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Algae
Jaal Mann, Michael Karch, and Arij Beebe-Sweet



                         http://www.celsias.com/media/uploads/admin/algae_shot_1.
Fossil fuels are not
              sustainable
•Dwindling petroleum
reserves
•CO2-caused global climate
change

Sustainable alternatives
      are needed

                             http://www.flickr.com/photos/truthout/4279546112/
Biofuels as a sustainable
    alternative to fossil fuel


•Carbon neutral
•Renewable
•Cheaper than fossil fuel
                            fairfieldlutheran.org
Types of biofuel

•Traditional food based:
     -corn
     -sugar cane
     -soybean
•Non-food biomass based:
      -oil palm
      -switch grass
      -algae
                       http://www.flickr.com/photos/agrilifetoday/5012117834/sizes/z/in/photostream/
Algae is a promising new
             biofuel
•Higher yields than traditional biofuel crops
•Saltwater and wastewater tolerant



      http://greengineers.wikispaces.com/file/view/algae_smiley.jpg/115440023/algae_smiley.jpg
Original Project Idea
•Enclosed bioreactor with LEDs
•Flaws:
    •Contamination
    •Time
    •Complexity
    •Quantity
LED Electricity
Cost Per Gallon

Our research gave us the information
to answer our initial question. What is
   the cost of using 10-Watt LEDs?
Probable algae growth yields:
10gal * 1/3000 * 0.5 = 0.0017gal/batch



Number of batches to achieve one gallon
               of lipids?
 1gal/0.0017/gal/batch = 600 batches
How much electricity per batch?
10W * 12h/d * 20d = 2.4kWh/batch

         Cost per batch?
 2.4kWh * $0.10kW = $0.24/batch

How much electricity for one gallon of
              lipids?
  $0.24/batch * 600batches/gal=
$150/gallon




http://www.teeninjail.com/2010/05/my-first-day.html
Project Evolution




            http://zaozzie.blogspot.com/2012/02/evolution-of-modern-man.html




                                Plan B
•Talk to researchers on the cutting edge of
          algae yields for biofuels
Algae to Biofuel
   Process and Challenges

•Strain Selection
•Growing Phase
•Dewatering
•Extraction            http://saving-the-energy.blogspot.com/2009/11/biodiesel-production-from-algae-oil.html




•Transesterification
Strain Selection
•Estimated 1-10 million different species
•Hybridization weakens algae
•Some ideal characterizations are: high
lipid content, tolerates salt and waste water
and oils excreted outside the cells




     http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/biosphere-imbalance-should-we-worry-about-engineering-algae-for-biofuels/9331
Growing Phase
•4 Litres of water per kilogram of dry algae
•Difficult to Monoculture
•Open ponds and Raceways have several
vulnerabilities




                  http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=859
Dewatering
•1 part algae 3,000 parts water
•Best available dewatering technique is
centrifugation
•High capitaland energy cost associated
with most methods
•Main bottleneck in algal culture
                                    http://www.andthenbam.com/?p=556
Extraction Methods
•Mechanical crushing or pressing
•Ultrasonic extraction
•Supercritical CO2
•Counter-current circulation
•Microwaves??

                http://genedrekeke.blogspot.com/2009/04/algae-optimistic-nanotech-algal-oil.html
Transesterification
•The process of making biodiesel
•14-22 Carbon chains long, freezing point
is high




               http://share.psu.ac.th/file/waraporn.ra/view/4640
Transportation Needs
        Western Washington:
•50 million barrels of motor gasoline per
year (EIA)
•About 450,000 metric tonnes of CO2 per
year (EPA)




             http://www.flickr.com/photos/ezioman/3034706336/
Wastewater Management




               http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1496154




•Wastewater is rich in Nitrogen and Phosphorous
•Nitrogen and Phosphorous can cause algae
blooms and resulting dead zones
Wastewater Management




•Algae thrive on a diet of Nitrogen and
              http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/24707




Phosphorous (McShan 1974)
•Growing algae in wastewater treatment plants
is very promising
Wastewater Management




             http://www.flickr.com/photos/saulspics/2981758939/


•Brine shrimp eat algae to maintain productivity
(McShan 1974)
•Brine shrimp can be harvested to offset system
cost (McShan 1974)
Algae Turf Scrubbing

•Nutrient clean-up and biofuel at the
same time (Beardsley 2011)
•Algal turf scrubbers remove
nutrients, produce fertilizers, return
oxygen to water, and can produce
biofuel or pharmaceuticals
(Beardsley 2011)


                           http://www.flickr.com/photos/48722974@N07/5120227735/
Food and Pharmaceutical




                   http://botany.si.edu/projects/algae/economicuses.htm




  Algae protein costs 30 times more that meat1

Algae carbohydrates are not digestible by humans2
               1. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/923.html
          2. Fujiwara-Arasaki, Teruko, Sorui; 12/10/84, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p293-299, 7p
How Algae Proteins Compare
 As a percentage of dry weight mass, protein potential comparison of one algae species to other foods.

