Live in field experience (LFE) Final report

LFE Report - Spring, 2013
Venue: Proshika, Manikganj
By Md.Matiur Rahman
I n d e p e n d e n t U n i v e r s i t y , B a n g l a d e s h Page 1

By Md.Matiur Rahman
1.0 Introduction: Live-in-Field Experience:
“LFE bridges the gap between our historical knowledge and the present through an empirical
study of the roots of our culture”
We the people have a nature to look forward. Everyday we are getting dettached from our natural
beauty to technological advancement. But we always forget that out true origin lies in the rural
beauty. “So sometimes we have to stop and smell the roses”. Our University “The Independent
University of Bangladesh” is the only university that arranges a unique program, LFE i.e “Life in
Field Experience”. We the young generation are the backbone of the country and we must know
how the great majority of the people live. A large portion of our country are directly and
inderictly related with the villgers. But it is also true that, the life blood of our country
(Villagers) are afflected with Poverty, Malnutrition, Illiteracy and unconscious about health.
LFE-Live-In Field Experience is one of the distinctive courses offered by IUB to its students.
The course is designed to impress upon young minds the socio-economic realities of the rural
Bangladesh as the majority portion of our population live in the village i.e. in the rural areas.
Through this course, we have an opportunity to get direct encounter with rural people on whom
the country stands. Most of the young generation have little or no idea about gram bangla, after
doing this LFE program, we get to know how the majority of the people live. We should always
bear in mind that the problem we face and observe in the urban areas does not reflect the
situation of the whole country. It is the rural areas which reflect the scenario of the whole
country. LFE provides us the chance to overcome and minimize the gap of understanding and
make familiar with the rural areas. We are really grateful to the authority of IUB for providing us
the prospect to get this authentic experience.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
1.1 Objective:
It is common to us that a person without an aim is like a ship without a rudder in the sea. The
main object of IUB to conduct LFE is to make familiar the students with the rural life and give
some personal real and field experience to them. To achieve the intent of LFE, IUB planned to
conduct a research by its students in some rural areas. The IUB students has to be made aware of
this situation, so that they began to think of ways to solve the problems and thereby openup
opportunities for further social and economic development. The overall objectives of the LFE-
201 courses are stated below.
To sketch out the appropriate rural structure of our country by selecting a Para from a
specific village of Manikganj.
To know the historical referencs of the selected Para about different paramaters of
social change process.
To draw out the social stratification of rural area in terms of the wealth position with
specific determinants.
To find out how villagers produce their crops in their field and various aspects of
rural production cycle.
To followup the overall health and environmental condition of the rural area.
Finally, to analyze the interaction place of surplus group and deficit group of people
in the rural area i.e Market structure of the Rural are and other related issues.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
1.2 Limitations:
To conduct each and every research the researcher has to face some problems which may
minimize the value of the work. Though we did not face any major problems but the most
common problem to all the groups is the shortage of time. Other than the problems we have
faced during conducting the research on individual study are mentioned in the individual chapter.
1.3. Proshika (HRDC): At A Glance
Background:
The development process of PROSHIKA, one of the largest NGOs of Bangladesh, started in a
few villages of Dhaka, Manikganj and Comilla districts in 1975, although the organization
formally took its first step in 1976. Much has changed since. From a very modest beginning,
over the years, PROSHIKA has created 12.33 million employment/self-employment
opportunities for the poor and brought over one million households out of poverty while making
over one million people literate and planting nearly one billion trees towards the greening of our
country. The name „PROSHIKA‟ is an acronym of three Bangla words, which stand for training,
education, and work. A constant analysis of the magnitude of poverty and its trends, the
strategies effective for its reduction and eventual elimination, and their meticulous
implementation has brought PROSHIKA where it is today. The central ethos has, however, all
the while remained the same-human development and empowerment of the poor who gradually
stand tall to achieve freedom from poverty by themselves. Empowerment means that the poor are
united and organized, become aware of the real causes of their impoverishment, develop
leadership among themselves, mobilize their material resources, increase income and
employment, develop capacities to cope with natural disasters, become functionally literate, take
better care of their health, become engaged in environmental protection and regeneration, get
elected in local government bodies and community institutions, and have better access to public
and common property resources.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Vision:
PROSHIKA envisions a society, which is economically productive and equitable, socially just,
environmental sound, and genuinely democratic.
Mission:
PROSHIKA‟s mission is to conduct an extensive, intensive, and participatory process of
sustainable development through the empowerment of the poor.
Objectives:
PROSHIKA‟s objectives are: (i) structural poverty alleviation; (ii) environmental protection and
regeneration; (iii) improvement in women‟s status; (iv) increasing people‟s participation in
public institutions; and (v) enhancing people‟s capacity to gain and exercise democratic and
human rights.
What PROSHIKA Does:
These objectives are achieved through a broad range of programmes in organization building,
education and training leading to income and employment generation, health education, health
infrastructure building, as well as environmental protection and regeneration. The programmes
are supported by policy advocacy and research activities linking the poorest of the poor.
Who PROSHIKA Works with:
Spread in 21,272 villages and 2,380 urban slums in 55 districts, PROSHIKA now works with
nearly 1.36 million men and women members drawn from rural and urban poor households.
They have been organized into 104,295 primary groups. As there are on an average 1.3 member
from each household having 5.5 family members, this translates into over 5.77 million
programed beneficiaries of PROSHIKA.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
People’s Organization Building:
104,295 groups formed organizing the poor people living in rural and rural and urban areas.
18,775 group federations formed at village, union, and upazila levels building a broad
Organizational network.
Microcredit Programme:
Tk. 45,039 million (4,504 crore) loans disbursed to 6.50 million (65.02 lakh) group
members.
1.42 million (14.20 lakh) projects implemented by the group members.
12.33 million (1.23 crore) employments self-employments created.
1.24 million (12.36 lakh) households made poverty-free.
PROSHIKA Savings Scheme:
Tk. 54.71 million paid from the compensation fund of the PSS to the family members of
8,604 deceased group members.
Tk. 17.69 million distributed to 9,411 group members badly affected by various natural
disasters.
Economic and Social Security Programme
Tk. 1.67 million paid to 327 meritorious students from the group members‟ families.
Tk. 0.96 million paid to the poor group members for their treatment.
Universal Education Programme:
53,839 Adult Literacy Centers set up so far.
1.14 million (11.43 lakh) poor people graduated with functional literacy skill.
23,502 Non-Formal Primary Schools established.
0.72 Million (7.17 lakh) children from the poor households enrolled in non-formal
primary schools.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Training Programme:
20.58 million (2.06 crore) women and men received human development training from
PROSHIKA.
1.16 million (11.55 lakh) women and men received skill develoment training from
PROSHIKA.
Environmental Protection and Regeneration:
93.80 Million (9.38 core) trees planted under the social forestry programme in denuded
forest areas and roadsides.
0.25 Million (2.47 lakh) acres of land brought under the organic agriculture programme.
0.80 Million (8.04 lakh) farmers practicing organic agriculture using organic fertilizer
and pesticide.
Health Programme:
2,931 health camps organized.
167,858 patients received health services.
1,845 women received traditional birth attendant training.
1.57 million (15.74 lakh) people received health and nutrition and arsenic mitigation
training.
10 community surface water treatment plants and 23 arsenic removal plants installed for
safe drinking water.
825,647 low-cost sanitary latrines installed.
26,175 hand tube-wells installed.
6,647 differently able people integrated into PROSHIKA‟S development activities.
34,269 household filters distributed.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Housing Programme:
31,757 houses constructed for homeless families.
1,251 low-cost houses built in resettlement villages.
People’s Cultural Programme:
95,000 cultural events held on democracy, human rights, gender equality, good
governance, awareness about environmental protection.
962 cultural troupes formed with group members
Development Support Communication Programme:
282 documentaries/videos/TV spots made.
819 participatory video produced on democracy, human rights, gender equality, good
governance, and awareness about environmental protection.
Programme on the Liberation War:
2,390 members of the freedom fighters‟ families brought under PROSHIKA‟s
development activities.
65 women freedom fighters conferred with the PROSHIKA Muktijoddha Award-2003.
25 women freedom fighters awarded a life-long pension amounting to Tk. 1, 00 per
month.
Tk. 6,000 and Tk. 3,000 donated to 15 and 3 freedom fighters respectively for one time.

