1. Dr Hatem El Bitar
01005684344
Lecturer in gms academy
Infection
control
diploma
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬

2. At the end of this session, the participants will be
able to know:
1-definitions related to infection control
2-modes of transmission of infections
3-portals of entry of bacteria
4-Explain universal precautions
5-Explain the worker’s role in preventing spread of infections
6-Demonstrate proper hand washing techniques, application and removal of
gloves
7-Describe appropriate techniques for cleaning up tools
OBJECTIVES

3. 8-difference between pandemic and epidemic
9-noscomial infection
10- protocols of infection control in child care
11- protocols of infection control in
ophthalmology departments
12- protocols of infection control in endoscopes
13- protocols of infection control in respiratory
tract infection
OBJECTIVES

4. 14- protocols of infection control in dentistry
15- protocols of infection control in icu
16- protocols of infection control in nicu
17- protocols of infection control in kidney dialysis
units
18- protocols of infection control in urinary tract
departments
19- protocols of infection control in surgical site
infection
20 international infection control standards for
health care facilities
OBJECTIVES

5. Introduction
Before we start studying this
branch of medicine we should
ask ourselves why I select it to
study? and what I expect
before I study this diploma?

6. (first assignment)
-why you select this diploma to study?
-Write about your job in the hospital
- If you work in this field, what is your
tasks in the committee/department?

7. Infection control
And prevention
Epidemiology
Public health

8. Science concerned with preventing
all types of microorganisms from
infecting health workers and
patients also preventing nosocomial
or healthcare-associated infection
Infection control

9. - Infection control and hospital epidemiology are related to
public health practice
-Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of
infections within the health-care setting
(-whether patient-to-patient,
-from patients to staff and
- from staff to patients, or among staff), including prevention
(via hand hygiene, cleaning , disinfection , sterilization,
vaccination, surveillance)
Infection control

10. - Surveillance: includes
monitoring, investigation of
demonstrated or suspected
spread of infection within a
particular health-care system and
demand further investigations
Infection control

11. The need for strict infection
prevention and control measures
in medical facilities has much more
importance to the general public
and to the medical community .
Infection control

12. -as well as events related to inadequate
sterilization and disinfection of medical
equipment, still occur
-the Idea that every person is subjected to
infection if proper safeguards(precautions) are not
in place to prevent the transmission of infection.
Infection control

13. Epidemiology
The science of epidemiology was
founded by John Snow's
identification of a polluted public
water.
As well as the source of cholera
outbreak in London in 1854 .

14. Epidemiology
Dr. Snow believed in the germ
theory of disease which is
opposed to the miasma
theory. (it believes that diseases is
a result of poor sanitation)

15. Epidemiology
-in 1680 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek's observations
of Microorganisms,
(which are now known to
cause many of the most
common infectious diseases)

16. Epidemiology
the modern era of public
health did not begin until the
1880s
- Louis Pasteur's germ theory and
production of artificial vaccines

17. Epidemiology
-In the U.S., the role of public health nurse began in Los Angeles
in 1898,
-by 1924 there were 12,000 public health nurses, half of them in
the 100 largest cities.
-Public health nurses handled
tuberculosis and other
communicable diseases.

18. Epidemiology
- With the onset of the epidemiological
transition and as the prevalence of infectious
diseases decreased through the 20th century,
-public health began to put more focus on
chronic diseases such as cancer and heart
disease.

19. Epidemiology
During the 20th century and early in the next, the
dramatic increase in average life span is widely credited
to public health achievements, such as vaccination
programs
and control of many infectious
diseases including polio, diphtheria, yellow fever and
smallpox

20. From the beginnings of human
civilization, it was recognized that 1-
polluted water
2- lack of proper waste disposal are
responsible for spread of
communicable diseases
Public health
“History”

21. Early religions attempted to regulate
behavior that specifically related to
health, from types of food eaten, to
regulating certain human behaviors,
such as drinking alcohol or hygienic
actions.
Public health

22. The establishment of governments placed
responsibility to :
1-develop public health policies and
programs in order to gain some
understanding of the causes of disease
2- ensure social stability and maintain
order.
Public health

23. The old term "healthy city" used by
today's public health experts which
reflects the ongoing challenges for
creating healthy , physical well-being
and noncrowded conditions.
Public health

24. "the science and art of preventing disease,
prolonging life and promoting health through the
organized efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations( public and private) communities and
individuals.
Public health

25. -also, It is concerned with threats to health based on
general health analysis.
-United Nations/ who definition of public health "a
state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease "
Public health

26. Public health include the following approaches :
-community health
-Environmental health
-epidemiology
-biostatistics
-behavioral health
-occupational health
Public health

