4. Average Time Spent and Number of
Articles Read Per Year Per Scientist
140
120
100
Number
80
Read
60
Hours
40 Spent
20
0
1977 1981 1984 1987 1991 1996 2000 2003
6. Recent Studies:
2000-2001 UTK medical, engineering,
science and ORNL scientists
2001-2002 Astronomers
2002-2003 Pittsburgh and Drexel faculty and
students
2004 Pediatricians and Australian
universities
7. Use and Users of Electronic Library
Resources: An Overview and Analysis of
Recent Research Studies. Tenopir,
Carol
www.clir.org/pub/reports/pub120/pub120
.pdf
8. Tier 1 studies
STUDY PARTICIPANTS
SuperJournal Students & faculty
DLF/Outsell Students & faculty
HighWire/eJUSt Scholars & clinicians
Pew/OCLC/ULC High school & College students
OhioLINK OhioLINK users
Tenopir & King Scientists and social scientists
LibQual+ Students & faculty
JSTOR JSTOR users
9. Tier 2 Studies
• Over 200 good studies in last decade
• One time studies or small scale
• Variety of methods
• Together build our knowledge of user
behavior
10. 1. Researchers use many ways to get
information
2. E-journals influence some behaviors
3. Differences due to workfield, workplace,
and others
11. Communication Means
Oral Discussions
Communication
Reviews
Secondary Written
Articles Reports
Publications
12. Specimens Lab/Field
Conversations notebook
Sounds
Data Scientists
Sets Photos
Working
Direct
Meetings Observations
Publications
13. Lab/Field
Conversations Specimens
notebook
Sounds
Scientists
Data
Sets Working Photos
Publications
• Proceedings
Direct
• Preprints Observations
Meetings
• Journal Articles
• Books
14. Specimens Lab/Field
Conversations notebook
Sounds
Data Scientists
Sets Working Photos
Direct
Meetings Observations
Publications
16. Average Annual Amount of time
(Hours) spent reading
(Hrs)
300
250 Engineers
200
Scientists
150
100
Medical
Professionals
50
0
Scholarly Trade Books Reports Patents
Journals Journals
17. Average Annual Amount (Hours) of
time spent for e-mails
(Hrs.)
250
200
239
150
110
86
100
50
0
Engineers Scientists Medical
Professionals
18. Amount of Reading by
Scientists
Number of Annual Readings
250
200
41 100
150
187
100 160
50
117
0
UT 1993 UT 2000 DU 2002
Negligible Partial Nearly All
Print Electronic
20. Sources of Reading
100%
90%
80%
70% Paper
60%
50% Other e-
40% E-prints
30%
20% E-journals
10%
0%
AAS ORNL UTK
21. 2. E-journals and e-alternatives influence
reading patterns in some ways
22. Active Journal Characteristics
Ulrichsweb, October 2003
Total number of
active
periodicals
~180,000
Number of
active online
periodicals
~35,000
Number of
active online
refereed or
scholarly
periodicals
~15,000
23. Journal Migration
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
98 99 00 01 02 03
Print Electronic
Source: Montgomery and King, “Comparing Library and User Related Costs of Print and
Electronic Journal Collections” in D-Lib October 2002. Available at
http://wwww.dlib.org/dlib/october02/montgomery/10montgomery.html
24. Use of the Collections
(000)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Online* Print - Current Print - Bound
*No. of vendor-reported full-text views. C. Montgomery
25. Print & Electronic Serial Titles
in Australian and New Zealand Academic
Libraries
Print and Electronic Electronic Titles
Titles 43,301
78,385
4%
6%
253,627 1,245,424
17% 83%
1,123,738
Print Individual Electronic Serial Titles
90%
Electronic Titles Within a Single Publisher
Collection
Titles Within aggregations
Source: CAUL Statistics http://www.caul.edu.au/stats/caul2002-pub.xls
26. Directory of Open Access Journals
Directories Number of Journals
Social Science/Bus/Law 218
Health/Life Science 164
Math/Eng/Tech 110
Humanities 134
Science 128
Total of 822 Journals at DOAJ, 2003, Lund University Libraries
Source:http://www.doaj.org DOAJ-Directory of Open Access Journals
27. Studies Show Scientists Prefer
Electronic:
• Convenience
• Ability to search across/within articles
• Timeliness/currency
• Links
• Downloading/printing/saving/sending
• Easy access to a wide variety of sources
28. Source of Articles Read
By Electronic Journals Experience
13% Personal 15.2%
Library 35.8%
46%
41% Separates 49%
15%
Early 37% Advanced
48%
Evolving
29. Source of Articles Read at
Drexel
Faculty Doctoral Students
12% 11% 14%
42% 46%
76%
Personal Subscriptions Library-Provided Separate Copies
30. Library-Provided Articles at
Drexel
Faculty Doctoral Students
16% 14% 12% 16%
70% 77%
Print Electronic Document Delivery
31. Sources of Readings
% and amount of
readings from use of personal
separate copies subscriptions
Scientists appear to be reading from
more journals—at least one article per
year from approximately 23 journals, up
from 13 in the late 1970s and 18 in the
mid-1990s.
32. How Scientists Learned About
Articles
Early Evolving Advanced
1990-1995 2000-2001 2001-
Browsing 58% 46% 21%
Online Search 9% 14% 39%
Colleagues 16% 22% 21%
Citations 6% 13% 16%
33. Means of Learning About Articles Read
Browse
29% 21%
49% Search 37%
22% Other 39%
Universities Astronomers
20.8%
16.9% 62.3%
Medical Faculty
34. Means of Discovery at Drexel
Faculty Graduate Students
9% 12%
15%
33%
20%
56%
20%
35%
Browsing Online Searching
Another Person Citation in Publication
C. Montgomery
35. Age of Reading from Digital Media
Early Evolving Advanced
5% 3.5%
7% 5%
6.9% 8%
20.8%
23%
23%
65% 64%
68.8%
1 years
2-5 years
6-15 years
>15 years
36. Perceived value of Resource
Productive Astronomers
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Definitive Definitive e- Keep Up Keep Up e-
journals prints journals prints
37. 3. Differences in reading patterns due to
workfield, workplace, etc.
38. Scholarly Article Reading
Work Field Articles Read Time Spent Time Per
(Per Year) (Hours) Article (Min)
Univ. Med. ~322 118 22
Chemists ~276 198 43
Life Scientists ~239 104 26
Physicists ~204 153 45
Soc Sci/Psych ~191 121 38
Engineers ~72 97 81
39. Print or Electronic by Broad Field: University
of Pittsburgh
Electronic Electronic
Print
26.8% 45.0%
Print 55.0%
73.2%
Non-Scientists Scientists
Electronic
Print
41.1% 58.9%
All
43. What Conclusions Can You Draw?
§ Usage logs § What groups do
§ Interviews/surveys/ § Opinion, what individuals and
journals groups say they do in general
and why
§ Critical (last) incident § What individuals say they do
specifically and why
§ Observational/ § What individuals do in a
Experimental controlled or natural setting
and why
§ Citation Analysis § What authors cite
44. Learning About Users and Usage
Opinions, preferences
(individual)
Usage logs Critical incident
Citations (readings),
Experimental
46. “What is convenient for one scholar is not
necessarily convenient for others. With their own
idiosyncratic approaches to both print journals
and online information, and with their own
configuration of professional strengths, histories,
and needs, scholars patch together systems that
work for them in their context.”
Stanford e-Just
