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Spm And Sicm Lecture
1. Scanning Probe Microscopy in general
No use of optics.
A probe senses a physical quantity which changes when the probe approaches the
sample surface.
Sample or probe is moved by some kind of microactuator.
Methods to obtain information:
Constant current mode: the probe is moved at a specified distance above the
surface thus following the topology of the specimen. The height dependend signal
(current) is kept constant this way. Slow scans, surfaces may be irregular.
Constant height mode: the height of the probe above the suface is fixed. The
changes in the signal can be recorded. Fast scans, surfaces should be more even.
2. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - STM
The scanning probe consists of a Signal: Tunneling current
metallic tip biased with a voltage Probe: Metallic tip
against a conducting sample surface. Resolution: Down to subÅ
The voltage induces a tunneling Requisites: Conducting Surface,
current between tip and surface. usually UHV
Can be used for microstructuring: by
reversing the bias polarity single
atoms can be picked up from the
surface.
3. Atomic Force Microscopy - AFM
The AFM operates by measuring Signal: Deflection of cantilever
attractive or repulsive forces Probe: Diamond tip on cantilever
between the tip and the sample. Resolution: Down to 10pm
In ist repulsive contact mode a Requisites: Regular surface, UHV for
detection apparatus measures the high resolutions
vertical deflection of the cantilever
while it is draged over sthe surface.
In so called non-contact mode, the
AFM derives topographic images from
measurements of attractive forces.
The lever is exited with a vibration at
ist resonance frequency. When the
tip is now attraced by near atoms
(van der Waals forces) the vibration
frequenca changes.
4. Other techniques
Friction force microskopy (FFM)
Magnetic force microskopy (MFM)
Electrostatic force microskopy (EFM)
Scanning thermal microskopy (SThM)
Optical absorption microskopy
Scanning acoustic microskopy (SAM)
Molecular dip-stick microskopy
Shear force microskopy (ShFM)
Scanning near-field optical microskopy (SNOM)
5. Patch clamp technique
Patch-clamping is an electro-
physiological method used to monitor
the ion current of single ion-channels
in the membranes of living cells.
Currents are in the pA range – thus
they are hard to distinguish from
background noise.
Forming of a „Gigaseal“
Various configurations
„loose patch“ configuration is used in
the SICM method
Publication:
Neher and Sakmann. Die Erforschung von
Zellsignalen mit der Patch-Clamp-Technik.
Spektrum der Wissenschaft, pages 48–56,
May 1992.
6. Scanning ion conductance microscopy - SICM
Working conditions:
Isolating samples Probe: Micropipette
Environment: conductive liquid Opening diameter of the pipette
determines the resolution (500nm-
Atmospheric pressure
20nm)
Ideally suited for living cells. Measurement of ion currents.
contact free
Developed 1989 by Hansma Group,
University of Santa Barbara.
7. SICM - Principle
Ion current is flowing
between bath electrode
and electrode in the
pipette.
Approach of the pipette
towards the isolating
sirface.
current drop
detection of the
surface.
Backstepping.
8. SICM – Model
Resistance: R =L/Aκ
Frustrum: RF =Lk/rpriπκ
Hollow cylinder: RH =ln( ro/ri)/2πhκ
Total resistance: RT = RK +RH =U/I
Resolved for the current:
I =Uκπ/((Lk/rpri)+ln( ro/ri)/2h)
Saturation current (h ∞):
Isat = lim(Uκπ/((Lk/rpri)+ln( ro/ri)/2h))
=Uκπ/(Lk/rpri)
Normalized quantity: I/ Isat
It is possible to estimate the opening
diameter from the measured resistance.
12. SICM – Signal diagram
Pipette movement:
Lateral: via Piezo controller
(commands over RS232).
Vertical: per Modulationvoltage.
Output signal of the EPC7 unit:
Proportional to the ion current,
signal gets sampled.
The vertical piezo position is controlled by a voltage
delivered by the analog output of the NI-DAQ card.
This method is much faster than the step-by-step
method used in the approach function.
