3. • Vertebral body is heart shaped.
• Presence of demi-facets on the sides
of each vertebral body – these
articulate with the heads of the ribs.
4. • Presence of costal facets on the
transverse processes – these articulate
with the tubercles of the ribs. They are
present on T1-T10 only.
• The spinous processes are long
5. The superior facet articulates with the head
of the adjacent rib, and the inferior facet
articulates with the head of the rib below
T2- T9 is a typical vertebra these facets
are demi-facets.
9. • T1 – Superior facet is not a demifacet, as this
is the only vertebrae to articulate with the
1st rib.
• T10 – A single pair of whole facets is present
which articulate with the 10th rib. These facets
are located across both the vertebral body
and the pedicle.
• T11 and T12 – Each have a single pair of
entire costal facets, which are located on the
pedicles.
13. • Radiate ligament of head of rib – from the
head of the rib to the bodies of the two
vertebrae and intervertebral disc.
• Costotransverse ligament – Connects the
neck of the rib and the transverse process
• Lateral costotransverse ligament – from the
transverse process to the tubercle of the rib.
• Superior costotransverse ligament –
Passes from the upper border of the neck of
the rib to the transverse process of the
vertebra superior to it.
•
14. • L1 TO L5 BODY SIZE INCREASE
• the L5 vertebra has the heaviest body,
smallest spinous process, and thickest
transverse process.
18. • ANTERIOR (TRANSTHORACIC)
APPROACH TO THE THORACIC SPINE
• Posterolateral
(Costotransversectomy) Approach to
the Thoracic Spine
• Posterior Approach to the Thoracic
and Lumbar Spines
19. • Effective in
• Treatment of infections, such as tuberculosis of the
thoracic vertebral bodies20
• Fusion of the vertebral bodies
• Resection of the vertebral bodies for tumor and
reconstruction with bone grafting
• Correction of scoliosis (Dwyer instrumentation technique
and rods)
• Correction of kyphosis
• Anterior spinal cord decompression
• Biopsy
20. • On the side
• Move arm above
his head
• Approach from right
side
21. • Inferior angle of the
scapula
• Spinous process
• Inframammary crease
• Incision
37. • Midline straight
• Internervous plane-
midline paraspinal
muscles
• it is truly
internervous; the
nerves do not cross
the midline
38. • The paraspinal muscles are innervated
segmentally by the posterior primary rami
of the individual nerve roots in the thoracic
and lumbar spines.
40. • Palpate the individual spinous processes
• dissect down to the middle of the spinous
processes and move the muscle origins to
either side of the surface
41. • Remove the paraspinal
• remove the short rotators from the base of the spinous
processes to the leading edges of the laminae
43. • The posterior primary rami emerge
posteriorly from between the transverse
processes, close to the facet joints.
Because of the significant overlap of
innervation in the paraspinal muscles
• Segmental vessels