1. Biotechnology

2. What Is Biotechnology?
 Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of
organisms
 Any technique that uses living organisms
or substances from those organisms to
make or modify a product, to improve
plants or animals, or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses

3. What Is Biotechnology?
 GMO- genetically modified organisms.
 GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
 With both, the natural genetic material of
the organism has been altered.
 Roots in bread making, wine brewing,
cheese and yogurt fermentation, and
classical plant and animal breeding

4. What Is Biotechnology?
 Manipulation of genes is called genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA technology
 Genetic engineering involves taking one or
more genes from a location in one organism
and either
 Transferring them to another organism
 Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations

5. What is the career outlook in
biotechnology?
 Biotech in 1998
 1,300 companies in the US
 2/3 have less than 135 employees
 140,000 jobs
 Jobs will continue to increase
exponentially
 Jobs are available to high school graduates
through PhD’s

6. What Subjects Are Involved
With Biotechnology?
 Multidisciplinary- involving a number of
disciplines that are coordinated for a
desired outcome
 Science
 Life sciences
 Physical sciences
 Social sciences

7. What Subjects Are Involved
With Biotechnology?
 Mathematics
 Applied sciences
 Computer applications
 Engineering
 Agriculture

8. What Are the Stages of
Biotechnology Development
 Ancient biotechnology- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
 Classical biotechnology- built on ancient
biotechnology; Fermentation promoted
food production, and medicine
 Modern biotechnology- manipulates
genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering

9. What Are the Areas of
Biotechnology?
 Organismic biotechnology- uses intact
organisms; Does not alter genetic material
 Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic
makeup to achieve specific goals
 Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material

10. What Are the Benefits of
Biotechnology?
 Medicine
 Human
 Veterinary
 Biopharming
 Environment
 Agriculture
 Food products
 Industry and manufacturing

11. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
 Discovered cells
 Bacteria
 Protists
 Red blood

12. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Gregor Johan Mendel
 Discovered genetics

13. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Walter Sutton
 Discovered
Chromosomes

14. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Thomas Hunt Morgan
 Discovered how
genes are transmitted
through chromosomes

15. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Ernst Ruska
 Invented the electron
microscope

16. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Sir Alexander
Fleming
 Discovered penicillin

17. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Rosalind Elsie
Franklin
 Research led to the
discovery of the
double helix structure
of DNA

18. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 James Watson and
Francis Crick
 Discovered DNA

19. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Mary-Claire King
 Mapped human genes
for research of cancer
treatments

20. What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Ian Wilmut
 Created the first true
clone, the Dorset ewe
Dolly

21. What Is Molecular Biology?
 Molecular biology- study of molecules in
cells
 Metabolism- processes by which organisms
use nutrients
 Anabolism- building tissues from smaller
materials
 Catabolism- breaking down materials into
smaller components

22. What Is a Cell?
 Cell- a discrete unit
of life
 Unicellular organism-
organism of one cell
 Multicellular
organism- organism
of many cells
 Prokaryote- cells that
lack specific nucleus
 Eukaryote- cells with
well-defined nucleus

23. What Is a Cell?
 Cells are building blocks:
 Tissue- collection of cells with specific
functions
 Organs- collections of tissues with specific
functions
 Organ systems- collections of organs with
specific functions

24. What Are the Structures in
Molecular Genetics?
 Molecular genetics- study of genes and
how they are expressed
 Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that
contains heredity information and promotes
protein synthesis
 Gene- basic unit of heredity on a
chromosome
 DNA- molecule in a chromosome that
codes genetic information

25. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

26. What Is Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)?
 Transcription- process of RNA production
by DNA
 DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes
DNA information

27. What Is Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)?
 Kinds of RNA:
 mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information
that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein
molecule during translation
 rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal
subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into
proteins
 tRNA- molecules that decode sequence
information in and mRNA
 snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with
to promote formation of mRNA

28. What Are Genetic Engineering
Organisms?
 Genetic engineering- artificially changing
the genetic information in the cells of
organisms
 Transgenic- an organism that has been
genetically modified
 GMO- a genetically modified organism
 GEO- a genetically enhanced organism

29. How Can Genetically Engineered
Plants Be Used?
 Agriculture
 Horticulture
 Forestry
 Environment
 Food Quality

30. How Do We Create Transgenic
Organisms?
 Donor cell- cell that provides DNA
 Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA
 Protocol- procedure for a scientific process
 Three methods used in gene transfer
 Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid
 Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun
 Direct gene transfer- enzymes