By Md.Matiur Rahman

By Md.Matiur Rahman
2.0 Origin of the Report:
The report is required to prepare as a partial fulfillment of the course Live-in-field Experience
(LFE: 201) Spring 2013, under the supervision of our three honorable Teachers name: Mr. Md.
Rajib Rahman, Mr. A.F.M. Mainul Ahsan and Mr. Chowdhury Kamrul Hasan Senior Faculty
School of Business and School of Environmental Science & Management (SESM), Independent
University, Bangladesh.
2.1 Methods & Methodology:
There may be several types of methods to conduct a research but the researcher has to choose
which particular methods will be used to finish the research and the proper accomplishment of a
research largely depends on the methodology followed by the researcher. The methodologies we
have applied are described below.
2.1.1 Research Type:
According to the view point of objective, the research we have conducted is an applied research
as our main intention is to identify the overall socio-economic condition of the village.
According to the view point of function, the research we have conducted is both descriptive and
causal research. Besides defining the area we have also tried to analyze some relationships of
some major factors according with the changes in economic condition. The research is mainly
conducted on the basis of primary data. Besides, different data from secondary sources e.g. BBS
Report, Books, websites, journals and newspapers are also analyzed for the better analysis. Both
qualitative and quantitative data are used in the research. Obviously it is a field research as we
have already visited the area for collecting information to accomplish the research.
2.1.2 Data Collection:
The success of a research mainly depends on the collection of proper and appropriate
information. From the very beginning we were very aware about the collection of data to achieve
our research objective. In our research we have applied different approaches for this purpose.
The ways we have collected the information are described below:

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Method 01: Questionnaire Survey:
During our research a sample questionnaire has been provided by IUB which helped lot to
collect information about the demographic, socio-economic and hygiene condition of the
villagers. Moreover, it is used to collect their opinion about the social changes over time. Both
structured and unstructured questions were used to collect information. It was a cross sectional
survey as the different segments of population was asked questions.
Method 02: PRA
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a way of enabling local people easy to share their ideas
and views with the surveyor. It is a way of learning with and from communities in order to
investigate, analyze and evaluate constraints and opportunities for future development of the
community. It helped us lot to collect information about different regards specially identifying
and locating the village resources.
Method 03: FGD
Though Focus Group Discussion is a useful technique of collecting information but we could not
follow this method regularly as it was very tough to make them together during the harvesting
period. This technique was mainly used to draw the village map and collecting information from
the female members about their hygiene condition.
Method 04: Personal Observation
As most of the villagers were very busy for harvesting the crops so sometime this was a helpful
technique to collect information without disturbing the respondents. Even we have to use this
technique to fill up some portion of the questionnaire.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Method 05: Informal Discussion
We have collected lots of information through informal discussion with the villagers. It was
mainly used to collect information about the social changes and agricultural pattern of the
villages. We have discussed with the member and a number of villagers & farmers. In the Kotia
Bazaar we have discussed with different buyers and sellers to know about the distribution
channel and market structure etc.
2.1.3 Sample Size:
We have surveyed 09 families to fill up the questionnaire provided by IUB. We have interviewed
five farmers and five traders to know about their condition and problems regarding their
profession.
2.1.4 Data Analysis:
All the information collected for the research will be meaningless unless and until they are
properly analyzed. So, data analysis has a significant impact on the triumph of a research report.
The techniques we have applied for analyzing data are described below.
2.1.5 Data Conversion:
We have to converse lots of data from one unit to another unit e.g. Bighas to Decimals, Maund to
Kilogram for the better acceptance and understanding of the reader.
2.1.6 Statistical Tool:
Percentage, the most popular statistical tool is also used to analyze some data. Moreover, some
graphs and charts are illustrated in our research paper for better understanding.
2.1.7 Secondary Data Analysis:
We have also analyzed some data from secondary sources like BBS Report to compare with the
data we have collected from the villagers.

By Md.Matiur Rahman

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.0 Introduction:
Bangladesh is one of the hundreds of developing countries in the world it is one of the third
world countries and its population is near about 15.5 cores. There are 68,000 villages in
Bangladesh. An estimated 70% of the entire population of this country lives in the villages. Even
the rest of 30% of the population that comprised the urban population, a majority of those
originated from the village and were never totally detached from their rural homeland. The
people who live in the cities have also some linkage with their root, with the villages of
Bangladesh. The origin of us lies in the villages. Socio Cultural Character of the people of this
country was dominated by its rural influence and rural way of life. Although Bangladesh had
been experiencing large influx of people from rural to urban areas in recent times and the rate of
urbanization had been high in the urban and suburb community. Still a large majority of the
population of this country calls the village their home. Rural society still places a strong role in
influencing their lives and ways of thinking. According to the statistics of WHO and FAO 48%
of rural people and 44% of urban people lie under poverty line. The study of the village life is
necessary for everyone. LFE is very important course for the students so that students know
about the village life.
3.1 Objectives of the village mapping:
Mapping is very important and crucial when we want to know about a place. Village map is
prepared for several objectives. The important objectives of village map as well as Para Map are
given below:
To know about the resources available in the village.
To know about the life style of the people of village.
To get an idea about the social condition of the village.
To see the type of organizations and institutes those are involved with the development
process of the people of village.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.2 Methodology:
The village that we were assigned during our LFE at Manikganj was “Burundi”. As per schedule
we were supposed to draw the map of the village on the first day of LFE. The village map was
drawn with the help of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). We gathered a few local people
who were well aware of their village and its boundaries. They had a clear idea of their village
and the prominent landmarks of it. Among the people who helped us out in drawing the village
map was Mr. Mamun Vai. At first we drew a sketch of the village map on the ground using
branches of tree. Then we highlighted different parts of this map with colors and seeds, which
were provided to us by our instructors. After completing the drawing of this map on the ground,
we copied it in our notepad. The day when we first drew the village map we also drew the Para
map with the help of the local people. After drawing the maps my group member divided itself
and explored the area to ensure the accurateness of the Para map drawn. This ground exploration
helped us to match the map with reality and to detect any deficiencies. A fresh map of the Para
was also drawn on our return on a chart paper. Both the maps are included in this report.
3.3 Limitations:
As we were unfamiliar with this type of research, we came across some problems. The
limitations are as follows:
Time constrain was one of the most important factors because to build a very good
rapport with the villagers we need to comparatively longer period of time than we were
allotted. Moreover we spent only one day for drawing the village map and one day for
transect map.
Since we worked in morning, the villagers were very much busy with their own work at
that time. They were in hurry because they have to go to field. The ladies were busy with
the household chores.
We could not collect information about the total amount of land of the village. The
people could not give us the correct information.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.4 Techniques that we follow for mapping of Para
3.4.1 Location Selection:
First of all we went to Proshika. The village was selected by Proshika where every group was
placed in different Para of that village for carrying out research work. Our course instructor
along with the help of Proshika authority selected the villages. We were assigned to Burundi
village, and the para was Burundi Purbo. The village is on the east-south side of Proshika. It was
approximately 3.5km away from Proshika and takes 15 min to reach. The village is situated right
beside the Kotia-Noya dingi road.
3.4.2 Rapport building:
Rapport building is the most important aspect of PRA technique. Mamun vai, a guide from
Proshika was sent with us to the Para. They gathered some people of various ages on a house -
yard that was selected by us for drawing the map. Our group leader introduced us with the people
of Para and explained the purpose of our visit. The environment was built by our group in such a
way that the people of Para were given more importance and they did not feel uncomfortable or
hesitated to share the task of our group.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.4.3 Village map of Burundi:
I with my Group partner helped me to draw the map and our village guide shows the different
resources like school, college, mosque, main road, sub-road etc. He symbolized those resources
using pencil. Then, we copied the map on a piece of paper and to symbolize different types of
resources we used legends. People were busy they were very friendly stay with us for a long
period.
3.4.4 Cross checking:
When the map of Para was completed my group partner asked some other people of Para to go,
once again, through the resource map. Our group also walked around the Para to verify the
locations of the resources.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.4.6 Location and boundary of the village
The village is devided into two paras North and South. The village is surrounded by four
different village. Like on the north side is the Proshika, on the east side is Molla para, on the
west side is Kotia road, and on the south side is Kathi bazaar.
W
Kathi Bazaar – Sonadingi road
S N
Kathi Bazaar Proshika
E
Burundi Purba Para
Burundi
Village

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.5 Village Profile:
Table – 3.1 Village profile at a glance
Name of the village: Burundi Village
Union Kotia
Thana: Noya dingi
District Manikganj
Division Dhaka
Location 7 Km away from Manikganj Sadar
Post Office Kathibazaar
Total population 3500
Voter 2000
No of House Hold Approx 350
Gender Male-60%, Female-40%
Religion 100% Muslim
Co-Operative Society 2
Source: LFE Field Survey, spring 2013
The name of our assigned village is Burundi. It is 3.5 km away from Proshika. The village is
under Manikganj district. It is situated in Noyadingi Thana. The village is separated into two
paras the North para and South para. On the North hand side of the Proshika and in the southern
side Kathi bazaar, beside this on the east hand side Molla para village and finally on the western
side an attached with Kathibazaar – Noyadingi Bazaar road. The “Burundi” village of Manikganj
North has a population of about 3,500 with 60% Male and 40% Female.
3.6 Findings from the Para Map:
Major findings of “Burundi‟‟village are described below:
3.6.1 Landmarks and Resources:
“Burundi” village is full of resources. The sights and resources are described below:

