Here I would like to explain you on bio pesticides and their disadvantages and their alternative way of utilization like controlled release formulations and also role of nanotechnology in the bio pesticides longevity in the environment. I hope it would increase your understanding on the concepts .......................................................
2. CONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS AS A SMARTCONTROLLED RELEASE FORMULATIONS AS A SMART
DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR THE ECO-FRIENDLY PESTICIDESDELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR THE ECO-FRIENDLY PESTICIDES
Credit seminar (0+1)
Student
Sabhavat Srinivas Naik
ID.No:13-503-010
CHAIRMAN: Dr. M. Suganthy, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Medicinal & Aromatic Crops.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
Dr. S. Mohan Kumar, Professor, CPMB&B.
Dr. V. Jegadeeswari, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Spices & Plantation Crops.
3. Introduction
Controlled release formulations (CRFs)
Historical survey
Mechanisms of CRFs
CRFs for eco-friendly pesticides(case studies)
Conclusions
Challenges
Nanotechnology
Synthesis of the CRFs
Characterization of the CRFs
PART I
PART II
PART III
INDEX
4. How is the farmer struggling with Plants, Animals
& Microorganisms ?
Rodents& othersInsects-
Weeds-
(Animals)
(Plants)
(Animals)-
Diseases-
(Microorganisms)
30%
10%
45% 20%
INTRODUCTION
(Oerke,2005)
5. Consequences of the conventional pesticide usage
Bhopal tragedy–2000 people were died due to the MIC gas
explosion.
Kasargod tragedy- 300 diseases identified - hydrocephalus
3 million cases of pesticide poisoning each year and up to
2,20,000 deaths, primarily in developing countries.
(Peterson,2009)
(Priyanka pulla, 2013)
(Katarina Lah, 2011)
1975-70 worker- kepone shakes - after 30 days of the exposure
6. Bhopal tragedy – 2000 people were died. MIC gas explosion.
Kasargod tragedy - 300 more diseases identified - hydrocephalus
Contd………
7. Environmental pollution.
Creating health hazards due to the presence of the pesticide
residues in food, fiber and fodder.
Development of resistance by the insects.
pesticide poisoning .
pesticides accumulating in soil and groundwater where they
threaten the health of entire ecosystems.
Disadvantages of the conventional pesticides
- Nirmala devi (2011)
8. variable efficacy
Bio pesticides - drawbacks
Bio-pesticides are less harmful
Narrow broad spectrum
Bio-pesticides are effective in smaller quantities
Decompose quickly
No environmental pollution and health hazards
Reduce the conventional pesticides and yield same
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Variable efficacy - Easy degradation
- Photo volatile
Less
persistance
- Nirmala devi (2011)
9. PART II
Controlled release formulations (CRFs)
Historical survey
Mechanisms of CRFs
CRFs for eco-friendly pesticides (case studies)
Nanotechnology
Synthesis of the CRFs
Characterization of the CRFs
10. Controlled release formulations (CRFs)
“Controlled release formulations are those smart
delivery systems which slowly and continuously
release a toxic element into the environmental interface
over a period of time measured in months and years”
(Cardarelli, 1976)
Hydrolysis
Microbial
Degradation
Volatilization
Photo
degradation
a.i./conventional pesticide formulation
Encapsulated conventional pesticide
Hydrolysis
Photo decomposition
Microbial degradation
Volatilization
x
Plant
11. Historical survey of CRFs
1930 - Bungenburg de Jong- coacervation
Barrett Green-first microcapsules synthesis
1960 - Polar materials - encapsulated phase separation techniques
1950 - Many commercial products released using polymemers
1964 -Long-term release of antifouling agents realized by their
incorporation in an elastomeric matrix
Controlled release larvicides
Halogenated hydrocarbons
Carbamates
Organo phosphates.
1965 - Molluscicides based on organotins were developed.
1967 – Encapsulation niclosamide (molluscicide) in rubber.
12. 1969 - First long-term controlled release herbicide- 2,4-D in natural
rubber.
1973 -1980- Inorganic copper salts had been successfully formulated
in slow release matrices and evaluated as molluscicides.
