fm lab manual

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Sl.
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Date Name of the Experiment
Page
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Marks
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d
Signature of
Staff in
charge
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CONTENTS

2. [Type text]
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Observations:
Diameter of the inlet d1 =
Diameter of throat d0 =
Length of the collecting tank L =
Breath of the collecting tank B =
Height of water collection ‘y’ =
Tabulation:
S.No
Manometer Reading
Venturi Head
h = hm (S1/S2 – 1)
Time for ‘y’ cm
rise (T) in Sec
Actual
Discharge (Qa)
m3/sec
Theoritical
Discharge
(Qt) m3/sec
Co efficient
of disarge
Cd = Qa / Qt
h1 mm h2 mm
hm=
( h1 - h2)
x 10-3 m
1

3. [Type text]
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Aim:
Conducting an experiment and to determine the coefficient of discharge of the
given Venturi meter.
Apparatus Required:
1. Differential U tube manometer
2. Stop watch
3. Metre scale
4. Collecting tank fitted with piezo meter
Description:
A venturimeter is a measuring device used to measure the flow rate of liquid
flowing through a pipe. It measures the flow rate based on Bernoulli’s equation. It
consists of converging pipe, throat and a diverging pipe. The venturimeter is fitted to the
pipe by flanged joint.
Formula Used:
1) Manometric deflection of mercury, hm = (h1-h2)
2) Water head in Venturi meter h = hm (S1/S2 – 1)
Where, S1 = Specific gravity of mercury
S2 = Specific gravity of water
3) Theoretical Discharge, Qt = C√h
Where
C- Constant of the meter, C = a1 a2 √(2g) / √ (a1
2 –a2
2)
d 1 = diameter of the pipe, a 1 = area of the pipe = (π / 4) (d 1)2
d o = diameter at throat, a 2 = area of the throat = (π / 4) (d o)2
g = Acceleration due to gravity
4) Actual Discharge, Qa = Ay/t
Where, A = Cross sectional area of the collecting tank = (L x B)
y – Raise of head in collecting tank ‘m’
t - Time taken for ‘y’ m depth of collection sec
L- Length of the tank ‘m’
B- Breath of the tank ‘m’
5) Coefficient of Discharge, Cd = Qa / Qt
Procedure:
1. The given venturimeter is connected to the horizontal pipe line.
2. Diameter of the pipe, Diameter of the orifice, size of the collecting tank are noted as
observations.
3. Water is let to flow through the venturimeter and is let into the collecting tank by
opening the valve at downstream end of the venturimeter.
4. The limbs of the manometer are flushed by operating the manometric stop cocks.
5. The manometer cocks are set to read the position after eliminating the air bubbles.
6. The left limb & right limb readings of the manometers are observed for each volume
of discharge.
DETERMINATION OF CO EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF
VENTURI METER
Ex.No:
Date :

4. [Type text]
4
7. The exit valve of the collecting tank is closed and time taken for 10cm rise of water is
noted using stopwatch
8. The steps 5 & 6 are repeated by varying the inlet valve opening venturimeter.
that is by varying the discharge.
9. After sufficient readings are taken, the valve of downstream is opened and inlet to
venturimeter is closed.
10. The observations are tabulated and Co efficient of discharge of orificemeter is
calculated.
Precautions:
 Care should be taken while operating the manometer, cocks are should be
used to avoid loss of mercury which may enter the pipe line.
 The overflow of the collecting tank should be avoided.
 The exit valve of the collecting tank should be completely closed while the
time taken for 10cm rise of water is noted.
Graph:
From the observations made the following graphs are plotted
√h cm vs Qa (ii) log h vs log Qa
Inference:
Result:
The Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter Cd from calculation =

5. [Type text]
5
Observations:
Length of the collecting tank L = Breath of the collecting tank B = Height of water collection y =
Correction head(Hc) =
Tabulation:
S.
No
Delivery
Pr. Gauge
reading Pd
kgf/cm2
Vacuum
Gauge
reading Pv
mm of Hg
Total Head
‘H’
m of water
Actual
Discharge
(Qa) m3/sec
Time for 10
cm raise
(T) in Sec
Time taken for
10 revolutions
of energy
meter disc
‘t’ sec
Input
power
kW
Output
power
kW
Efficiency
of the
centrifugal
pump
%
1

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6
Aim:
To conduct an experiment and to draw the characteristics curves of the given
centrifugal pump and to find the best operating condition.
Apparatus Required:
1. Stop watch
2. Metre Scale
Description:
The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
(a form of pressure energy) are called pumps. If this energy conversion achieved by means of
centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called centrifugal pump. The
centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced vortex flow which means a certain mass of
liquid is rotated by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes
place. The rise in pressure heads at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the
square of tangential velocity of the liquid at that point.
A centrifugal pump consists of impeller, casing, suction pipe with foot valve and
strainer and delivery line.
Formula used:
Input power:
HP = n x 3600*motor efficiency(0.75) … …. kW
Emc x t
Where,
n = no.of revolution
t = time taken for n rev.
3. Rate of discharge
Q = A x h
T
Where,
A = area of collecting tank
h = height of water collected in m
T = time taken in sec.for collecting tank.
4. Total head
Ex.No:
Date
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF
SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