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.2 Village Resource
Table 3.2 Village resouce
Name of the Resources Amount
Trees Palm, „supari‟, aakaashi,Shegun, rain tree,
bamboo, , guava, banana, Coconut, ‟mahogany‟,
jackfruit, mango, „jam‟, „Papaya tree‟, „Date
tree.
Vegetables Radish, Caulis flower, „Cabbage, „Gourd, Bean
„Potato, Eggplant, Carrot, Tomato, Lentils,
Mustard
Poultry Farm 2
Pond 50 (approximately).
Mosque 1
School/Madrasa 1
Post office 1
Rice mill 0
Deep tube well 35
ASA office 1
Grave yard 2
Shops Tea stall, Pharmacy, Grocery store.
Drainage system for irrigation The main branch starts from the Co-Operative
society and is distributed throughout the village.
„Pacca‟ road (main road) 1
Types of Houses Brick House, Semi Pacca House, Mud House.
Tube well Two to three families shared 1 tube well.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Echo Toilet 8
Sanitary latrine Ring slab, Septic Tank
Houses Brick-built, tin-shade brick built, cottage.
Electricity Facilities Present in most of the houses.
Gas Facilities Present in few houses.
Brick Field 1
3.6.3 Road:
In our assigning village the road system was good. The main road was mud road and it is the
only mud road of the village. There are many sub roads which branched from this road. After the
development of the mud road the entire economic condition of the village improved immensely.
3.6.4 Educational Institution, Madrasa:
The whole village had only one school giving education to the village children. The name of the
school is „‟Burundi Primary School. The school was established in 2005-2006 by Govt. The
same school in the evening from 3 to 5 gives Quran lessons to the children.
3.6.5 Mosque and Eidgah:
The village has only one mosque and eidgha. The name of the mosque is Poschim Burundi jame
mosjid.
3.6.6 Graveyard:
In this village there are several graveyards. One is left side of the Burundi road. Two to three
families has their own graveyards.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.7 Communication and Transportation:
The transport system is moderate in Burundi village. There was only one mud road and many
muddy sub roads. But the road is narrow that‟s why heave transports cannot enter into the
village. People use rickshaw, bicycle, motor-cycle and van. But in the rainy season the villagers
have to suffer a lot for the muddy road. There is a post office near the village “Kotia” post
office‟. For that reason they can communicate with their relatives living outside of the village or
country by mailing letters to them. Besides this, some of the villagers have cellular phone, by
which they can communicate easily.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.8 Sources of water:
The village consists with many pods and tube walls. The villagers mainly rely on tube walls for
drinking water. Two to three families share one tube well. The ponds are used for washing and
bathing purposes. We got disappointed to the see the poor condition of the ponds. Most of the
ponds are dirty and unhygienic.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.9 Sanitation:
The village has good sanitation system. As our village was developed most people had ring-
slabs. Some brick houses had septic tanks as well. A new kind of biological toilet has recently
been established name ECO-TOILET. With the help of Canada sponsors Proshika along with the
villagers established these new kinds of toilets which transformed manures into fertilizers. There
are eight of their kind in the village.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.10 Health Care:
Unfortunately the health care system is poor in the Burundi village. There is no health care
center in this village. Doctors pay visits at regular intervals in co-operative society which is
located within the village. By the virtue of the cooperative society and BARD the village is
100% vaccinated. There are two pharmacies in the village; people usually go there for cough and
cold. At child delivery time midwives come from nearby villages.
3.6.11 Trees and plants:
Different kinds of trees and plants can be found in “Burundi village‟‟. These are mango trees,
jack-fruit trees, banana trees, coconut trees, banyan tree, date trees, Akashi trees, papaya, lau,
brinjal etc. Other important trees are Bamboo bush. All over the village there are many Bamboo
bushes.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.12 Birds and Animals:
Almost all families have domestic animals like cows. Some of the villagers sale the milk of their
cows to bazaar and earn money. Other animals like dog, cat are found moving around the places.
In “Burundi” village there are different kinds of birds. There are kingfishers, magpie robin,
shalik etc and domestic birds are duck, chicken etc. Astonishingly there are many different
species of ducks in the village.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.13 Agriculture and Cultivation:
The village comprises mainly of cultivating lands. Paddy is the main source of cultivation.
Different types of seasonal vegetation are cultivated as well like Irri, amon, aoush crops, paddy,
sugarcane, mustard, chili, jute etc. Some are cultivated for their own consumption and the excess
are sold in the market. The soil type of the village is sandy loam, which is very suitable for the
cultivation. In the village the farmers use deep tub well for irrigation process. Farmers of the
village use different types of properties for the cultivation such as lagoon, tractor, seeds,
fertilizers, pesticides etc. the farmers do their own works in the field and sometimes they use
labor for helping them. The labor usually comes at seasonal times from north bengal.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.6.14 Bazaar and Haat:
There are two glossaries
stores in the village. On
specific week days people
goes to haat. Other than
that people buy their
regular commodities from
nearby village markets.
3.7 Basic Demographic information of Burundi village
The basic demographic information of “Burundi” has been collected during our field survey.
3.7.1 Inhabitants:
There are about 350 households and total population is about 3500.60% of which is male and
40% is female. About 70% are farmers and the rest are involved in other occupations. In recent
times many villagers are residing in foreign countries. The women are involved in various
cooperative society activities.
3.7.2 Religion:
100% of the villagers are „MUSLIMS‟ in “Burundi”.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.7.3 Age and Sex Distribution:
In Burundi we surveyed 9 families. The members of household were most helpful and they gave
us all the information about their age and all other things. From our questionnaire survey we
found that the population of Burundi is mostly centralized in adult range. Number of male and
female adult population almost equivalent that we can see from shows the Age & Sex
Distribution of Study Population.
Table – 3.3 Age and sex distribution of Burundi
Age Groups Male Female
Frequency % Frequency %
0-10 10 22 10 18
10-15 7 15 6 11
15-20 8 17 12 21
20-50 15 33 22 40
50-Above 5 11 5 9
Our sample size is 9 household. We considered 50 as our population the number of males is 25
and the number of female is 25.From the age group of 0-10 we found 22% male and 18%
female.10-15, 15% is male and 11% is female. From the age group of 15-20 the male is 17% and
the female is 21%. From the age group of 20-50 the male is 33% and the female is 40%. And
from 50 and above we found 11% and 5%.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Age & sex distribution of female
18%
11%
21%
41%
9%
0-10
15-Oct
15-20
20-50
50-Above
Age & Sex distribution of male
22%
15%
17%
35%
11% 0-10
15-Oct
15-20
20-50
50-Above
3.7.4 Marital status
Table: 3.4 Marital Statuses
Marital Status Male Female
NO % NO %
Married 28 62 33 60
Unmarried 14 31 15 27
Widow/Widower 3 7 5 9
Divorced N/A - N/A -
Separated/Abandoned N/A - 2 4
From the survey we found that 62% of male and 60% of female are married. The number of
females is greater, because most of the male members are working in the field when we went out
for the survey.31%male and 27%female are unmarried. 7% of male and 9% of female are
widows. Since divorces are still not acceptable in our society the number of divorce is nil.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.7.5 Family type
Table: 3.5 Family Types
Family Type NO %
Nuclear 8 32
Joint 17 68
Total 25 100
Table 3.5 shows the family type of “Burundi”. After our survey of 09 households, we have
found that in our assigned area the number of joint family is more than nuclear family.
3.7.6 Occupation:
Table: 3.6 Primary Occupations
Occupation Male Female
NO % NO %
Income Earner 28 62 - -
House Wife - - 29 53
Student 8 18 12 22
Unemployed 2 4 - -
Dependent (Children) 5 11 9 16
Dependent (Adult) 2 4 5 9
Form the above table 3.6 we can see the percentages of occupation of the villagers. From our
survey of 9 households we found that among 25 males 62% are income earners. Among 25
females 53% are housewives. The percentage of female student is 22% which is higher than the
percentage of male students. Unemployed male is 4%, dependent children (excluding the
students) are 11% and dependent (adult) is 4% of total 45 males of our assigned area. The

By Md.Matiur Rahman
villagers have now realized importance of female education so they are now educating their
daughters.
3.7.7 Literacy rate:
At recent times the percentage rate of female and male are almost same. Even though the
percentage is same but the families seem to be more interested to educate their daughters. The
33% villagter5s are literate and 98% can only sight their names.
3.7.8 Income:
Table: 3.7 Total Family Incomes
Social Class Income Range/Monthly
Upper Class 20000 - 25000
Upper middle Class 15000 – 20000
Middle Class 8000 - 12000
Lower Class 3000 - 6000
As we have surveyed 9 households we divided the household into 4 classes. We have categorized
their income level monthly. Our village moderately seemed to be well-off. Many members of the
families are working abroad and their living standard has increased because of foreign
remittance.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.8 Major Findings:
After our observation we have found that
It is a CVDP village
The main occupation of the village is Farming. Besides this other occupations include
small business, daily labor, many are working in foreign countries.
100% people are „Muslims‟.
100% sanitation facility
100% vaccination
Electricity and gas readily available
Female education is increasing day by day.
Poor conditions of the ponds
A culvert is badly needed in entrance of the village.
Requirements of Health care center and high school.
3.9 Opportunities
During our survey at Burundi we have found some opportunities for the peoples. Such
opportunities are:
As women are becoming more aware of their status in the society, Women Empowerment
is increasing.
A lot of women are working as volunteers in the Co-operative society.
As it is CVDP village under Proshika, the rate of development is impressive.
Farmers are experimenting with new variety of paddy in order to increase the crop
production.
One of the reasons for village development is Foreign Remittance.
As the village besides the Noyadingi – Kathi bazaar Trunk road, the communication
system for villager is developed.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
3.10 Conclusion:
The focal point of this chapter is to collect information from the village, through different
techniques such as Rapport Building with the villagers, Village Resource Mapping and Transect
Mapping. The Village Resource Map and Transect Map of “Burundi North” gave us an
overview, an idea of the village as a whole. We got an idea of their lifestyle, demographics,
economy and other aspects. We learned many interesting things. We got lot of information,
which helped us to carry out to prepare the later sections of the study.