Contd……
2000- 2011– Electro spinning techniques & SPLAT-ISCA
2000- Sol-gel technique , PHSNp.
(Cardarelli,1985)
(Rameash,2012)
13. What is the difference between the microparticle,
microsphere and microcapsule ?
Micro particle
Micro sphere
Micro capsule
Nano particle
Nano sphere
Nano capsule
Macro particle (> 1000µm)
(3-800µm)
(<0.1µm)
(Fatima Sopena, 2009)
14. .
Polymer MatrixActive ingredient
Polymer coat Entrapped Drug
(Reservoirsystem) (Monolithic system)
Difference between the microsphere and microcapsule
SphericalSpherical /Non
spherical
Microsphere
s
Microcapsules
(Kataria Sahil,2011)
Microparticle
15. Solid core Non solid core Micro domains Non solid
micro domains
Microcapsule/ Nanocapsule
“Microencapsulation is the coating of small solid particles, liquid
droplets, or gas bubbles with a thin film of coating or shell materials.
The product so obtained is termed as microcapsules. Microcapsules are
small particles that contain an active agent or core material surrounded
by a coating or shell”
(Fatima Sopena, 2009)
16. How is it possible ?
Nano technology
1. 1700-Industrial Revolution
2. 1940-Nuclear Energy Revolution
3. 1960-The Green Revolution
4. 1980s-Information Technology Revolution
5. 1990s-Biotechnology Revolution
6. Present era-Nanotechnology - sixth revolutionary
technology.
“Nanotechnology refers to controlling, building, and
restructuring materials and devices on the scale of atoms
and molecules”. A nanometer (nm) is one-billionth of a meter
(Tarafdar, 2013)
17. Nano form zeolites
Nano sensors
Nano magnets
Nanoparticles, Nanoemulsions, Nano suspensions and Nanocapsules
Nanotechnology
Slow release and efficient dosage of water, fertilizers
Drugs for livestock
Insecticides, insect repellents
Herbicide
Antifouling agents
Soil quality for plant health
monitoring
Pests detection
Removal of soil contaminants
Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture
(Tarafdar, 2013)
23. 1.Dissolution
Reservoir system Monolithic system
Dissolution –membrane Dissolution-matrix
Active ingredient
a.i. dispersed/dissolved
(Lewis,1977)
Nirmala devi and Majji (2011)
25. Osmotic force is the driving force in osmosis-controlled systems. Such
systems generally consist of a solid and water-soluble active agent, which is
enclosed by a water-permeable, but active agent impermeable polymer membrane
with a small opening. Water is transported into the core by permeation and
hydrostatic pressure will be built up in the core and subsequently, the dissolved
active agent comes out.
3.Osmosis
H2O
Solid –active ingradient-water soluble
Water permeable membrane
Medium
Soluble a.i. released into the medium
Impermeable pore size for
a.i.
- (Fan & Singh, 1989).
26. Swelling controlled systems Here, the dispersed or dissolved active agent
in polymer matrix is unable to diffuse to any considerable extent. The active agent
is released out slowly when the polymer system gets into contact with a
compatible solvent or fluid in the environment and swelling takes place. Examples
used in such systems are Poly(hydroxyl methyl methacrylate), polyacrylamide and
poly(ethylene glycols) etc.
4.Swelling
Solvent / fluid in the medium
+
Swelling
Matrix type device
Medium
Active ingradient
(Ragaei,2014
27. The release of the active agent occurs here by erosion of the polymer.
The active agent is physically immobilized in the polymer matrix. Active agent
release rate is generally proportional to the erosion rate of the polymer matrix
which undergoes surface erosion. A zero order release can be achieved in
these systems if the erosion rate is constant and matrix dimension remains
unchanged.
5. Erosion
a.i.
Matrix
Erosion of the matrix
a.i. released in to the medium
(Scher,1977)
28. II.Chemical Mechanisms
Active agent is released only when the polymer active agent bond
is cleaved or the polymer is degraded. A zero order release profile may be
obtained when the active agent is a co-monomeric unit in polymer
backbone and release occur by polymer degradation.
