C may be formed with an enlarged head and carries a
washer c and a rubber or other resilient sleeve D is inserted thereon
The nose of the socket A is tapered to approximate to the diameter of
the sleeve D A second washer c' is employed at the nose end of the
socket so that the sleeve D is enclosed between the washers c, c' The
screw C and sleeve D are inserted into a recess bl in a brush head B'
or garden implement or like tool and is screwed thereinto The screwing
action on the socket A rotates this latter relatively to the screw C
which compresses the sleeve D and thereby expands it to grip the walls
of the recess b Y thereby securing the socket to the brush head B' or
the like.
The socket A is removed from the brush head B' or the like by screwing
in the reverse direction and the end of the screw may be formed with a
screw driver slot by which it may be adjusted before insertion into
the recess bl in the head B'.
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* GB785942 (A)
Description: GB785942 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in power operated brakes particularly for winding and haulage
engines
Description of GB785942 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,942 Date of filing Complete Specification: March 23, 1956.
Application Date: March 25, 1955 No 8705/55.
(Patent of Addition to No 697,401, dated Jan 14, 1952).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.

21. Index at Acceptance:-Class 103 ( 1), E 21 l(B 3 A: B 4 a 2: F 3), F 1
C( 1: 2 B).
International Classification:-B 61 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Power Operated Brakes Particularly for Winding and
Haulage Engines.
We, ANDREW BARCLAY, SONS & COMPANY, LIMITED, a British Company, RONALD
WALTER BELL and ROBERT ELLIS, both of British nationality, and all of
the Company's address at Caledonia Works, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, do
hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to power operated brakes particularly for
winding and haulage engines and is an improvement in or modification
of the brake described and claimed in the Specification of Patent No
697,401.
In Specification No 697,401, there is described and claimed a brake
system for a winding or a haulage engine including two brake posts
which are anchored or connected to a fixed support, and at least one
member of a fluid pressure device including a pair of relatively
movable members supported directly by one brake post, the other member
being coupled to the other brake post.
In the Specification of Patent No 764,214 there is described an
improvement or modification in which there is provided auxiliary fluid
pressure means operable at will to determine the braking force exerted
by the fluid pressure device at the instant of brake application.
In the Specification of Patent No 764,214 there is specifically
described a construction in which the auxiliary fluid pressure means
consists of a piston and cylinder assembly, said cylinder and the
cylinder of the fluid pressure device being mounted in tandem on the
same brake post, the spring means bearing against the piston of the
fluid pressure device and against a member coupled lPrice 3 s 6 d l to
the piston of the auxiliary fluid pressure means, said member being
urged by the spring means to move into contact with a stop supported
by the cylinder of the fluid pressure device.
According to the present improvement or modification an auxiliary
cylinder is mounted on the same brake post as the fluid pressure
device and a piston movable within the auxiliary cylinder is in direct
connection with the piston of the fluid pressure device, the portion
of the auxiliary cylinder on the side of the associated piston remote
from the connection of said piston to the piston of the fluid pressure
device being adapted to be put in communication with a source of fluid
under pressure.
The auxiliary cylinder and the cylinder of the fluid pressure device