By Md.Matiur Rahman

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.1 Introduction:
The economy of Bangladesh is primarily dependent on agricultural production which we get
from rural areas and this agricultural production propels the growth of rural development of our
economy. About 84 percent (20011/2012 Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh) of the total
population live in rural areas and are directly or indirectly engaged in a wide range of
agricultural activities. Moreover, 21 percent of total GDP, in 2011/2012(2012 Budget) at
constant (1995/96) prices, comes from agricultural production. Of the agricultural GDP, the crop
sub sector contributes 71 percent, followed fisheries at 10 percent and livestock at 9 percent. The
sector generates 63.2 percent of total national employment. This statistics shows how important
is agriculture for our rural development which I also found true while I was studying one remote
village Burundi of our economy. Literally, people of Burundi village are directly or indirectly
dependent on agriculture and their standard of living depend on agriculture. Here, I have studied
one village named Burundi which is under Noyadingi Thana. It is in Manikganj. I studied their
source of income, amount of income, seasonal variation of agricultural production, rural
production etc. I wanted to have true idea of economic activities of this village and how their
economy moves forward. I feel live-in-Field Experience is a great platform to learn our rural
economy which is conducted by Independent University, Bangladesh.
4.2 Objective
Identify the issues that affect the economy of the Burundi East Para.
Illustrate the different classes of villagers according to their economic condition.
Effect of agriculture on the economy.
Ranking the wealth life style and identify the different classes of people in the Para.
Categories the crops produced in different season in the profession of the people living in
the Para.
How people cope up with different limitations and seasons.
How technologies and development influences different group of people.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.3 Methodology
Participatory rural appraisal groups no 54 of 5 members we conducted a study assigned for
Burundi East Para, Manikganj. PRA was conducted among the villagers, which is group
approach to study an area that provides ample opportunity for participation.
4.4 Limitations
Firstly, of all, there was hardly any reliable person to give accurate and reliable data.
Secondly, the time we have visited the areas was the period of plantation seasons, so most of
them were very busy in the field and was not interested to talk to us.
Thirdly, the data given by the villagers were always confusing especially the numerical values so
we had to cross-check the data again and again and it took more time.
4.5 Economic Condition of Burundi East
Bangladesh is an agricultural country. But, the surprising thing is that contribution of agriculture
to our GDP is 30% (according to national budget 2012) whereas contribution of our industrial
products is 29 %( according to national budget 2012). If I consider the employment, agriculture
is giving an agribusiness as a whole then we would get the real contribution of agriculture in our
economy. People of Burundi East Para are not directly farmers. They lease their land to poor
farmers and daily labor. Their main source of income is agriculture which is creating some job
opportunity to other poor farmers. Many household are blessed with remittance. Some people do
business along with farming land.
4.5.1 Occupation
Most of the people of Bangladesh depend on the agriculture. Our Para is no exception. As the
infrastructure of the Para is changing day by day, people of diversified activities are found in the
Para. The situation of the Burundi East Para is discussed along with table below.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Table 4.1 Primary and Secondary Profession of the Income Earning Members
Profession In the
Village
In other
Districts
Outside the
Country
No No No
Agriculture 25 0 0
Poultry Rearing 0 0 0
Cattle Rearing 0 0 0
Petty Business/Shop 1 1 0
Vendor 1 0 0
Transport Worker 2 0 0
Construction Worker 0 0 1
Garments Factory 0 9 0
Service 1 0 12
Industry 0 4 0
Others 2 0 0
Total 32 14 13
Source: Field Survey, spring 2013
From the above table, it is depicted that most of the people who stay in the village are doing the
agriculture activities. Some people have shop in the village. As the transportation system has
improved after the liberation war, people are working in other districts. In our sample, we find
that people are going to the other districts to alter their fortune. They are engaging in other
district in different service like Mr. Kamrul Hasan Siddque, who is doing job in square spinning
mill. It is seen that people are going outside the country and it is playing a great role in the
progress ofthe village.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.5.2 House Type
House type of a family is an indicator of how much economical and financial stability the family
has. Because on the basis of house type we can consider in what social class they are belonging.
During our survey we tried to identify the various types of houses of different family. Our main
intention is to find out a relation of house type with the change of economic condition of
different class.
Table – 4.2 House Type
According to our survey about 72% villagers use tin for roof and only 16% use concrete for
covered the roof. On the other hand 56% houses‟ wall made by bamboo, 36% use concrete and
only 8% use earth for house wall purpose. The floor of almost 44% is made of earth and the floor
of rest 16% houses are made of concrete. Normally the family who are financially solvent use tin
and concrete as roof and concrete as wall.
Type Roof Wall Floor
No % No % No %
Tin 18 72 2 8 -- --
Bamboo -- -- 14 56 -- --
Wood -- -- -- -- -- --
Concrete 4 16 9 36 4 16
Earth -- -- 2 8 11 44

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.5.3. Domestic Animals
Table 4.3: Domestic animals
Type Yes No Total
No % No % No %
Cow 11 44 14 56 25 100
Ox 4 16 21 84 25 100
Goat 5 20 20 80 25 100
Pigeon 5 20 20 80 25 100
Chicken 12 48 13 52 25 100
Duck 5 20 20 80 25 100
It is the traditional culture of the rural people to rear the cow, goat or poultry birds. They rear this
for the sake of their daily needs of the milk or eggs. Our village is also not exception. We see
that upper and upper middle class people rear the cows and goats simultaneously. Most of the
poor class people have one or two chicken. They basically try to sell the eggs to the near shop to
buy the some other necessary goods. In our sample 44% people have cows. Again we see that
48% people rear the chicken.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.6 Wealth ranking of Burundi East
Wealth Ranking‟ means determining the positions of different people in a particular area on the
basis of their assets, income sources, quality of life and social well-being. Basically, „Wealth
Ranking‟ is one of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques through which we can
predict the economic condition of a particular area. Objective wealth ranking is to have a clear
idea about economic activity of the villagers. It captures differences in their living standard. To
do this analysis 09 families have been selected to conduct the study and for analysis simple
random sampling is used.
To identify the economic condition and class division some factors are being used. These are:
The yearly income of the family
Amount of land and assets belonging to them
Differences in lifestyle.
Number of livestock of the family.
Luxury items the families‟ possess.
Based on the above determinants the people of the villages have been divided into four different
classes.
Rich Class
Upper Middle Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
The table is going to illustrate the income level of the surveyed different family. Based on this
income, the light has tried to shed upon the class hierarchy of the society. On the basis of the
survey, the people of the Para have been categorized to the four different income levels.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Table 4.4 Income groups of the Burundi East Para
Income Range (Yearly) Number Percentage
Below 35000 (Poor Class) 5 20
96000-144000 (Middle Class) 8 32
180000-240000 (Upper Middle Class) 10 40
Above 300000(Rich Class) 2 8
Total 25 100
In the survey, only 8% people were rich. They have huge amount of cultivable land. They try to
make their family members educated. In this case, one person who has business in Dhaka has got
admitted his child in a School of Dhaka. Another family where mother is the head of the family.
It is happened because father had died in this family. One of the sons of this family went to
Middle East and is doing job over there. This son sends remittance for the family every single
month. The big portion of the Para, 40% are earning 180000-240000. All these families have
substantial amount of the cultivable land. The Head of the family spends a lot of time to look
after the crops. The housewives of the families are engaging to rear the poultry birds to generate
eggs, milk for the domestic consumption. 32% of the families of our sample size in the Burundi
north Para are earning Tk. 96000-144000. They have the little amount of the cultivable land.
Family members are working in different service industries. On the other hand housewives are
rearing poultry birds to sell eggs, milk to increase the family income. Rest portion of the sample
size has little income. They do not have enough land to cultivate. They only have the homestead
lands. They have to continue their life in a hardship condition.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.7 Class profile based on the income
From the above income bracket, the class profile of the Para is demonstrated as the paper
proceeds. This profile is necessary to understand different income group closely. This will help
to imagine the real scenario of the different class in the Para, which is quite different from the
urban life. The profile is going to illustrate from the rich class end with the poor class.
4.7.1 Rich Class
This Class earns above Tk.300000. In the Para, it is not so powerful class. But they have enough
money and properties to lead a luxurious life. They are the people who give “Borga” to the other
people.
Profession
The main profession of this class is agriculture and business. There is a businessperson who has
a shoe shop in the Dhaka City. He has an enough cultivable land. Though he is not directly
related with cultivation, he has given people to cultivate his land through “Borga”. Some people
of this class work in foreign country and earn foreign currency.
Amount of the Owned Land
This class not only has a great amount of cultivable land but also has a big amount of homestead
land. This people have a yard in front of their house. They have a big amount of land where they
plant Mahogony for the future generation. This class has occupied 6 Bighas of cultivable land
and 1 bigha = 33 Decimals of homestead land.
Furniture and Luxurious items
As they have money, they possess many luxurious thing in respective to the whole Para. The
things are electric fan, Television, cassette player etc. They have dining table, sofa, and reading
tables for their kids.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Livestock and poultry
They rear cows, goats, and poultry birds. They consume the milk, eggs. If there is any excess of
these things, they sell it to the villagers.
House types
The richest person in the village has the house made of brick built wall, concrete made floor and
tin made roof. This type of house is the typical example of “Paka Bari” &„Semi Paka Baari‟.
4.7.2 Upper-middle class
This class enjoys almost same level of facility like the rich person. Income range of this class is
Tk.180000-240000. The class profile of this income group is illustrated below:
Occupation
Almost all of them are engaging agriculture activities. Some of them are doing their own
cultivation. Again some of them give “Borga”. And some of them are doing the combination of
both.
Amount of the owned land
In this income group, the average homestead land is 22 decimal. The average cultivable land is 4
bighas.
They have cows and poultry birds. They basically consume the eggs and milk.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
House types
We have got both two types of houses in this group people. Some of them are Semi paka, brick
built wall made roof and concrete made floor. Some are tin made wall and roof and concrete or
earth made floor.
5.7.3 Middle Class
The struggling class in every society is the middle class. They have to continue the life through
balancing their hopes and desire with the ability. The people of our Para are not exception. The
income range of this class is yearly Tk.96000 - 144000. 32% of our sample size is under this
class.
Profession
This income group engages in agricultural activity. Some family cultivates their own land. Most
of the family takes land from the rich class as “Borga”. In this income group has shop or tea stall.
Amount of the owned land
These families have the negligible amount of cultivable land. The homestead land is not big
enough like the rich class. The average homestead land is 41 decimal.
These families have very little amount of the luxurious items. They have the bed to rest. They
may have wood chair or table in their drawing room.
Most of the families don‟t have any cow or goat. Very few families of this income range have a
cow. Most of them have the poultry birds. They sell the eggs and milk to the market. They rear
the cow or poultry birds as their income source.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
House types
House is basically made of like the upper middle class. Sometime it is found that the wall is
made of bamboo. The roof is made of tin. Floor builds with the earth.
4.7.4 Poor Class
The under-privileged society of this Para is poor class. They live hand to mouth. Basically, they
don‟t have any land. They are struggling with the life for food. They even cannot think beyond
one of the fundamental rights like food.
Profession
They are basically peasants who take the “Borga”. There are some people who are day laborer.
Amount of owned land
They have only homestead land. They don‟t have any cultivable land. They cultivate the lands of
others.
This income group has only bed to sleep. It is dream for this people to have any extra items in
the house.
Livestock and poultry: These families have one or two poultry birds. They sell the eggs to
The other