Product          Proteins Carbohydr                       Lipids
                             ates

 Meat                 43                   1                  34

  Rice                 8                 77                    2

Spirulina          60-71               13-16                 6-7
maxima
                                                                            http://www.affordable-natural-
                                                                            supplements.com/36905.html




   http://www.algae.wur.nl/UK/applications/food_feed/
Pharmaceutical Uses

    In treating oral                                disease 1

    Has high percentage of
            vitamin C
      Natural carotenoids 2

     Chlorophyll a used for
            deodorant
                                                                                 http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8505353_pharmaceutical-microbiology-training.html




1. Sirbu, Rodica,Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
volume 32 August 2008.
2. Daciana, Sava, Pharmaceutical Importance of some multicellular red algae species
from the Romanian Black Sea shore. Annals of RSCB Vol XIV, Issue 2.
Looking to the future

•Not ready for large-scale
biofuel use
•More research in yields
and lipid contents
•Cost of production must
decrease

                             http://www.flickr.com/photos/robseattle/34083190/
Bibliography
Algal Turf Scrubbing: Boon or Blip?

Timothy M. Beardsley
BioScience , Vol. 61, No. 6 (June 2011), p. 423
Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological
Sciences
Article DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.1
Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.cals.evergreen.edu/stable/10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.1


Biological Treatment of Wastewater Using Algae and Artemia

Michael McShan, Norman M. Trieff and Dov Grajcer
Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation) , Vol. 46, No. 7 (Jul., 1974), pp. 1742-1750
Published by: Water Environment Federation
Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.cals.evergreen.edu/stable/25038824

                      Transporation Fuel Consumption:
http://www.eia.gov/state/state-energy-profiles-data.cfm?sid=WA#Consumption

                     CO2 per gallon:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/refs.html

Life-Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae
Laurent Lardon, Arnaud Hélias, Bruno Sialve, Jean-Philippe Steyer, and Olivier
Bernard
Environmental Science & Technology 2009 43 (17), 6475-6481



Dewatering of microalgal cultures: A major bottleneck to algae-based fuels
Nyomi Uduman, Ying Qi, Michael K. Danquaha, Gareth M. Forde, and Andrew Hoadley
Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800,
Australia (Received 22 July 2009; accepted 22 December 2009; published online 12 January 2010)

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Challenges to Algae Use as a Biofuel