22. may conveniently be disposed in tandem.
A practical embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the
accompanying drawing in which 1 denotes the cylinder of the fluid
pressure device within which is movable a piston 2, 3 denotes the
cylinder of an auxiliary fluid pressure means within which is movable
a piston 4 fastened to a piston rod in direct connection with the
piston 2 of the fluid pressure device 6 and 7 denote brake posts, the
post 6 supporting the cylinders 1 and 3 8 denotes a coupling rod
coupling the post 7 to the piston 2, and 9 denotes springs each
bearing at one end against the piston 2 and at the other end against a
stop plate 10 11 and 12 denote pipes through which fluid is conveyed
to or from the cylinders 1 and 3 respectively.
In practice, during normal operation of the brake, fluid pressure is
admitted continuously to the auxiliary cylinder 3, said fluid under
pressure tending to move the auxiliary piston 4 and the piston 2 of
the 785,942 fluid pressure device in the direction to cause the
springs 9 to be compressed.
When the brake is applied by releasing fluid from the cylinder 1 of
the fluid pressure device the springs 9 move the piston 2 of the fluid
pressure device in the direction to apply the brake, said springs 9
acting in opposition to the fluid under pressure in the auxiliary
cylinder 3 whereby the braking force is reduced To increase the
braking force pressure fluid is released from the auxiliary cylinder 3
at the same time as it is released from the cylinder 2 of the fluid
pressure device The full power of the springs 9 is then available to
apply the brake.
In certain cases the emergency brake load may be less than the normal
brake load.
Where these conditions exist the brake is normally operated without
the admission of pressure fluid to the auxiliary cylinder 3, the full
power of the spring means being thus available To apply a reduced
emergency braking load, pressure fluid is admitted to the auxiliary
cylinder 3 at the same time as fluid is released from the cylinder 2
of the fluid pressure device Part of the spring load is thus absorbed
in acting in opposition to the pressure fluid in the auxiliary
cylinder 30) 3 and a reduced force is available for braking.
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23. * GB785943 (A)
Description: GB785943 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements relating to the measurement of condensation nuclei
Description of GB785943 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7855943 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification May 9,
1955 No 1340555.
Appliatio 4 msad in United States of Amer,,ca on May 24, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: Casses 40 ( 3), A 53 DI.
International Classification:-GO 8 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements relating to the Measurement of Condensation Nuclei.
We, GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, a Corporation of the State of New York,
United States of America, having its office at Schenectady 5, State of
New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention,
for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method
by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to apparatus for measuring condensation nuclei,

24. and more particularly to such apparatus which can discriminate between
various sizes of consensation nuclei.
Condensation nuclei is a generic name given a small airborne particles
which serve as the nucleus on which water, for example, will condense
as in a fog or cloud One of the early types of condensation nuclei
meters is known as the Aitken Counter, and this was a predecessor of
the Wilson Cloud Chamber now so widely used In the Aitken meter, the
air to be tested is introduced into 25.' chamber lined with a wet
blotter and then suddenly subjected to a known expansion.
The adiabatic cooling of the air produces supersaturation, and the
excess water deposits around the existing nuclei to form small water
drops which are counted with a low power microscope Aitken's work was
done around 1870, and his device is still used as a comparison between
different workers in this field A discussion summar-
Rzing modern views on condensation nuclei can be found in the
Compendium of Meteorology published in 1951 under the article by
Christian Junge on Page 182 The Aitken Counter is a difficult
instrument to use and the results obtained vary considerably Tt is
usually necessary to take the a-verage of a number of readings to be
at all certain of the result and few experimenters can obtain readings
that are within 5 per cent of the true value Because of the time
required, the device is most unsatisfactory for rapidly changing
conditions.
one solution of the foregoing problems has been described by Nolan and
Pollack in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Acad 50 eup;, Volume 5
l, Section A In their device, the air under measurement is brought
into a closed chamber and the pressure increased by pumping in
filtered air Then the pressurized gas is allowed to come to SS
atmospheric pressure by opening the valve.
The resultant expansion produces a fog and the attenuation of a light
by the fog is measured by means of a photocell and galvanometer This
device of Nolan's permits 60 rapid and reproducible readings, but it
has several serious shortcomings It is well known that a certain
degree of supersaturation is required to start the growth of a water
drop on a particle of any given size 65 These relations are developed
rather fully in an article by N N Das Gupta and S X.
Ghosh in Reviews of Modern Physics, Volume 18, No 2, April 1946 In
nature, the nuclei in the air may range over a wide 70 variety of
sizes, and it is extremely desirable to be able to obtain an
indication of the size distribution It would appear from the
literature that this could be done very simply by varying the amount
of expan 75 sion of the gas In practice, this does not work with
either the Aitken or the Nolan type of counter The difficulty is due
to the fact that the expansion of the air is not complete before