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Response of borrowing
76%
24%
Borrowed
Never Borrowed
House types
Fig 5.4: Typical Burundi Villages House
The houses also reflect the condition of this poor people. The wall is made by tin when the roof
is made of tin or straw people.
4.8 Borrowings & Savings
Borrowings & savings is an important
issue for the villagers. In order to
mitigate the excess demand villagers has
to borrow money from different sources
especially from their relatives and friends
or from the co-operative societies and so
on. From the questionnaire survey we
have found that about 76% villagers had
to borrow the money and rest 24% had
never borrowed money from any sources
Fig- 4.5 Response of
borrowing
Table – 4.5 Sources of Loan and Interest rate
Sources Amount Borrowed (In Thousand Tk.)
1 - 2 2 - 3 3 – 4 5 - 6 6+ No %
Co-operative
Society
-- 8 2 1 -- 11
14 -
16
Relatives/Friends 9 7 2 -- -- 18 0

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Graph – 4.1 Variation of interest rate
0 5 10 15 20
Members of cooperative society
Non Members of cooperative society
Friends/Relatives
Series1 14 16 0
Members of
cooperative
Non Members
of cooperative
Friends/Relative
s
4.8.1 Borrowing from Co-operative society
The Co-operative society doesn‟t take any collateral from the borrower for the loan. But they
charge interest on the loan. The interest charged is 14% for the members and 16% for the
nonmembers. If the members borrow from the cooperative society instead of retuning in
monitory value they return a set amount of paddy that is for six months they have to return 20
Kg paddy and for 1 year one mound. And the maximum limit of borrowing loan is fixed on the
basis of borrower financial ability.
4.8.2 Borrowing from Relatives / Friends
According to our survey we found that villagers like to borrow money from their relatives or
friends. The reason behind this that they don‟t need to pay any interest rate or collateral for the
loan. Normally the payback period depends on the mutual understanding of the both parties.
According to our survey 60% villagers borrowed money from their relatives and friends without
any interest and collateral.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.8.3 Savings
Savings is a very important issue for the villagers to develop their lifestyle. During our survey
we found that all most every villagers deposit their money to the local Co-operative society. And
the most interesting thing is that small children those who study in the school they also save their
money to the co-operative society. For this savings they don‟t get any interest. Some of the
villagers have fixed deposit account for save their money to the govt. bank because of high
interest
4.9 Poverty line
There are several methods to identify poverty line. Expenditure method is the most popular
method
Expenditure Method
Cost of Basic Needs
Calorie Intake – 1800 Kilo Cal
Table – 4.6 Costs of Basic Needs
Rice Vegetables Total
Tk. 30 Tk. 22 52*2 =Tk.104
So, yearly 104 * 365 = Tk.37960
So I can say poor class is under poverty line for Burundi East Para.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.10 Agricultural Rural Production Cycle of Burundi East Para
Food is essential for every human being. Till today, there is no alternative of foods other than
cultivation or vegetation. The source of our food is agriculture. Man learned agriculture from
primitive age. We are not apart from this. And thus Bangladesh is an agro based country. A
maxium portion, about 80 % of our total population is directly or indirectly depends on
agriculture to earn their bread and butter. Agriculture plays an important role in our economy,
though the amount is now been reduced. But still we can‟t ignore the importance of agriculture
in our economy. In this part we have described the seasonal calendar of Burundi East Para.
Seasonal calendar is the timeline that indicates different events in different seasons like crop
production, crop pricing, natural events such as rainfall, flood etc. Here we have described the
seasonal cropping pattern, the production cycle.
4.11 Factors Affecting Rural Agricultural Production
4.11.1 Land
One of the most important factors of production is Land. The more land a farmer possess, the
more he can produce crops. In our country, due to huge increase in population, per capita land is
gradually decreasing. As population is increasing day by day, land for cultivation is decreasing.
As a result, most of the farmer uses different types of fertilizer to increase production. Ultimately
their marginal revenue is decreasing day by day as they have to spend more money in fertilizer,
but their amount of production is not increasing at the same rate. On the other hand due to use of
various types of fertilizer, land also loss its own fertility. Thus farmer wants to charge high rate
for their production. Burundi East Para of Burundi village is not exception from this pattern.
When we talked with farmers, most of the person says their argument in this area.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.11.2 Labor
The second important factor of production is labor. Labor can be various types: Owner of a land
can provide labor in his land. “Borga” farmer provides their full labor in other‟s land and get a
portion of total production. There is some farmer, who put their labor only in the seasonal time
called „Seasonal Farmer‟. On the other hand, some people don‟t possess any land but provide
their labor in others land all the year known as „Kamla‟. In our assigned Para, labor is one of the
important factors in their cultivation of crops. People who cultivate their own land and people
who also cultivate land as „Borga‟ need extra labor during sowing of seeds and harvesting
period. In Burundi East Para, as most of the farmers possess their own land, they need extra labor
during sowing and harvesting period. As a result, they have to pay extra money for labor.
4.11.3 Capital
Capital is the third most important factors of production in cultivating crops. In every steps of
production farmer has to invest their money mostly for buying seeds, providing labor cost,
putting various types of fertilizer. Farmers those who cultivate their own land mostly finance
their cost of production from their own. Sometimes „Borga‟ farmer needs to take loan for buying
fertilizer or paying labor cost. Most of the cases, farmers try to take this loan from their relatives,
if they fail to take loan from relatives then they go to their co-operative society In our assigned
Para, most of the farmers finance their cost of production from their own. In extreme cases they
have to take loan from their relatives.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.12 Seasonal crops mapping of Burundi East
Our agriculture depends on the season. For this season, the
climate, soil types have great impact what the peasants will
cultivate in the lands. In different season, different climate
exists. It is informed that paddy production is the main job for
the peasants. Nevertheless it is acknowledged that other crops
have been produced which creates handsome return for the
peasants. Sometime the return of the some seasonal product has
the skyrocketing return like cabbage in winter season. The all
kinds of activity of the peasants are done calculating the
Bengali Month. Paddy is main dream for the peasants. The
happiness and woes of the peasants mainly depends on this crop. The main income comes from
this paddy production. This Paddy is produced in two different seasons. One is Boro Season and
another is Amon Season.
4.12.1 Boro
The appropriate timing for sowing of this type of paddy is Agrahayan. The seedbed has to
prepare in the beginning of the Kartik. Then the seedlings are planted to another land in Magh.
This paddy is harvested in Baishak. Different varieties of Boro such as BRRI -28, 29, Maina,
Hira, Tiya, and Anamika etc. are cultivated here.
4.12.2 Amon
The proper timing for sowing is very crucial for achieving the expected level of production. The
perfect timing for sowing of Amon is Bhadro. The seedbed needs to be prepared properly before
sowing. The seedbed preparation begins in the beginning of the Ashar. Then the seedlings are
planted to the land in Ashin. Then the paddy is harvested in Agrahayan.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.12.3 Vegetable production
Peasants produce different types of vegetable. Some types of vegetables have been produced for
their own consumption. They produce some vegetables for the business purpose. In this case the
famous vegetable is cabbage. The production process is described below.
Cabbage
Cabbage is the seasonal vegetable. It is found basically in winter. The seedbed for the
Cabbage is prepared at the beginning of the Bhadro. At the beginning of the kartik, the
seedlings are grown. Labour is needed to prepare the land and transferring the saplings
from the seedbed. At this time fertilizers are used. The saplings are planted in Kartik.
After 20-25 days, the weeds are removed and vitamin is given to the plants. In the mid of
the production, the pesticides is used. They harvest this vegetable at the end of the Magh
or at the beginning of the Falgun.
Potato
The cultivation process starts from the last week of Agrahayan month and ends in 1st
week of Chaitra. For a 4 bigha of land 16 labours needed for weeding the straws (Nara)
from the field. After that, the fertilizers are given. For the same land T.S.P- 40 kg,
UREA- 40 kg, Potassium- 40 kg, Zinc- 2kg and Boron- 2 kg are used as fertilizer. For a 1
bigha of land, 4 mounds of seeds need to sow in the field by row order. It needs 4 number
of irrigation within three months. After three months, 50 mounds of potato produce from
1 bigha of land.
4.12.4 Fertilizer
The production of crops largely depends on the proper usage of fertilizers. The usage of
fertilizers is increasing day by day. Previously the farmers used cow dung only and produced
desired amount of crops. But as the lands are becoming more infertile so they have to use
different fertilizers to increase the production. Among the different fertilizers UREA, TSP,
Potash is the most popular.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.12.5 Irrigation
Farmer use water from Deep tube-well in their land. The Co-Operative society has built up
canals for supplying water in the fields. The Co-operative society charges Tk 300 for members
and Tk 400 for nonmembers for supplying water, which has been mentioned earlier in chapter 1.
4.12.6 Insect and pesticides
To protect the spoilt of crops due to various harmful insects the farmers have to use different
types of insecticides and pesticides in the land also. Few years ago they used D.D.T. at a large
amount, but recently government banned it due to its negative effect on nature.
4.12.7 Storage facility
Storage of crops is one of the major concerns of the
agriculture. Mainly the villagers use granary i.e.
“Gola” and “Macha” for storing the crops. Few
farmers use a basket made of bamboo which in known
as “Lai” to the villagers. The amount can be stored in
a granary depends on its size. Most of the time the
farmer has to sell the crops to the Bepari in the field
due to shortage of storage facilities. Moreover a large
amount of crops are spoiled by rat and other insects in
the granary. People also used some others storage
facilities such as – sack, macha, drum. And some do
not store.
Fig 4.8: The picture of “Gola”

