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Comer-Ch16.ppt
1.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 1 Computer Networks and Internets, 5e Chapter 14 Wireless Networking Technologies By Douglas Comer Modified from the lecture slides of Lami Kaya (LKaya@ieee.org) for use CECS 474, Fall 2008.
2.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 2 A Taxonomy of Wireless Networks • Wireless communication applies across a wide range of network types and sizes • Part of the motivation for variety – government regulations that make specific ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum available for communication • A license is required to operate transmission equipment in some parts of the spectrum – and other parts of the spectrum are unlicensed • Many wireless technologies have been created – and new variants appear continually • Wireless technologies can be classified broadly according to network type
3.
A Taxonomy of
Wireless Networks © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 3
4.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 4 Personal Area Networks (PANs) • A PAN technology provides communication over a short distance • It is intended for use with devices that are owned and operated by a single user.
5.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 5 ISM Wireless Bands Used by LANs and PANs • A region of electromagnetic spectrum is reserved for use by Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) groups – Known as ISM wireless • The frequencies are not licensed to specific carriers – are broadly available for products, and are used for LANs and PANs
6.
Wireless LAN Technologies
and Wi-Fi © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 6
7.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 7 Spread Spectrum Techniques • The term spread spectrum transmission uses multiple frequencies to send data – the sender spreads data across multiple frequencies – the receiver combines the information obtained from multiple frequencies to reproduce the original data • Spread spectrum can be used to achieve one of the following two goals: – Increase overall performance – Make transmission more immune to noise
8.
Other Wireless LAN
Standards Major wireless standards and the purpose of each © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 8
9.
Wireless LAN Architecture ©
2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 9 Note: The set of computers within range of a given access point is known as a Basic Service Set (BSS)
10.
Contention and Contention-Free
Access © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 10
11.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 11 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax • Standardized by IEEE under the category 802.16 • Two main versions of WiMAX are being developed that differ in their overall approach: • Fixed WiMAX – refers to systems built using IEEE 802.16-2004, which is informally called 802.16d – the technology does not provide for handoff among access points – designed to provide connections between a service provider and a fixed location • such as a residence or office building, rather than between a provider and a cell phone • Mobile WiMAX
12.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 12 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax • Mobile WiMAX – built according to standard 802.16e-2005, known also as 802.16e – the technology offers handoff among APs • which means a mobile WiMAX system can be used with portable devices such as laptop computers or cell phones • WiMAX offers broadband communication that can be used in a variety of ways: – WiMAX can be used as an Internet access technology – WiMAX can provide a general-purpose interconnection among physical sites • especially in a city – To be used as backhaul connection between a service provider's central network facility and remote locations • such as cell towers
13.
Wireless MAN Technology
and WiMax © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 13
14.
Wireless MAN Technology
and WiMax © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 14
15.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 15 Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax • The key features of WiMAX can be summarized as follows: – Uses licensed spectrum (i.e., offered by carriers) – Each cell can cover a radius of 3 to 10 Km – Uses scalable orthogonal FDM – Guarantees quality of services (for voice or video) – Can transport 70 Mbps in each direction at short distances – Provides 10 Mbps over a long distance (10 Km)
16.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 16 PAN Technologies and Standards • IEEE has assigned the number 802.15 to PAN standards
17.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 17 PAN Technologies and Standards • Bluetooth – The IEEE 802.15.1a standard evolved after vendors created Bluetooth technology as a short-distance wireless connection technology • The characteristics of Bluetooth technology are: – Wireless replacement for cables (e.g., headphones or mouse) – Uses 2.4 GHz frequency band – Short distance (up to 5 meters, with variations that extend the range to 10 or 50 meters) – Device is master or slave – Master grants permission to slave – Data rate is up to 721 Kbps
18.
Wireless WAN Technologies Cellular
Communication Systems © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 18
19.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 19 Wireless WAN Technologies Cellular Communication Systems • When moving between two cells belonging to the same MSC – the switching center handles the change • When a user passes from one geographic region to another – two MSCs are involved in the handoff • Perfect cellular coverage occurs if each cell is a hexagon – because the cells can be arranged in a honeycomb – In practice, cellular coverage is imperfect • Most cell towers use omnidirectional antennas – that transmit in a circular pattern – obstructions and electrical interference can attenuate a signal or cause an irregular pattern • in some cases, cells overlap and in others, gaps exist with no coverage
20.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 20 Wireless WAN Technologies Cellular Communication Systems
21.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 21 Generations of Cellular Technologies • Telecommunications industry divides cellular technologies into four generations – that are labeled 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G – with intermediate versions labeled 2.5G and 3.5G • 1G – Began in the late 1970s, and extended through the 1980s – Originally called cellular mobile radio telephones • used analog signals to carry voice • 2G and 2.5G – Began in the early 1990s and continues to be used – The main distinction between 1G and 2G arises • because 2G uses digital signals to carry voice – The label 2.5G is used for systems that extend a 2G system • to include some 3G features
22.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 22 Generations of Cellular Technologies • 3G and 3.5G – Began in the 2000s – Focuses on the addition of higher-speed data services – A 3G system offers download rates of 400 Kbps to 2 Mbps, and is intended to support applications such as web browsing and photo sharing – 3G allows a single telephone to roam across the world • 4G – Began around 2008 – Focuses on support for real-time multimedia • such as a television program or high-speed video – They include multiple connection technologies • such as Wi-Fi and satellite • at any time, the phone automatically chooses the best connection technology available
23.
© 2009 Pearson
Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 23 Generations of Cellular Technologies
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