Polymer
Chemical bond
Active ingredient
(Scher,1977)
29. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CRFS
1.Scanning electron microscope
2.Transmission electron microscope
3.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
4.Particle size analyser
(Chinnamuthu and Natarajan,2007)
30. 1. Scanning Electron Microscope
SEM
(Jayakumar Jerobin,2012)
Surface morphology features of the nano materials and biological
samples
Topography of any sample
Elemental composition – EDAX
Morphology of encapsulated neem oil
emulsion
31. (Zhu-Zhu Li, 2006)
Avermectin PHSNs
2.Transmission Electron Microscope
TEM
Internal feature of the sample
Elemental composition – EDAX
32. 3.PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER CUM ZETA POTENTIAL
To know the stability of the nanoparticle
For good stability above +/- 30.
33. 5.FOURIER TRANSMISSION INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
Based on the polarization effect
To know the reaction between the polymer and the active
ingredient
34. Applications of the CRFs (Case studies)
CASE STUDY 1 : PHEROMONE
CASE STUDY 2 : ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BATERIA
CASE STUDY 3 : ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
CASE STUDY 4 : RECENT TECHNOLOGY IN CRF
35. Case study 1
Efficient Management of Fruit Pests by Pheromone Nanogels
Scientist Deepa Bhagat and co workers
Year 2013
Place Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi.
Objective To study the efficacy of the controlled release nanogel
formulation
42. Assessment of Microencapsulated Formulations for Improved
Residual Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis
Objective :To evaluate best polymer combination for
encapsulating Bt and for resistant against the rain,
sunlight
Case study 2
Scientist : Patricia tamez-Guerra and co workers
Place : Bioactive Agents Research Unit. USDA -ARS-NCAUR
Year : 1997-1998
46. Trichoplusia ni % mortality-August month
(Patricia tamez-Guerra, 2000)
Field experiment
47. Trichoplusia ni % mortality-October month
(Patricia tamez-Guerra, 2000)
Field experiment
48. Case study 3
Biocompatible Chitosan Nanoparticles Incorporated Pesticidal
Protein Beauvericin (CSNp-BV) Preparation for the Improved
Pesticidal Activity Against Major Groundnut Defoliator Spodoptera
Litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)
Scientist Arvind Bharani and co workers
Year 2014
Place Department Of Biotechnology, Sathyabama
University, Chennai
Objective To prepare the improved pesticides activity CSNp
for controlling the Spodoptera litura
49. Cumulative mortality (%) of S.litura treated with free beauvericin (F-BV)
and chitosan nanoparticles incorporated beauvericin (CSNp-BV)
(Arvind Bharani, 2014)
Table 1.
50. Effect of free beauvericin (F-BV) and chitosan nanoparticles
incorporated beauvericin (CSNp-BV) on pupal and adult
emergence
(Arvind Bharani, 2014)
53. SPLAT- A controlled release technology
It is an controlled release technology.
Chemical emulsion type CRF. Basically It Is Matrix type diffusion
system.
Developed by ISCA technologies, USA, California.
Used for the Semiochemicals and other pesticides.
In September 2009, the first SPLAT mating disruption formulation,
SPLAT LBAM HD-O, was approved by the EPA for National
Organic Program for organic certified farms.
Beginning in 2011, all SPLAT mating disruption products are
certified for use for organic production.
(Mafra-Neto,2013)
54. Mechanism of pheromone release
SPLAT: Aqueous component + Active ingredient + Additives+ Matrix
(Mafra-Neto, 2013)
Aqueous component evaporation
57. Conclusions
3Rs & environmental pollution present pest management
Change -sustainable agriculture/precision /organic farming
CRFs Protected and long live eco friendly pesticides.
Nano science -important in the CRFs- smart delivery system
Select active compound, encapsulate, characterize and
evaluate
Involved physics and chemistry for the designing in CRFs
Single attempt we cannot achieve the better results
61. SPECIAL THANKS TO :
Dr. S. KUTTALAM (PROF. & HEAD - AGRI.ENTO)
Dr. K.GUNASEKARAN (PROF.& HEAD - NS&T)
Dr. P.JAYAKUMAR (JSS UNIVERSITY)
Dr. T. GOWATAHAM RAJ (JSS UNIVERSITY)
SRFs - BHARATHIAR UNIVERSITY