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Chart: 4.2 Storage Facilities of Farm Products
4.12.8 Land agreement system
Different types of land agreement occur in the rural area. It is the only way for the poor class to
produce the crops. In our Para, two types of land agreement occur. Those are the followings.
4.12.8.1 Borga System
Borga agreement occurs between the rich classes or upper middle classes and the poor class i.e.
the owner of the land and the sharecroppers. The rich class or upper middle class leases the land
to the poor class. How much crops will be returned to owners depends on the agreement.
Sometimes the half of the pie has to give to the owner. Sometimes one third of the pie has to give
to the owner. In this case the peasants have to give the all kinds of cost. In agriculture, irrigation
is one of the main factors. If the peasants need water they buy from the samity.
4.12.8.2 Contractual agreement
In this system the owners of the land give the land to the person for the agreed amount of the
money. When the person gives the money to the owner, he has the authority to produce whatever
he wants. This agreement will continue as long as the owner will not repay the money.
Storage Facility
84%
16%
Have Don't Have
Storage Type
43%
33%
14%
10%
Gola Macha Macha & Gola Lai

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.12.9 Labor Migration and wage
During the harvesting and cultivating period, there is high demand for the labor. It is difficult to
find the people. They hire labor from Uttarbanga to work, these people are known as „Kamla‟.
This time, the peasants have to pay higher amount of money for the cultivation and harvesting.
The Wage rate for the different time of the paddy production is given below.
Table 4.7 Wage rate at different time
Period of paddy production Wage Rate
Normal time Tk.100-150/day
During the Cultivation Tk.150-200/day
During the Harvest Tk.140-160/day
4.13 Costs versus Benefit Analysis
Farmers mostly produce Boro because it is quite profitable. They feel proud to produce their
main food. Besides, a great enthusiasm is also observed among the farmers about the cultivation.
Table 4.8: Cost versus Benefit Analysis of Four Major Crops
Particulars
Crops
Boro Aus Amon Vegetables
Land Preparation
Rent of Tractor 1100 1200 1200 0
Labor 925 1100 1050 500
Fertilizer 1050 1000 1000 350
Pesticides 125 150 100 200
Weeding
Labor 600 800 750 0

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Irrigation 1200 1200 1200 300
Harvesting
Labor 2700 3000 3000 500
Total Cost of Production 7700 8450 8300 1850
Total Production 25 Maund 20 Maund 19Maund 2300 Pcs.
Producer's Profit 8500 5000 4500 3500
Bepari's Purchase Cost 16200 13450 12800 5350
Bepari's Profit 4500 2500 2300 1950
Wholesaler's Purchase
Cost
20700 15950 15100 7300
Wholesaler's Profit 3200 1900 1500 850
Retailer's Purchase Cost 23900 17850 16600 8150
Retailer's Profit 2200 2150 1440 450
Cost of End User 26100 20000 18040 8600
Price Per Unit 1044/Maund 1000/Maund 949/Maund 3.74/Pcs.
According to the data collected through FGD with the farmers and marketers we have analyzed
the cost versus benefit of four major crops produced in our assigned area. All these data are
computed for the production from 1 bigha of land. And it is seen that the cultivation of boro is
more profitable compared to cultivation of paddy. For the recent years the cost of production is
somewhat stable. The cost of fertilizer decreased at a certain amount because this year the
fertilizers are sold through the government approved dealer and the retailers cannot charge
higher price from the farmers. But the advantage of lower cost of fertilizers is completely offset
due to the increment of the labor cost.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
4.14 Findings and Analysis
Most of the people on Burundi East are engaged in agriculture. They use moderate technlogy in
their cultivation and the samity provides them every support they need. It is considered that the
progress of the village is the dream of Proshika plays a very important role in the village
development. It is seen that in most of the houses income depends on foregin remitance this also
has played a very major role in the development of village. While doing the survey I also found
that few people are below the proverty line and the village condition is improving.
4.15 Conclusion
We know that Bangladesh is primarily an agrarian economy. Agriculture is the single largest
producing sector of economy since it comprises about 21% of countries GDP. Meeting the
nation‟s food requirement remains the key objective of the government and in recent years there
has been substantial increase in production.Cooperative use of modern machinary is gradually
gaining popularity Agricultural development of Bangladesh has positive relation with poverty
reduction. . Directly or indirectly, agricultural development has reduced the poverty of Burundi
East. As agriculture is the main backbone of our country, the government should pay head in
their agro business and its relative derivatives.