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H = 10(delivery pressure + Vacuum head)+ Correction head
= 10(P +Pv/760)+Hc
5. Power output (delivered by the pump)
P = __WQH……Kw
0.75 X 0.8
Where, W = Density of water = 1000 kN/m3
Q = discharge
H = Total Head
0.75 = motor efficiency = 75%
0.80 = Transmission efficiency = 80%
6. Overall efficiency
ηoverall = output power x 100 …………….%
input power
Procedure:
1. The pump setup is studied and the details of pump size, collecting tank size, diameter of
delivery pipe, diameter of suction pipe are noted.
2. The correction head and energy meter constant are noted.
3. Difference of level between the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge is noted.
4. Priming of the pump is done.
5. Pump is started and delivery value is brought to fully opened condition.
6. The following readings are noted
(i) The delivery pressure gauge reading
(ii) The suction vacuum gauge reading
(iii)Time taken for 10 revolutions of the energy meter disc.
(iv)Time taken for 10cm raise of fluid in the collecting tank.
7. Several sets of readings are taken by varying the delivery valve position from fully open
position to shut off position.
8. The motor is stopped the correction head is recorded.
9. From the readings taken efficiency of the centrifugal pump is calculated and graphs are
drawn

8. [Type text]
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Graph:
The tabulated results following graphs are drawn
i) Discharge [m³/sec] vs Overall efficiency
ii) Discharge vs Total head.
iii) Discharge vs Input power
iv) Discharge vs Output power
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the given single stage centrifugal pump is
observed and the corresponding graphs are drawn.
Maximum efficiency of pump =

9. [Type text]
9
Observations:
Area of the collecting Tank (A) = m2
Depth of the liquid in the Tank (Y) = m
Correction Head (Hc) = m of water
Diameter of the Piston (D) = m
Stroke length (L) = m
Cross sectional area of the piston (AP) = m2
Energy meter constant (R) =
Diameter of the Suction pipe (ds) = m
Diameter of the Suction pipe (dd) = m

10. [Type text]
10
Tabulation :
S.
No
Delivery
Pr.
Gauge
reading
Pd
kgf/cm2
Vacuum
Gauge
reading
Pv
mm of
Hg
Total
Head
‘H’
m of
water
Speed
(rpm)
Actual
Discharge
(Qa)
m3/sec
Time
for 10
cm
raise
(T) in
Sec
Time
taken for
10
revolutions
of energy
meter disc
‘t’ sec
Input
power
kW
Output
power
kW
Efficiency of
the
reciprocating
pump
%
1

11. [Type text]
11
Aim:
To conduct an experiment and to determine the co efficient of discharge, Slip and
efficiency of the given reciprocating pump.
Apparatus Required:
1. Metre scale
2. Stop clock
Description:
A pump is a device used for lifting liquids from a lower level to a higher level. It
increases the pressure energy of the liquid in a closed system. Reciprocating pump is a
positive displacement plunger pump. The reciprocating pump increases the pressure energy
of the liquid by means of reciprocating motion of the piston or plunger. To and fro motion of
the piston or plunger inside the cylinder draws the fluid and forces it out of the cylinder. It is
often used where relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery
pressure is quite large. The pump delivers reliable discharge flows and is often used for
metering duties delivering accurate quantities of fluid. The reciprocating pump is not tolerant
to solid particles.
There are two general types of reciprocating pumps. The piston pump and the
diaphragm pump
Formula Used:
Basic data/constants:
1 HP = 1/736 Watts
1 kg/ cm2 = 760mm of Hg (10 m of water)
Density of water = 1000kg/m3
Area of collecting tank = 0.4x0.3m
Energy meter constant = 3200 imp/kwh
Electrical power as indicated by energy meter:
Pelec = 5 x 3600 HP
EMC x t x 0.736
Shaft power:
Pshaft = ŋmotor* Pelec = 0.75* Pelec
Discharge rate “Q”
Q = A * h m3 / sec
T
Ex.No:
Date :
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

12. [Type text]
12
Where A = area of collecting tank 0.4 X 0.3m
h = the height of water collected in m
T = the time taken in sec for collecting water
Total head ‘H’
H = 10(P + (Pv/760)+Hc)
Where P = Delivery pressure in kg/ cm2
Pv = vacuum in mm of Hg
Hc = elevation distance between pressure gauge center to vacuum
gauge center in m
Hydraulic horse power (delivered by the pump):
Ppump = W Q H ….. HP
60*0.736
Where W = 1000kg/ m3
Overall efficiency:
Ŋoverall = Ppump * 100
Pshaft

