Hippocrates: ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water, climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people. Varro: Disease was caused by animate particles invisible to naked eye where carried in air via the mouth and nose to body. Fracastorius: Agent of communicable disease was living germs that transmitted by direct contact and indirect contact with human, animal and objects respectively. No proof b/c no experimental study

1. 2023/3/15 1

2.  Messenger RNA
 Definition of Messenger RNA
 Types of mRNA
 Structure of mRNA
 Functions of Messenger RNA
 Degradation mRNA
 transfer RNA
 Definition of tRNA
 Role of Transfer RNA
 Application of mRNA
2023/3/15 2

3. 1.1.1 Definition of Messenger RNA
 Messenger RNA refers to an RNA sub-type that carries
the specific codons corresponding to the DNA template
and
 helps in the sequencing of amino acids to build
various proteins by associating with the transfer RNA and
ribosome
2023/3/15 3

4.  The mRNA directs the synthesis of proteins, which
occurs in the cytoplasm Proteins are assembled on the
ribosomes using the mRNA nucleotide sequence as a
guide.
 which is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of
the DNA that served as a template for synthesizing the
mRNA.
2023/3/15 4

5.  mRNAs have three parts:
 Nucleotides at the 5′ end provide binding sites for proteins
that initiate polypeptide synthesis;
 Nucleotides in the middle specify the sequence of amino
acids in the polypeptide; and
 Nucleotides at the 3′ end regulate the stability of the mRNA
within the protein-coding region, successive triplets of three
nucleotides, called codons, specify the sequence of amino
acids.
2023/3/15
5

6.  Based on mRNA synthesis, the DNA transcribes into pre- mRNA
and later transforms into a mature mRNA
 Figure 2 pre –mRNA and mature mRNA
2023/3/15
6

7.  The messenger RNA performs a functional role in the
process of gene expression by participating in the following
tasks:
 An mRNA contains the source of genetic information from
the template DNA that directs the amino acid formation.
 It also contains multiple regulatory regions that determine
the rate and flow of translation.
 An mRNA contains information on how to connect the
amino acids into a peptide chain to form the proteins.
2023/3/15
7

8.  The mRNA is enzymatically degraded by a ribonuclease
(RNase) and broken down into its nucleotides.
 These nucleotides can then be used again to build new RNA
molecules.
 The messenger RNA degradation marks the end of the life
of an mRNA molecule.
 However, the duration of nuclease activity in the cell can
vary.
2023/3/15
8

9.  Definition of tRNA
 The genemessage contained in the nucleotide sequence of
transcribed RNA cannot be read off directly by the amino
acids in the polypeptide chain.
 Transfer RNAs or tRNAs are molecules that act as
temporary carriers of amino acids, bringing the
appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the
messenger RNA (mRNA) nucleotide sequence.

2023/3/15
9

10.  Figure 6 Structure and functions of tRNA
2023/3/15
10

11.  There are three structural configurations of transfer RNA,
namely primary, secondary and tertiary structure.
Figure 7 Structure of tRNA
2023/3/15
11

12.  The t-RNA first recognizes the codons of mRNA with
the help of the anticodon arm.
 The anticodon arm of t-RNA consists of three
anticodons, which then complementarily binds with
the codons of the m-RNA.
 mRNA specific codons that will code the particular
aa’s.
 This complementary binding activates the synthesis
of an enzyme known as “Aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase”.
2023/3/15
12

13. • Translation defect in a specific syndrome
characterized by cognitive impairments:
• Epilepsy and Dravet syndrome an autosomal
dominant
microcecphaly, and obesity.
2023/3/15 13

14.  Developmental delay
2023/3/15 14
Hypogonandism

15. 2023/3/15 15

16.  The implications of mRNA technology are
staggering. Several vaccine developers are
studying this technology for deployment
against rabies, influenza, Zika, HIV and
cancer, as well as for veterinary purposes.
2023/3/15 16

17.  In principle, the process can be used to generate
synthetic mRNA that codes for any protein of interest.
 In the case of vaccines, the mRNA codes for a piece of
a viral protein known as an antigen. Once translated,
the antigen triggers an immune response to help
confer protection against the virus.
2023/3/15 17

18. THANK YOU
2023/3/15 18