By Md.Matiur Rahman

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.1 Introduction
From the very beginning of mankind, human being is directed by their needs and therefore
wants. If they can manage to satisfy their wants, they need to have the power to acquire or buy
the things they want. So their wants will be converted into demand in terms of their buying
power. But what will meet the demand? The answer is supply. So, to meet the demand there
must be the supply of goods. Then the question remains how and where? There must be a
transaction between the buyer and seller. Consumer will pay the price for the product and seller
will sell the offering with the given price. And this transaction is held in a place where the
demander and the supplier meet which is called the market. Market reflects the economy of any
country. To understand the economic condition of any state, it is essential to analysis the market.
Market can be situated both in urban areas and rural areas. But the problem is, as most of us were
brought up in urban areas we did not have any idea about rural market and rural production. We
hardly think about the rural economy, we tend to forget that 80% of our total population lives in
the rural area. The rural market‟s main mode of production has been the agricultural production
that has a great impact on the country‟s economy. It is the place where people of different village
gather. That‟s why rural market can be called “The heart” of any village. It is the place of
meeting or junction for any village. Rural market is a place where villagers of any village meet
with each other for any kind of discussion, gossip, and problem or to exchange each other‟s
product, thoughts or things. Therefore, the study of rural life is incomplete without the analysis
of its markets. Rural markets provide an insight to many aspects of the villagers‟ life. Our report
covers a total analysis of the important aspects of the rural market. Discussion has been made in
regard to different types of market place and market price structure. The product categories
available in haat and their distribution channel have been adequately covered in our analysis.
Various parties in the trading process and problem faced by them have been also identified.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.2 Objectives
There are certain objectives to analyze the rural market in Live-in-Field Experience. This are
given below-
Identifying the basic concepts and characteristics of rural market.
Identifying the major differences of haat and bazaar.
Identifying the different aspects of our assigned market (Haat)
Identifying the classification of products in the haat.
Identifying the inward and outward products of the haat.
Identifying the pricing policy in the market.
Identifying the types of promotional activities in the market
Identifying the distribution channel of products in the market.
Identifying the value chain analysis of products.
5.3 Limitations
There were certain limitations we faced while conducting our research. When we collected
information and data for our analysis, they somewhat varied farmer to farmer and trader to
trader. Then again, when we conducted the survey at the haat, the traders were busy in trading
and were reluctant to give us adequate information.
5.4 Methodology
In our LFE course, one of the most important parts is the rural market analysis. To fulfill the
objectives we both used primary and secondary data. For basic concepts and characteristics we
took help of some books. And overall to analyze the different aspects of rural market we
surveyed the rural market and we use the PRA method. We also took interviews from the
shopkeepers and village people; these are all sources of collecting primary data.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.5 Rural Market
The scenario of rural market is different than the urban market. The idea of marketing applies in
the village market in different manner. In economies point of view village market is a purely
competitive market where buyers and sellers meet. In the village market there are very huge
number of producers, produce undifferentiated products. Competition is very high in the village
market. Because of large numbers of farmers produce only one common product.
A rural market can be defined in two parts:
1. The permanent market/ Bazaar
2. The temporary market/Haat
5.5.1 Permanent Market / Bazaar
In Permanent market sellers sell their products every day. Here consumers can purchase their
product every day. These are retail outlets where products are furnished in shelve for availability
and display. But in the village permanent market, products are actually being on the shelves for
selling.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.5.2 Temporary Market / Haat
Temporary village also named by “Haat”. It is a particular place where buyers and sellers come
in some particular days to exchange products, services, goods, ideas, and thoughts. Except some
particular days a haat doesn‟t exist. A haat can sit for 1 to 2 days per week. It can be bigger even
ten times more than a bazaar. Haat plays a crucial role for their internal trade - most of the big
trade of their goods performs on this day and villagers bring their most precious product to sell
on „haat bar‟. Generally haat takes place in such a place where people can go very easily like at
the joining point of two or more villages. Our Kotia bazaar is the combination of both Haat and
Bazaaar, because there some shops which are permenantly doing business in the market and on
the other hand there are few temporarily sellers who do not have fixed shops, they are all
basically producer who produce and come to sell their product in this market, this Haat sits only
2 days in the week Sunday and tuesday.
5.5.3 Major differences of Haat and Bazaar
Topic HAAT BAAZAR
No. of available
products and
services
Higher number of products and
services
Comparatively lower number of
products and services
No. of Middle Man Middle men are few There are higher number of
middle man
Price Prices are low Prices are comparatively higher
Frequency Two days in a week Every day in a week
No. of buyers and
sellers
Higher number of buyers and
sellers
Lower number of buyers and
sellers
Buyers and sellers
come from
From many distant places From nearby places
Sitting Place for
Sellers
Sitting place for sellers are not
fixed
Sitting place for sellers are
always fixed
Dominator Buyers dominate the market Sellers dominate the market

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.6 Description of Kotia Bazaar
We have been assigned to do our marketing activities at Kotia bazzar. From Proshika, we have to
enter in Bazaar, this market is situated 4 km far the Proshika. Kotia Bazar is not perfectly a
baazar as well as its not a market also, professional says its in between bazaar and market. As
this bazaar is situated beside the Kathi bazaar – Sonadingi road. This bazaar was established in
1980, it is run by the committee of Kotia somaj Porishad with the total number of members are
11. President of this market is MR. Abdur Rauf. Presently there are 150 shops (approx)are doing
Business.
5.6.1 at a Glance Kotia Bazaar
Location- Kotia Bazaar
Estd – Since 1980
Committee Run by – Kotia Somaj Porishod Board
No of members – 11
President – Mr. Abdur Rauf
Shops – 150 Approx.
5.7 Product Cataloging From Consumers View Point
In terms of types of consumer, products and services are classified into two categories and which
would be used to describe the several types of products found in Kotia Bazaar.
Consumer Products.
Industrial Products.
Under those two broad classes there are several types of products, which are discussed below.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.7.1 Consumer Products
Consumer products are those bought by final consumers for personal consumption (Ref
principles of Marketing; Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong). Marketers usually classify these
goods further based on how consumers go about buying them
5.7.1.1 Convenience Products
Convenience products and services are that the customer buys frequently, immediately, and with
a minimum of comparison and buying effort. We found that in Kotia Bazaar these types of staple
goods are rice, vegetables, fish, egg, milk, salt sugar, oil, toothpaste, soap, tea, cigarette etc.
which are bought frequently, at lower price and with a minimum of comparison and buying
effort by the villagers. Impulse products like candies; ice cream, soft drink (coke, sprite, fanta,
seven up), sweets (locally made) and also emergency goods like medicine are also available here

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.7.1.2 Shopping products
The shopping products are bought less frequently and need much planning and shopping effort,
such as garments (Ready-made clothing (shirt, saree, lungi, dress, shalwar kameez, trouser),
furniture, shoe, shampoo (sunsilk, clear), detergent (Tibbet, wheel), soap (lux, aromatic,
lifebuoy, keya), Beauty cream (Tibbet Snow, Fair and Lovely, Henolux), Coconut oil (Aromatic,
Hash marka, Keya), lipsitick and kajal, razor, shaving cream other cosmetics etc. The villagers
get those products from Kotia Bazaar.
5.7.1.3 Specialty products
Special products like cow for cultivation, fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, etc were found at Kotia
Bazaar. In terms of the villagers buying behavior. When they buy these products, they give
emphasis on brand preferences and special purchase effort.
5.7.1.4 Unsought products
As we know that, consumer products that the consumers either do not know about or don‟t think
of buying normally are unsought products. We found some products in the village; birth control
pills, condoms and some other medicines used for gynecological problem are such products, as
the villagers feel shy to buy them.
5.7.2 Industrial Products
Products bought by individuals and organizations for further processing or for use in conducting
a business. (Ref: Principles of Marketing Philip kotler & Gary Armstrong). It was found that
Rickshaw van, tractor, deep tube-well, etc. are industrial products of Baminia.
5.8 Product Cataloging From Sellers View Point
From seller‟s viewpoint, products can be classified into 4 groups:

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.8.1 Variable Products
These are the products the villagers buy as daily and weekly basis from both the bazaar and haat.
They are bread, tea, refreshments, biscuits, candy, oil, rice, meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, salt,
sugar, kitchen tools, and many others. For these goods, the sellers can charge varying prices
according to demand.
5.8.2 Brand Products
These are the products the sellers get from the brand companies and sell them in the bazaar. They
are LUX, Coca cola, Pepsi, RC cola, Fair & Lovely, Keya soap, medicines etc. The sellers are
bound to sell them at company rate.
5.8.3 Seasonal Products
These are the products available in varying seasons in both the bazaar and haat. They are
umbrella, rubber shoes during rainy season; jacket, maflar, cardigan, “gur”, and vegetables
during winter, “Kastey”, baskets, “aagoiul” during harvesting season and others. The on-season
and end-season prices of these products are comparatively high.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.8.4 Irregular Products
These are the products available during Eid, Pooja, village fair, “Zatra” and other occasions.
They are toys, flute, mouth organ, bracelet, earrings, necklace, “Sarees, cosmetics, “Aalta”, nail
polish, lipstick and others. The prices of these products are relatively low than the regular bazaar.
5.9 Inward and Outward Products
5.9.1 Inward Products
Products those are coming from different areas to Kotia Bazar are known as inward products.
The following products found as inward products.
Places (To) Product
Inward
Places (From)
KotiaBazaar
Vegetables Laxmipur
Spices Savar
Fishes Dhaka, Ctg
Dry fish Chittagong
Tin Chittagong
Dal Dhaka, Ctg

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.9.2 Outward Products
Products those are supplying from Kotia Bazar to other areas are known as outward products.
The above products found as outward products.
5.10 Service
Services are intangible “deeds, processes and performances”. Service providers must interact
effectively with customers to create superior value during the service customers. The services
rendered in the Kotia Bazaar are that of the cobbler, saloon, day laborers, transportation services
electronics item repairing shops and tailoring shop. One of the important services provided in the
haat are the transportation services. Trucks are used to transport bulk quantities of produce into
the haat. Van carts are used for carrying vegetables, fish and other products of small quantities
into and out of the haat. Another important service provider is the day laborers. They play an
important role in loading and unloading goods from and into vehicles. The existence of tailor
shops makes it easier for women to avail stitched clothing without having to do them by
themselves.
Places (From) Product
Outward
Place (To)
KotiaBazaar
Egg Ctg., Feni,
Noakhali, Dhaka,
Laxmipur,
Shylhet
Cabbage
Tomato
Potato
Maiza