31. How Does Agrobacterium Gene
Transfer Work?
1. Extract DNA from donor
2. Cut DNA into fragments
3. Sort DNA fragments
4. Recombine DNA
fragments
5. Transfer plasmids with
bonded DNA
6. Grow transformed
(recipient) cells

32. What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
 Plant breeding- improvement of plants by
breeding selected individuals to achieve
desired goals
 Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety

33. What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
 Plant breeding methods;
 Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among themselves
 Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different
varieties or species
 Hybridization- breeding individuals from
two distinctly different varieties
 Selection

34. Why Are Plants Genetically
Engineered?
 Resist pests
 Resist herbicides
 Improved product quality
 Pharmaceuticals
 Industrial products

35. What Is AI?
 Artificial insemination- the
transfer of collected semen to a
recipient female
 Semen is collected from males of
desired quality
 Semen is graded and stored

36. What Is AI?
 Female must be in estrus for
conception
 Hormone injections may be used
to synchronize estrus
 Semen is placed in the cervix near
the horns of the uterus

37. What Is a Test Tube Baby?
 In vitro fertilization- fertilization of
collected ova outside the reproductive
tract; Usually in a test tube
 Semen is collected from males of
desired quality
 Ova are removed from females
 Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish
or test tube

38. What Is Gender Reversal?
 Gender reversal- changing the sex
of an animal
 Very young animals receive
hormone treatments
 Most common among selected fish
species

39. What Is Gender Preselection?
 Gender preselection- choosing the sex
of offspring
 Sperm sorted before conception
 Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome
differences
 X chromosomes produce female
offspring
 Y chromosomes produce male offspring

40. What Is Embryo Transfer?
 Embryo transfer- removing
fertilized ova (embryos) from
donor and implanting in a
recipient
 Surgical and nonsurgical methods
are used to remove and implant
 A quality donor female can
produce more offspring

41. What Is Multiple Ovulation?
 Multiple ovulation- promoting
increased release of ova during estrus
 Hormone injections administered prior
to estrus
 Used with embryo transfer
 AI may be used to fertilize ova
 After fertilization, embryos are
removed and placed in recipients

42. What Is Cloning?
 Clone- new organism that has been
produced asexually from a single
parent
 Genotype is identical to parent
 Cells or tissues are cultured

43. How Are Hormones Used in
Animal Production?
 Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a
response in another part of the body
 Released by endocrine glands into blood
system
 Hormones are identified, functions
determined, and isolated
 Used to increase growth and production rates
 bST- promotes milk production in cows
 pST- promotes lean meat production in swine

44. What Is Bioremediation?
 Bioremediation- using biological
processes to solve environmental
problems
 Biodegradation- natural processes
of microbes in breaking down
hydrocarbon materials
 Biodegradable- capable of being
decomposed by microbes

45. How Can Bioremediation Be
Used?
 Oil spills
 Wastewater treatment
 Heavy metal removal
 Chemical degradation

46. What Is Phytoremediation?
 Phytoremediation- process of
plants being used to solve
pollution problems
 Plants absorb and break down
pollutants
 Used with heavy metals, pesticides,
explosives, and leachate

47. What Is Composting?
 Composting- a process that promotes
biological decomposition of organic
matter
 Compost bin- a facility that contains
materials for composting
 In-vessel composting- using enclosed
containers for composting

48. What Are Bioethics?
 Ethics- knowing right from wrong,
and then doing the right idea
 Bio- living organisms
 Bioethics- knowing right from wrong
with living organisms, and then doing
the right idea
 http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.Hom

49. Creating Bioethics Arguments
 Read this article from the school
website
http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.Hom
 After you read this article prepare
ethical arguments with at least 5
Scientific and Factual claims to
support your Premise and Conclusion

50. Ethical Arguments
 Create an ethical argument for or
against the following topics
 Human Cloning
 Gender Reversal on Livestock
 Gender Reversal on Humans
 Genetic Engineering of Plants
 Genetic Engineering of Humans

51. Creating a Premise
 “Human cloning is immoral.”
 Now you must find Scientific and
Factual Claims to support your
Premise
 After you have at least 5 Claims, you
may conclude, “Therefore, human
cloning is immoral.”
 You do not have to be for or against
any of the topics, it’s your choice!