  • 1. Algae Jaal Mann, Michael Karch, and Arij Beebe-Sweet http://www.celsias.com/media/uploads/admin/algae_shot_1.
  • 2. Fossil fuels are not sustainable •Dwindling petroleum reserves •CO2-caused global climate change Sustainable alternatives are needed http://www.flickr.com/photos/truthout/4279546112/
  • 3. Biofuels as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel •Carbon neutral •Renewable •Cheaper than fossil fuel fairfieldlutheran.org
  • 4. Types of biofuel •Traditional food based: -corn -sugar cane -soybean •Non-food biomass based: -oil palm -switch grass -algae http://www.flickr.com/photos/agrilifetoday/5012117834/sizes/z/in/photostream/
  • 5. Algae is a promising new biofuel •Higher yields than traditional biofuel crops •Saltwater and wastewater tolerant http://greengineers.wikispaces.com/file/view/algae_smiley.jpg/115440023/algae_smiley.jpg
  • 6. Original Project Idea •Enclosed bioreactor with LEDs •Flaws: •Contamination •Time •Complexity •Quantity
  • 7. LED Electricity Cost Per Gallon Our research gave us the information to answer our initial question. What is the cost of using 10-Watt LEDs?
  • 8. Probable algae growth yields: 10gal * 1/3000 * 0.5 = 0.0017gal/batch Number of batches to achieve one gallon of lipids? 1gal/0.0017/gal/batch = 600 batches
  • 9. How much electricity per batch? 10W * 12h/d * 20d = 2.4kWh/batch Cost per batch? 2.4kWh * $0.10kW = $0.24/batch How much electricity for one gallon of lipids? $0.24/batch * 600batches/gal=
  • 11. Project Evolution http://zaozzie.blogspot.com/2012/02/evolution-of-modern-man.html Plan B •Talk to researchers on the cutting edge of algae yields for biofuels
  • 12. Algae to Biofuel Process and Challenges •Strain Selection •Growing Phase •Dewatering •Extraction http://saving-the-energy.blogspot.com/2009/11/biodiesel-production-from-algae-oil.html •Transesterification
  • 13. Strain Selection •Estimated 1-10 million different species •Hybridization weakens algae •Some ideal characterizations are: high lipid content, tolerates salt and waste water and oils excreted outside the cells http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/smart-takes/biosphere-imbalance-should-we-worry-about-engineering-algae-for-biofuels/9331
  • 14. Growing Phase •4 Litres of water per kilogram of dry algae •Difficult to Monoculture •Open ponds and Raceways have several vulnerabilities http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=859
  • 15. Dewatering •1 part algae 3,000 parts water •Best available dewatering technique is centrifugation •High capitaland energy cost associated with most methods •Main bottleneck in algal culture http://www.andthenbam.com/?p=556
  • 16. Extraction Methods •Mechanical crushing or pressing •Ultrasonic extraction •Supercritical CO2 •Counter-current circulation •Microwaves?? http://genedrekeke.blogspot.com/2009/04/algae-optimistic-nanotech-algal-oil.html
  • 17. Transesterification •The process of making biodiesel •14-22 Carbon chains long, freezing point is high http://share.psu.ac.th/file/waraporn.ra/view/4640
  • 18. Transportation Needs Western Washington: •50 million barrels of motor gasoline per year (EIA) •About 450,000 metric tonnes of CO2 per year (EPA) http://www.flickr.com/photos/ezioman/3034706336/
  • 19. Wastewater Management http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1496154 •Wastewater is rich in Nitrogen and Phosphorous •Nitrogen and Phosphorous can cause algae blooms and resulting dead zones
  • 20. Wastewater Management •Algae thrive on a diet of Nitrogen and http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/24707 Phosphorous (McShan 1974) •Growing algae in wastewater treatment plants is very promising
  • 21. Wastewater Management http://www.flickr.com/photos/saulspics/2981758939/ •Brine shrimp eat algae to maintain productivity (McShan 1974) •Brine shrimp can be harvested to offset system cost (McShan 1974)
  • 22. Algae Turf Scrubbing •Nutrient clean-up and biofuel at the same time (Beardsley 2011) •Algal turf scrubbers remove nutrients, produce fertilizers, return oxygen to water, and can produce biofuel or pharmaceuticals (Beardsley 2011) http://www.flickr.com/photos/48722974@N07/5120227735/
  • 23. Food and Pharmaceutical http://botany.si.edu/projects/algae/economicuses.htm Algae protein costs 30 times more that meat1 Algae carbohydrates are not digestible by humans2 1. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/923.html 2. Fujiwara-Arasaki, Teruko, Sorui; 12/10/84, Vol. 32 Issue 4, p293-299, 7p
  • 24. How Algae Proteins Compare As a percentage of dry weight mass, protein potential comparison of one algae species to other foods. Product Proteins Carbohydr Lipids ates Meat 43 1 34 Rice 8 77 2 Spirulina 60-71 13-16 6-7 maxima http://www.affordable-natural- supplements.com/36905.html http://www.algae.wur.nl/UK/applications/food_feed/
  • 25. Pharmaceutical Uses In treating oral disease 1 Has high percentage of vitamin C Natural carotenoids 2 Chlorophyll a used for deodorant http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8505353_pharmaceutical-microbiology-training.html 1. Sirbu, Rodica,Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology volume 32 August 2008. 2. Daciana, Sava, Pharmaceutical Importance of some multicellular red algae species from the Romanian Black Sea shore. Annals of RSCB Vol XIV, Issue 2.
  • 26. Looking to the future •Not ready for large-scale biofuel use •More research in yields and lipid contents •Cost of production must decrease http://www.flickr.com/photos/robseattle/34083190/
  • 27. Bibliography Algal Turf Scrubbing: Boon or Blip? Timothy M. Beardsley BioScience , Vol. 61, No. 6 (June 2011), p. 423 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Article DOI: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.1 Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.cals.evergreen.edu/stable/10.1525/bio.2011.61.6.1 Biological Treatment of Wastewater Using Algae and Artemia Michael McShan, Norman M. Trieff and Dov Grajcer Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation) , Vol. 46, No. 7 (Jul., 1974), pp. 1742-1750 Published by: Water Environment Federation Article Stable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.cals.evergreen.edu/stable/25038824 Transporation Fuel Consumption: http://www.eia.gov/state/state-energy-profiles-data.cfm?sid=WA#Consumption CO2 per gallon: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/refs.html Life-Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Laurent Lardon, Arnaud Hélias, Bruno Sialve, Jean-Philippe Steyer, and Olivier Bernard Environmental Science & Technology 2009 43 (17), 6475-6481 Dewatering of microalgal cultures: A major bottleneck to algae-based fuels Nyomi Uduman, Ying Qi, Michael K. Danquaha, Gareth M. Forde, and Andrew Hoadley Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia (Received 22 July 2009; accepted 22 December 2009; published online 12 January 2010)