25. appreciable condensation S 8 takes place In other words, the
supersaturation (which determines the minimum size of the nucleus to
be read) depends upon the ratio of the water vapour pressure that
exists to the saturated water vapour press 85 ure at any given
temperature The expansions obtained in both the Nolan and Aitken types
of counters take place rapidly enough so that the amount of heat
picked up by the gas from the container is quite 90 (Price 3/6) W 60 i
Price 25 p 785,943 small and, therefore, the total amount of water
available to form drops is substantially that obtained from the theory
On the ether hand, the expected amount of supersaturation is not
obtained because some of fle water vapour is deposited on the larger
drops before the complete temperature change is obtained The features
of the invention which avoid the difficulties now existent are
described below.
It is an object of this invention to provide apparatus for obtaining a
measure of the number of condensation nuclei within a gas sample,
which will distinguish between condensation nuclei in accordance with
their size in measuring their number.
Another object is to provide a portable condensation nuclei meter
which is easily operated, permits rapid and reproducible readings, and
can distinguish between various sizes of condensation nuclei.
According to the present invention a condensation nuclei meter
comprises means for drawing a gas sample containing condensation
nuclei to be measured into a chamber, means for rapidly reducing the
pressure in said chamber to a first given value so that
supersaturation of said gas sample occurs therein and then slo-wvly
reducing the pressure in said chamber still further to a second given
value so that water vapour forms about condensation nuclei having a
size greater than a first given size determined by the degree of
supersaturation of said gas sample but fast enough so that an
adiabatic expansion substantially occurs within said chamber, -and
means for measuring the density of the fog thus formed to provide an
indication of the number of condensation nuclei larger than said first
given size present in said chamber.
M Sore specially in accordance lo ith the p 9 resent invention a
condensation nuclei neter comprises a first chamber adapted for
holding under pressure a gas sample containng condensation nuclei, a
second chamber connected to said first chamber by an outlet valve
capable of being rapidly opened, a third chamber connected to said So
second chamber by a restricted passage, means for exhausting said
second and third chambers and means for providinlg an indication of
the density of the resulting condensation fog within said first
chamber after said outlet valve has been opened and the pressures in
all of said chambers have been equalised.

26. In operation, the second and third chambers are, after their
exhaustion, at lower 6 U pressures than the pressure in the first
chamber, and when the valve is opened the gas sample in the first
chamber rushes into the second chamber to equalise the pressures
therebetween, thereby causing the gassample to become supersaturated
The restricted passage then gradually permits the third chamber to
receive the gas sample until the pressures in all three chambers have
been equalised an appreciable time after supersaturation has occurred,
permit-7 t) ting water vapour droplets to form around the condensation
nuclei Depending upon the degree of supersaturation, only a given size
condensation nuclei will have water formed thereabout within the first
chamber 75 Apparatus is also provided for measuring the number of
droplets in the first chamber.
The volumes of the second and third chambers are adjustable in order
that various degrees of supersaturation and condensation 80 may be
obtained.
The manner in which the meter is used comprises the steps of drawing
air samples containing condensation nuclei into the first chamber of
the meter, evacuating the sec-85 ond and third chambers, tripping the
valve so that the pressure between the Iirt atid second chambers are
equalised and supersaturation occurs, and then measuring the number of
water droplets condensed about 90 the condensation nuclei after the
pressure in all three chambers has been equalised Further, by
repeating the above steps with the volumes of the second and third
chambers inlterc 3 an aed, thw; iaiwtahiia t e 1: 95 Volume of all
three chambers constant, a second reading may be made to provide an
indication of the number of condensation nuclei having sizes diffeglut
from those measured above, and the difference between 100 the two
readings thus obtained will give the number of particles between the
two sizes that are present within the gas samples.
By the above manner of use of the meter, it becomes practical for the
first time to dis 105 tinguish between various sizes of condensation
nuclei in measuring them; and, since the total volume of the chambers
remains constant, a single scale can be used on the indicating meter
and no conversion tables 110 need be used.
To enable the invention to be fully understood, reference is made in
the following description to the accompanying drawing, in which the
sole figure shows a view parti 115 ally in cross-section of the novel
meter of the invention, the indicating system being shown in block
diagram form.
Referring to the drawing, there is shown an optical system comprising
a light bulb 1 129) and a lens 2 which focuses the light on a
phototube 3 The light traverses a cloud chamber 4, emerging through a
transparent window 5 The phototube is supplied with a shield 6, and