The controlling voltage is dropped in a slope, thus the
pipette is moved towards the surface. While the
pipette moves the output of the patch-clamp
amplifier (the actual ion-current) is sampled at 1
KHz and analyzed in realtime.
An average of 20 samples is taken and compared with
the last measurement by the data acquisition
hardware. If the difference exceeds a defined
ratio, the voltage slope is stopped and the position
of the tip is determined by the function readheight.
13. SICM – Manufacturing pipette tips
In principle the required small
opening diameters are obtained by
heating up a glass tube until it begins
to melt. Then a longitudinal force is
applied, pulling the tube apart until
it is tearing. To get reproducible tips
so called pullers are used.
In the puller the clamped glass tube
is heated up by a platinum filament
or by a laser beam. The force is
applied by electromagnets or by
gravity. Often the tubes are pulled
with varying forces or in several
pulling cycles.
15. SICM - Using the SICM
Fill and mount the tip
Enter liquid and measure saturation
current
Find a sample object
Bring the tip into position
Approach the surface
Start scan
19. SICM - Outlook
Proposed improvements:
Reprogramming the software
A faster computer
Acquisition of a pipette puller
Use of the computer as function generator
Construction of a perfusion chamber
Experiments:
Calibration
Frequency – and step-responses
Manufacturing and behavior of micropipettes
Localization of ion channels
20. Bibliography 1
[Aea88] Alexander and Schneir et al. An atomic resolution afm implemented
using an optical lever. Journal of Applied Physics, 65:164–167, 1988.
[AP03] Alexeev and Popkov. Magnetic Force Microscopy. NTMDT,
State Institute for Physical Problems, Moscow, 2003.
http://www.ntmdt.ru/applicationnotes/MFM/.
[Bea82] Binnig and Rohrer et al. Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy.
Physical Review Letters, 49:57–61, 1982.
[BQG86] Binnig, Quate, and Gerber. Atomic force microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett.,
56:930–933, 1986.
[BR87] Binnig and Rohrer. Scanning tunneling microscopy – from birth to
adolescence. Rev. Mod. Phys., 59:615–625, 1987.
[CGL92] A. Cavali´e, R. Grantyn, and H. D. Lux. Practical Electrophysiological
Method, chapter Fabrication of patch clamp pipettes, pages 235–241.
Wiley-Liss, New York, 1992.
[Dea89] Drake and Prater et al. Imaging crystals, polymers, and processes in water
with the atomic force microscope. Science, 243:1586–1589, March
1989.
[Hea89] Hansma and Drake et al. The scanning ion-conductance microscope.
Science, 24:641–643, February 1989.
21. Bibliography 2
[Kam95] Jörg Kamp. Aufbau und Erprobung eines kombinierten
Rasterionenleitungs- und Scherkraftmikroskops. Diploma thesis,
Physikalisches Institut der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, March
1995. in german language.
[KBM97] Korchev, Bashford, and Milovanovic. Scanning ion conductance microscopy
of living cells. Biophysical Journal, 73:653–658, August
1997.
[Kea00] Korchev and Negulyaev et al. Functional localization of single active
ion channels on the surface of a living cell. Nature Cell Biology, pages
616–619, September 2000.
[KMB97] Korchev, Milovanovic, and Bashford. Specialized ion-conductance microscope
for imaging of living cells. Journal of Microscopy, 188(1):17–
23, October 1997.
[MDH87] Marti, Drake, and Hansma. Atomic force microscopy of liquid-covered
surfaces: Atomic resolution images. Appl. phys. Lett., 51:484–486,
1987.
[Mea88] Marti and Elings et al. Scanning probe microscopy of biological samples
and other surfaces. Journal of Microscopy, 152:803–809, 1988.
[ND96] Numberger and Draguhn. Patch-Clamp Technik. Spektrum Akademischer
Verlag, 1996.
[NS92] Neher and Sakmann. Die Erforschung von Zellsignalen mit der Patch-
Clamp-Technik. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, pages 48–56, May 1992.
in german language.