27. improve health and quality of life through
the prevention and treatment of disease
and other physical and mental health
conditions
through :
focus of public health

28. 1- surveillance of cases and health
indicators, and through the promotion of
healthy behaviors.
2- Promotion of hand washing and
breastfeeding, delivery of vaccinations are
examples of common public health
measures.
Public health

29. Modern public health practice requires
multidisciplinary teams of professionals
including:
1-physicians specializing in public
health/community
2-medicine/infectious disease,
3-epidemiologists
Public health

30. 4-biostatisticians
5- public health nurses
6- medical microbiologists
7-environmental health officers
8-public health inspectors
Public health

31. 9-pharmacists
10- dental hygienists
11- dietitians and nutritionists,
12-public health engineers
13-communications
experts
Public health

32. - Objectives
1-The focus of a public health intervention is to
prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other
health conditions through surveillance of cases and
the promotion of healthy behaviors, communities
and environments.
Public health

33. 2-Many diseases are preventable through simple,
non-medical methods. For example, research has
shown that the simple act of hand washing with soap
can prevent many contagious diseases.
Public health

34. 3-treating a disease or controlling a pathogen can be
vital to preventing its spread to others, such as during
an outbreak of infectious disease, or contamination
of food or water supplies.
Public health

35. 4-Public health communications
programs, vaccination programs, are
examples of common public health
measures. such as these Measures have
contributed greatly to the health of
populations and increases in life
expectancy.
Public health

36. 5-Public health plays an important role
in disease prevention efforts in both
the developing world and developed
countries,
through local health systems and
non-governmental
organizations.
Public health

37. The World Health
Organization (WHO) is the
international agency that
coordinates and acts on
global public health
issues.
Public health

38. Most countries have their own
government public health
agencies, sometimes known as
ministries of health, to respond
to domestic health issues.
Public health

39. For example in the United States, the
front line of public health initiatives are
state and local health departments.
The United States Public Health Service
(PHS), led by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Public health

40. In the developing world, public health
infrastructuresare still forming.
There may not be enough trained health
workers or financial resources to provide
even a basic level of medical care and
disease/infection prevention.
Public health

41. As a result, a large majority of
infectious diseases and mortality in
the developing world results from
and contributes to extreme poverty.
For example, many African
governments spend less than 10$
US dollars per person per year on
health care.
Public health

42. while, in the United States, the
federal government spent
approximately 4,500$ US dollars per
person per year in 2000. However,
expenditures on health care should
not be confused with spending on
public health.
Public health

43. Public health measures may not generally
be considered "health care" in the strictest
sense. For example, mandating the use of
seat belts in cars can save countless lives
and contribute to the health of a
population, but typically money spent
enforcing this rule would not count as
money spent on health care.
Public health

44. Pre 1800: Early efforts at wound prophylaxis
1800-1940: Semmelweis, Pasteur findings
1940-1960: Antibiotic era begins,
Staph. aureus nursery outbreaks, begin of hygiene
focus
History of infection control and hospital epidemiology

45. 1960-1970’s: Documenting need for infection
control programs, surveillance begins
1980’s: focus on patient care practices, intensive
care units, resistant organisms, HIV
History of infection control and hospital epidemiology

46. 1990’s: Hospital Epidemiology
= Infection control, quality
improvement and economics
2000’s: Healthcare system
epidemiology
History of infection control and hospital epidemiology

47. What is Hospital Epidemiology good
for?
Infection control
Quality improvement
Controlling costs
An effective hospital epidemiology program can help
achieve all three goals

48. According to the Public Hospitals
Act, medical institutions must
have an Infection Control
Committee, and a proper
infection control infrastructure is
required to meet hospital
accreditation standards.

49. In contrast, most of
these requirements has not
consistently been realized in office
practices in many countries.
The science of infection control is
rapidly changing with new infections
being described

51. Some of
newly known
infections

52. Ebola virus
an example, incapacitate their victims
extremely quickly and kill them soon after.
As a result, the victims of this disease do
not have the opportunity to travel very far
from the initial infection zone.

53. The human strains of Ebola virus
Also, this virus must spread through
skin lesions or permeable membranes
such as the eye.
Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not
very contagious since its victims
experience only internal hemorrhaging.

54. The human strains of Ebola virus
As a result of the above features, the spread
of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within
a relatively confined geographical area.
In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by
attacking their immune system.

55. The human strains of Ebola virus
As a result, many of its victims transmit the
virus to other individuals before even
realizing that they are carrying the disease.
Also, the incubation period about 21days
so the patient can be source of infection
without any signs of the virus and
considered highly contagious

56. Get educated and involved
Be aware of your rights
To be a part of the decision
Process for your medical
care

57. THANK YOU