27. the phototube output is read 125 in a conventional manner on an
electrical instrumeidt which is schematically repre, sented by a box 7
with a meter face shown thereon The chamber 4 is connected bv a tube 8
through a valve 9 to a variable vof 130 785,943 rnie chamber 10
Chamber 10 is connected "hrough a restricted passage way such as a
capillary tube 11, or any other device which sellers a substantial
resistance to the flow of flair, to a second variable volume chamber
12 An outlet for chamber 12 is provided by a tube 13 fitted with a
valve 14 which goes to a vacuum pump, not shown Cloud chamber 4 is
connected by means of a tube IG 15 through a valve 16 to an inlet tube
17 t-o the air to be sampled.
The valves 9 and 16 were made especially for this invention and are
identical.
Valve 9 comprises a stainless steel ball bearing 18 which is pushed
against a ring 19 by a spring 20, and this forms a very effective seal
To open the valve, an arm 21 is pivoted at 22; and by raising arm 21
he ball can be forced away from ring 19 to permit the free flow of air
In order to prevent contamination from the outside air Nr leakage, it
is necessary to form a seal around the moving part Normally, this is
done by the use of flexible bellows, but it has been found that a
piece of flexible tubng 23 can be slipped over the arm 21 and over the
pivot 22 to form an air tight flexble member.
The chambers 10 and 12 are sealed by rinds 24 and 25, respectively,
which are resnectively compressed between a pair of members 27, 28 and
a pair of members 29, .1, to be forced against the walls of the
chamber 10 and 12 The members 28 and 30 are threaded externally but
have an axial hole throughout their lengths through which members 27
and 29 respectively Slide, these latter members being threaded at
their one ends A pair of nuts 31, 32 fit over the threaded ends of
members 27, 29 and when tightened pull members 27, 28 together and
members 29, 30 together, forcing rings 24 and 25 into intimate contact
with the walls of chambers 10 and 12.
Since both of these chambers are evacuated at one stage of the
operations, there is at this time a considerable force tending to pull
each plunger down and reduce the voljme of its chamber A pair of nuts
33, 5-34 which turn on parts 28, 30 are used to prevent any motion due
to the vacuum in ffhe chambers 10 or 12.
The operation of the invention now follows Valves 9, 14, and 16 are
opened and Lf 5 pa sample of air is taken in through inlet tube 17
Then valve 9 is closed and chambers 10 and 12 are evacuated by a
vacuum Dump attached to tube 13 Then, sequentiallv, valves 14 and 16
are closed and photoo cell shield 6 is rotated to cut off the light
from lamp 1, indicator 7 then being adlusted to read zero The shield
is then roeted to permit the light from 1 to fall on ±he nhototube 3

28. and indicator 7 adjusted to 6#read 100 per cent Then the valve 9 is
opened suddenly, and the pressure in the chamber 4 falls very rapidly
since the gas in chamber 4 must now occupy both chambers 4 and 10
Because of the restricted passage way 11, the vacuum in chamber 1270
cannot rapidly reduce the pressure of chamber 4 but does of course,
cause a slow drop in pressure The design is such that the zqualization
of pressure between chambers 4 and 10 takes place in a few
milliseconds,75 whereas the equalization of chambers 4, 10 and 12 will
require about a second Valve 9 is designed for opening what is is
sufficiently rapid for the sudden expansion of the gas in chamber 4 to
come to its final value 80 before appreciable condensation can take
place: and therefore, the supersaturation obtained in this first
instant is that that would be calculated on the basis of an adiabatic
expansion The drops then start to gs form on all those nuclei that are
bigger than a certain critical size As these drops start to grow,
they, of course, leave less water vapour available and the
supersaturation falls rapidly Then the additional ex 90 pansion due to
the chamber 12 comes into play and makes more water vapour available,
but the rate at which this is done, although still substantially
adiabatic, is so controlled by the restricted passage that the 95
supersaturation never exceeds that obtained in the first instant At
the end of a second then, there has been a substantially adiabatic
change in temperature of the gas in chamber 4 which is a function of
the change 100 in volume due to both chambers 10 and 12.
The supersaturation, however, is not a function of the volume of
chamber 12 but only of the volume of chamber 10 The water drops in
chamber 4 form a cloud and 105 attenuate the light from 1, causing a
reduction in the reading of the indicator which can now be calibrated
in terms of the number of water drops.
The relation between the number of 110 water drops and the attenuation
produced is discussed by Nolan in the above mentioned reference His
discussion does not pretend to be a complete explanation, but he does
discuss the main factors involved 115 For the purposes of this
explanation, the exact relation between fog density and available
water is immaterial; but in general, for a given amount of available
water vapour, the attenuation varies very approx 120 imately as the
cube root of the number of particles.
If another sample is taken into the cloud chamber 4 and the same
operation previously described is repeated, but with differ 125 ent
ratio between the chambers 10 and 12, and the total volume of these
chambers remaining unchanged, then the total amount of the expansion
of the gas in chamber 4 is unchanged and the total amount of water 130
vapour available is unchanged, and the calibration of the indicator
is, therefore, also unchanged On the other hand, if chamber 1.) in the