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.11 Distribution Channel
Distribution channel can be referred to as “a set of interdependent organization involved in the
process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the customer or
business user”. When a product is produced it needs to reach the hands of end-user for
consumption. Distribution is a mechanism or path through which a product comes from the
producer to the hand of the end user.
5.11.1 Importance of a Distribution Channel
Distribution channel plays a very important role in the delivery process of products. For
example, after the harvest of corn it needs to be taken to the haat. A question may arise: why it
is necessary to take the produce in the haat? It is necessary because the producer will earn money
by selling the produce to the market. Now if he wants to sell it, then he has to take it to the
market at first. That means he has to select a distribution channel for sending those products in
the market. Either the farmer himself takes the produce to the haat or sells to the bepari in bulk.
Now, after the corn reaches the haat it is bought by wholesalers who resell it to the retailer and in
this way it will go to the hand of end-user. Thus the selection of distribution channel is very
important. And without a proper distribution channel distribution of goods from one place to
another and one party to another is rather impossible.
5.11.2 Parties Involved In a Distribution Channel
Lots of parties are involved in a distribution channel of a product. Though it may vary product to
product but the most common parties are: producer, bepari or paikar, dealer or distributor,
wholesaler and retailer.
5.11.2.1 Producer
Producers are farmers or cultivators involved in growing or cultivating agricultural produce in
their own land or works as a Borgachasi. Usually they sell their produce to the beparis or paikars.
But sometimes they sell it directly to the end-user.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.11.2.2 Bepari or Paikar
A bepari is a person who buys crops from the farmer from their land or home. If not the farmer,
the beparis normally market a crop for the first time. This is why their profit margin is
comparatively higher than the wholesalers and retailers.
5.11.2.3 Distributor or Dealer
They may operate on a national and regional basis. They buy the produce in bulk from the
beparis and provide transport and warehousing services before the produce reaches the
wholesalers. They require a larger amount of capital to finance such activities.
5.11.2.4 Wholesaler
They normally buy from the distributors and re-sell the produce to the retailers. Sometimes they
sell the produce directly to the end-user also. Sometimes they create artificial demand by storing
product to seek higher profit from the customers.
5.11.2.5 Retailer
They re-sell the produce to the consumer. They are the final link to the end-user. Thus, they have
a better understanding of the demand of the end-user and situation prevailing in the market. Their
profit margin is the lowest among all the parties involved in the distribution channel.
5.11.2.6 Factors Influence The Distribution Channel of A Product:
The use of distribution channel largely depends on certain factors. The distribution channels of
products vary in terms of place of trade, type and stage of product and time of trade.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.11.2.7 Market Place
The distribution channel of a product varies largely upon the market place. In other words, a
market place is a place where the products would be traded. For example, if a produce is to be
sold in Kotia Bazaar, it would be either directly sold by the farmers to the end-user or sold by the
farmer to the beparis. But it would not be similar if the same produce is to be sold in Kawran
Bazar, Dhaka.
5.11.2.8 Product Type & Category
The distribution channel also depends on the type/ nature of the product. For example, melon
must be sold quickly as it is of perishable nature. Thus, the farmer might choose to sell directly
to the end-user. Whereas, this is not the case with Gur.
5.11.2.9 Different Stages of a Same Product:
In the case of mangoes, if the mangoes and green mangoes they can be stored and need not be
sold immediately at the haat but can be sold to other districts. But it would not be the same with
very ripe mangoes.
5.11.3 Distribution Channel of Some Products Traded in Kotia Bazaar
5.11.3.1 Distribution Channel of Paddy
The same product can be distributed in the market in different ways. The figure below shows the
three different ways of distributing Paddy to the end-user.
PRODUCER END-USER
WHOLESALERBEPARI RETAILER
LER
RETAILER

By Md.Matiur Rahman
1st
Route: The farmers sell directly to the end-user at the haat. Here, the farmer enjoys the profit
alone.
2nd
Route: The farmers sell to the retailer who in turn sells to the end-user. Here, the profits are
shared between the farmers and the retailer.
3rd
Route: This is the most extensive route for the Paddy to reach the end-user. Here, profit is
being shared between the farmer, bepari, wholesaler and retailer. Thus, the profit the farmer gets
is less than the profit generated in the 1st
and 2nd
route and the market price is also higher than
the above mentioned routes as, with the costs the profits of all parties involved is inclusive to set
a market price.
5.113.2 Distribution Channel of Lux
In the above flow chart the distribution procedure of Lux soap is shown. Unilever sends the
cartoon of soaps to the Local Dealers though its assigned distributors. Then the local dealers sell
to the wholesalers, who in turn sell to the retailer at the bazar. Finally, the retailer sells to the
end-user. In the distribution process from the manufacturers to end-user the distributor have
more dominance of power and takes the advantage of dictating terms and conditions. This is
because; it is up to the distributors to reach the goods safely at the right time to the local dealer;
as it is impossible for Unilever to cater for all local dealers nationwide. After analyzing the
distribution channels of different products, it can be concluded that the distribution channel vary
from product to product.
Unilever Distributor Local Dealer
End-User Retailer Wholesaler

By Md.Matiur Rahman
5.16 Fake products
It is a matter of great regret that lots of fake products are traded in the market. As most of the
rural people are illiterate so they can‟t identify those
fake products and the producers of those products take
this advantage. Though it is known to the sellers but
they sell these fake products because of higher profit
margin which is very much unexpected and unethical.
Through the field survey we were found some fake
products, which is like the original product like –
Tange, the fake product was Tinge, The original
product is Ponds but the fake product is Pons, Bata
was Bala, Oral- B toothbrush was Oral- V etc.
Fig5.7 - Fake products
5.17 Interview of Traders
Trader 01: Mr. Abu Taiub
Mr. Abu Taiub is 35 years old. He has a family comprising of four members inclusive of his
mother. Mr. Taiub is a permanent seller of clothes for both male and female. He buys clothing
from Bongo Bazar, Dhaka and sells those in Kotia Bazaar, which takes place all day in a week.
His income from the sale of clothing is Tk. 2500-Tk.3000 per day which makes a monthly
income of Tk. 7500-Tk8500. In this interview, he said he is content with is present situation but
he plans to establish a big permanent shop for clothes at the bazaar in the near future.

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Trader 02: Mr. Rashid Ali
Mr. Rashid Ali aged 45 has a family of four. He has two sons. His eldest son is an agri-labor and
the other one is a student. Mr. Ali buys Taal Gurs from faridpur and brings them to Burundi
Bazaar via trucks for sale. He purchases Taal Gurs at Tk. 25/Kg. and the slling price is Tk.33-
Tk.35/Kg. His daily sale is around 1-1.5 Maund. The transport cost he has to incur is
Tk.100/Maud. Since he is a temporary seller, on other days of the week he cultivates crops in his
own land.
Trader 03: Mr. Abul Mansoor
Mr. Abul Mansoor is 40 years old. He has a family of 6 members. His parents also stay with him.
Mr.Mansoor is a Beapri of all kinds of vegetables making a monthly profit of Tk. 5000-Tk.6000.
He is business for almost seven years and owns three vans. He sells the fresh produce to the
wholesalers of Dhaka Kawran Bazar. The selling pice of certain produces are: Cucumber:
Tk.12/Kg, Potol: Tk.10/Kg, Brinjal: Tk.14/Kg, Potato: Tk.12/Kg. and Ladies finger: Tk.8/Kg.
He plans to buy a truck in future.
Trader 04: Mr. Jamal Miah
Mr. Jamal Miah, aged 45 has a family of five. He is blessed with two sons. Both of them are
students. He wishes to get his daughter married in a prestigious family. Mr. Miah sells toiletries
(Lux, Sunsilk, Lifebuoy etc.) and stationeries (Khata, Pen, Pencil etc.) and other products such as
Mortein Coils, Chocolate, Cigarettes (Navy, Abul Biri etc.) at the bazar. He gets the suppliers
from the local dealer once a week. His daily sale is Tk. 1500 and monthly profit is Tk. 7500

By Md.Matiur Rahman
Trader 05: Mr. Kartik karmakar
Mr. Kartik Karmakar, aged 38 is an owner of tea-stall. He has a family of threes. He is blessed
with a son, who is in class seven. Mr. Kartik is operating the tea-stall for last eight years. Besides
tea, he sells Biscuits, Bun, Bread, Banana, Pan, Biri and Cigarettes. He wishes to expand the
range of products avaiable in the shop. His daily sale is Tk.300 –Tk.400 on regular days, and
Tk.700-Tk.1000 on Haat days. His monthly profit is around Tk. 3500. He obtains the supplies
from wholesales.
5.18 Findings from the farmer
Generally the farmers who produce vegetables have another occupation like-
van pulling, chatal business, poultry etc.
Peasants are less interested in taking loans from NGO‟s. They feel it difficult to
pay back loan with high interest, rather they took loan from the cooperative
society.
Most of the farmers have their own land where they produce the crops.
The farmers who grow paddy prefer to sell the paddy to the comilla town to the
local wholesalers.
The farmers can easily manage the fertilizers and pesticides from coopertive
society and from different organizations.
For irrigation purpose they have the deep tube-well.
The farmers buy daily necessities with the money they get for selling their own
products.
According to the farmers the productivity of the land is much lower than before
because different kinds of pesticides are used, which creates soil pollution.

Live in field experience (LFE) Final report

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