13. [Type text]
13
Procedure:
1. The pump setup is studied and the details of pump size, collecting tank size, diameter
of delivery pipe, diameter of suction pipe are noted.
2. The correction head and energy meter constant are noted.
3. Difference of level between the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge is noted.
4. Delivery value is brought to fully opened condition and pump is started.
5. The following readings are noted
i.The delivery pressure gauge reading
ii.The suction vacuum gauge reading
iii.Time taken for 10 revolutions of the energy meter disc.
6. Several sets of readings are taken by varying the delivery valve position from fully
open position to shut off position.
7. The motor is stopped the correction head is recorded.
8. From the readings taken efficiency of the reciprocating pump is calculated and graphs
are drawn.
Graph:
From the observations made the following graph is plotted
(i) Total Head vs ٪ Efficiency
(ii) Discharge vs Total Head (H)
(iii) Discharge vs Out put power
(iv) Discharge vs ٪ Efficiency
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the given single stage reciprocating pump
is observed and the corresponding graphs are drawn.
Efficiency of the pump =

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14
Observations:
Length of the collecting tank L = Breath of the collecting tank B = Height of water collection y =
Correction Head Hc =
Tabulation:
S.
No
Delivery
Pressure
Gauge
reading
Pd
kgf/cm2
Suction
Vacuum
Gauge
reading
Pv
mm of
Hg
Total Head
‘H’
m of water
Actual
Discharge
(Qa) m3/sec
Time for 10 cm
raise of oil
(T) in Sec
Time taken for 10
revolutions of
energy meter disc
‘t’ sec
Input power
kW
Output
power
kW
Efficiency
of the
gear oil
pump
%
1

15. [Type text]
15
Aim:
To conduct an experiment and to draw the characteristics curves of the given gear oil
pump to find out the maximum efficiency of the pump.
Apparatus Required:
Stop clock
Metre Scale
Description:
Gear oil pump consists of identical intermeshing spur pinions working inside a casing
with a fine clearance. One of the pinions is keyed to a driving shaft and the other revolves idly.
The space between the teeth and the casing is filled with oil. The oil is carried round between the
gears from the suction pipe to the delivery pipe. The oil pushed into the delivery side cannot slip
back into the inlet side due to the meshing of the gears.
Formula Used:
Input power:
HP = n x 3600 … …. kW
Emc x t
Where,
n = no.of revolution
t = time taken for n rev.
3. Rate of discharge
Q = A x h
T
Where,
A = area of collecting tank
h = height of water collected in m
T = time taken in sec.for collecting tank.
4. Total head
H = 10(delivery pressure + Vacuum head+ Correction head)
= 10(P +Pv/760+Hc)
Ex.No:
Date :
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF GEAR OIL PUMP

16. [Type text]
16
5. Power output (delivered by the pump)
P = WQH……Kw
0.75 X 0.8
Where, W = Density of water = 1000 kN/m3
Q = discharge
H = Total Head
0.75 = motor efficiency = 75%
0.80 = Transmission efficiency = 80%
6. Overall efficiency
ηoverall = output power x 100 …………….%
input power
Procedure:
1. The pump setup is studied and the details of pump size, collecting tank size, diameter of
delivery pipe, diameter of suction pipe are noted.
2. The correction head and energy meter constant are noted.
3. Difference of level between the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge is noted.
4. Fill up the supply tank with oil to the required height. (3/4th of the tank)
5. Pump is started and delivery value is adjusted to get required head.
6. The following readings are noted
i. The delivery pressure gauge reading
ii. The suction vacuum gauge reading
iii. Time taken for 10 revolutions of the energy meter disc.
iv. Time taken for 10cm raise of fluid in the collecting tank.
7. Several sets of readings are taken by varying the delivery valve position from fully open
position to shut off position.
8. The motor is stopped the correction head is recorded.
9. From the readings taken efficiency of the centrifugal pump is calculated and graphs are
drawn.