29. second case were much larger than in the first case, the
supersaturation produced would be much larger in the second case The
number of nuclei read in the first case was all of those greater in
diameter than a certain critical value Simi101 arly, the reading in
the second case would be the number of particles larger than a new
critical diameter which is, however, smaller than that of the first
case The difference between the two readings is then equal to 15the
number of nuclei whose diameters lie between the smallest nuclei read
in the first case and the smallest nuclei read in the second case The
result of the above-described method and apparatus then is that one
can take a series of readings with different initial supersaturations
and thereby determine the distribution of particle sizes.
That this represents a novel method and apparatus for measuring
condensation nuclei can be best illustrated by a comparison of results
obtained with the Nolan or Aifken counters The expansion in the Aitken
Counter is done by manually moving a iston to produce the required
expansion it is obviously impossible to move this piston manually fast
enough to get an expansion in a few milliseconds In modifying the
Nolan Counter, the size of the valve wvhich releases the built-up
pressure hhas been greatly increased, but in spite of this It has not
been possible to obtain the theoretical supersaturation This is most
cle: rv demonstrated by truing to read the effect of gamma radiation
on the Nolan counter From the teachingss of Das Gupta a.ned others a
supersaturation of about 400 pe cent will produce a fog on ions; but
even with expansion ratios that were consilderabl-; greater than that
theoreticall requlred to produce this supersaturation it is not
possible to observe any effect from adiation On the other hand the
effect of rd iation is very easily observed in a device constructed
according to the present inveno tion In a room in -j which there were
no small nuclei, a series of readings were taken with the present
invention using a constant total volume with chambers 10 and 12 but
varying t-he ratio of the volumes, starting with a small volume in
chamber 10 As soon as the volume in chamber 10 exceeded a few per cent
of the volume of chamber 4, khe readings obtained with still larger
values of chamber 10 were unchanged even 60though the volume of
chamber 12 was reduced substantially to zero A small ouantitw of SO,
vas released in room and it is well known in the art that this gas
under the influence of light is transformed to 6 ' D which then Dicks
un water to form H.SO In the process of the growth of the sulphuric
acid droplets, they pass through a series of sizes, some of which
must, of course, be very small Under these conditions, the readings
obtained with smal 170 values of chamber 10 and large values of
chamber 12 were only a quarter as great as those obtained with a large
volume in chamber 10 and a small volume in chamber 12.

30. With the previous types of condensation 75 nuclei meters, if readings
were attempted at low expansion ratios, there would be a considerable
reduction in the amount of water vapour available; and the resulting
fog or the size of droplets would be so small as to give considerable
trouble in accurate measurement By this method of keeping the total
volume change the same and still varying the supersaturation, then the
fog produced always contains the same amount of 85 water and is,
therefore, always as easy to read One other great practical advantage
is that the indicator can be supplied with a single scale which is
valid regardless of the size of particles being measured.
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