17. [Type text]
17
Graph:
The following graphs are drawn
Discharge [m³/sec] vs Overall efficiency
Discharge vs Total head.
Discharge vs Input power
Inference:
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the given gear oil pump is studied and the
corresponding graphs are drawn.
Maximum efficiency of pump =
Discharge at maximum Head =
Efficiency at maximum Head =
Input power maximum Head =

18. [Type text]
18
PELTON TURBINE TEST RIG 1kw
PRINCIPLE:
Turbine converts fluid energy into rotational mechanical energy.
OBJECTIVE:
To conduct the performance test on pelton turbine and to find out the efficiency of
the turbine.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The unit essentially consists of casing with a large circular transparent window of
acrylic kept at the front for the visual inspection of the impact of the jet on buckets a bearing
pedestals rotor assembly of shaft, runner and brake drum, all mounted on a suitable sturdy iron
base plate. A rope brake arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The input to the turbine can
be controlled by adjusting the spear position by means of a hand wheel fitted with indicator
arrangement. The water inlet pressure, by a pressure gauge and for the measurement of speed,
uses an rpm indicator.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
1. CASING : made of Mild steel, fiber glass coated inside..
2. RUNNER: powder coated ms with nickel chrome plated gunmetal buckets.
3. NOZZLE: made of Mild steel. Powder coated.
4. SPEAR SPINDLE: Of stainless steel of liberal size.
5. BRAKE DRUM: well finished caste iron brake drum.
6. SPRING BALL: 0-5 kg (SAMSO)
7. BRAKE ARRANGEMENT:
Consisting of a machined and polished
Brake drum cooling water pipes, internal water scoop discharge pipes,
Standard cast iron dead weight spring balance, rope brake etc. arranged
for loading the turbine.
PELTON TURBINE (IMPULSE TURBINE)
1. Rated Supply Head : 35-40 meters
2. Discharge : 400 lpm
3. Normal Speed : 1000 rpm
4. Power Output : 1 HP
5. Jet diameter : 16mm (Maximum)

19. [Type text]
19
6. No. of buckets : 16 Nos
7. Brake drum diameter : 210 mm
8. Rope Diameter : 20 mm
OPERATING PROCEDURE
1. Make sure that the water level in the sump tank is unto the marked level
Open the gate valve fully before starting
2. Start the pump & regulate speed to 1000 rpm by operating spear arrangement with the use of
load wheel provided
3. Now load the turbine by adding the dead weights on the weight hanger, say 5 kg.
4. Note down the all corresponding reading of venturimeter & total pressure head using
respective pressure gauge
5. Repeat the same procedure for different loads.
TO SHUT DOWN
Before switching off the supply pumpset, first remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close
the cooling inlet water gate valve slowly close the spear to its full closed position. Then close the
gate valve just above turbine. Then switch off the supply pumpset. Never switch off the supply
pumpset when the turbine is working under load. If the electric lines trips of when the turbine is
working first unload the turbine, close the entire valve. Start the electric motor again, when the
line gets the power and then operate the turbine by operating the valve in the order said above.
PELTON’s TURBINE TEST RIG 2 HP (CLOSED CIRCUIT)
1. Brake drum dia D =0.21 m
2. Input total head H in m of water =Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2 x 10
3. Rope Dia d = 0.02m
4. Venturimeter Head h in m of water h= (p1-p2) x 10 meter
5. Effective Radius of Re = (D+ d)/2
6. Discharge Q = Kh (h in m of water)
7. Brake drum = 0.116 m
8. Input Power IP =  x H x Q kW (H in m of water) ‘K’ Value= 5.02 x 10-3
9. Weight of rope & hanger = 1 kg
10. Brake Drum net load W = (W1 + Weight of rope hanger) –W2 kg
11. Turbine output

20. [Type text]
20
OP = (2 NW Re x 9.81)/ 60000 k
12. Efficiency  = (output / Input) x 100%
Tabular column for closed circuit:
S
l
N
Pressure
gauge
reading
H
Pressure Gauge
reading Venturi
-meter
H=p*1
0
Disch
arge
Q
Weight
on
hanger
W1
Spring
balance
reading
W2
Net
Load
W
Spe
ed
N
Outpu
t
OP
Inpu
t
IP
Effici
ency

P1 P2 P
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 meters m3/se
c
kg kg kg rpm kW kW %
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
IMPORTANT FORMULA:
Input Power = QH kW
Where  = Specific weight of water = 9.81 KN/m3
Q = Discharge in m3/sec.
H = Supply head in meters.
2 N Re W x 9.81
Brake Power = -------------------- kW
60000
Output
Efficiency = ------------- x 100%
Input

21. [Type text]
21
Where N = Turbine speed in RPM.
T = Torque in Kg m, (effective radius of the brake drum in meters
(Re) x The net brake load in kg(W
Tabulation for constant speed
S
l
N
Pressure
gauge
reading
H
Pressure Gauge
reading Venturi
-meter
H=p*1
0
Disch
arge
Q
Weight
on
hanger
W1
Spring
balance
reading
W2
Net
Load
W
Spe
ed
N
Outpu
t
OP
Inpu
t
IP
Effici
ency

P1 P2 P
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 meters m3/se
c
kg kg kg rpm kW kW %
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
6
.
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the given pelton turbine is studied and the
corresponding graphs are drawn.