Water cycle stages: Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation Runoff Infiltration Accumulation Carbon cycle stages: Photosynthesis Decomposition, Animal & Plant respiration, Soil micro-organisms respiration Partly decomposed plant remains (Coal) Marine Plankton remains

1. Water cycle
&
Carbon cycle

2. Presented by:
Muhammad Sohail Riaz
Presented to
Miss Iqra Munir

4. Water Cycle
• Water is always on the move
• Rain falling where you live may have been water in the
ocean just days before
• And the water you see in a river or stream may have been
snow on a high mountaintop

5. Cont….
• The water cycle is also known as the hydrologic cycle
• Hydro is Latin word which means water

6. Where is water?
• Water can be in the atmosphere, on the land, in the
ocean, and even underground
• It is recycled over and over through the water cycle
• In the cycle, water changes state between liquid, solid
(ice), and gas (water vapor)

7. Stages
• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Runoff

8. Cont…..
• Infiltration
• Accumulation

9. Evaporation
• Evaporation is the process where liquid changes to vapor
form
• Evaporation turns the water that is on the surface of
oceans, rivers, & lakes into water vapor using energy from
the sun

11. Transpiration
• Transpiration is the process when water evaporates from
plants
• Plants lose water through their stems, leaves, and roots
• A fully grown tree may lose several hundred gallons of
water through its leaves on a hot, dry day

13. Condensation
• Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the
air is changed into liquid water
• The water vapor rises in the atmosphere and cools,
forming tiny water droplets by a process called
condensation
• Those water droplets make up clouds

15. Precipitation
• Those water droplets that CONDENSE make up clouds
• If those tiny water droplets combine with each other they
grow larger and eventually become too heavy to stay in
the air
• Then they fall to the ground as rain, snow, and other
types of precipitation

16. Cont….
• Precipitation is the process where water released from
clouds in the form of rain, freezing rain, sleet, snow, or
hail
• It is the primary way water is delivered from the
atmosphere to the Earth

18. Rain drop shapes
• Rain drops are not tear shaped
• They start out in a ball shape, but as they fall they meet
with air resistance, which starts to flatten out the drop
until at about 2-3 mm in diameter the bottom is quite flat
with an indention in the middle - much like a hamburger
bun

19. Cont….
• When raindrops reach about 4-5 mm, things really fall
apart
• At this size, the indentation in the bottom greatly
expands forming something like a parachute with two
smaller droplets at the bottoms

20. Cont…..
• The parachute doesn't last long, though, and the large
drop breaks up into smaller drops

22. Runoff
• The variety of ways by which water moves across the
land
• As it flows, the water may seep into the ground,
evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or
reservoirs, or be extracted for agricultural or other human
uses

24. Infiltration
• Some of the precipitation seeps into the ground and
becomes a part of the groundwater
• Infiltration is the process by which runoff soaks into the
ground

26. Accumulation
• The process in which water pools in large bodies (like
oceans, seas and lakes)
• Most of the water on Earth is in the Ocean

28. Did you know?
• Water stays in certain places longer than others. A drop
of water may spend over 3,000 years in the ocean before
moving on to another part of the water cycle while a
drop of water spends an average of just eight days in the
atmosphere before falling back to Earth

29. Did you know
How many gallons of water fall when 1 inch (2.5 cm)
of rain falls on 1 acre of land?
• 27,154 gallons of water!

30. Extra information
• The world's record for average-annual rainfall belongs to
Mt. Waialeale, Hawaii, where it averages about 450 inches
(38 ft) per year
• The world’s record for least amount of rain goes to
Antofagasta Region, Atacama Desert, Chile at 0 inches in
one year

35. Carbon
• Carbon is virtually important molecule in the carbon
cycle
• Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and other
molecules essential to life contain carbon

36. Cont…..
• Carbon is present in the atmosphere as the gas carbon
dioxide (CO2), which makes up approximately 0.04% of
the atmosphere.
• It is also present in the ocean and fresh water as dissolved
carbon dioxide
• Carbons are also present in rocks such as limestone
(CaCO3)

37. THE CARBON CYCLE
• The global movement of carbon between the abiotic
environment, including the atmosphere and ocean, and
organisms is known as the CARBON CYCLE

38. Stages
• Photosynthesis
• Decomposition, Animal & Plant respiration, Soil micro-organisms
respiration
• Partly decomposed plant remains (Coal)
• Marine Plankton remains

39. Cont…..
• Combustion (Human & Natural)
• Burial & Compaction to form rock(Limestone)
• Erosion of limestone to form dissolved CO2

40. Photosynthesis
• During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
remove Carbon dioxide from the air and fix, or
incorporate it into complex organic compounds such as
glucose
• Photosynthesis incorporates carbon from the abiotic into
the biological compounds of producers

43. Decomposition, Animal & Plant
respiration, Soil micro-organisms
respiration
• Many of the compounds are used as fuel for cellular
respiration by the producer that made them, by a
consumer that eats producer, or by a decomposer that
breaks down the remains of the producer or consumer
• The process of a cellular respiration returns CO2 to the
atmosphere

44. Cont….
• A similar carbon cycle occurs in aquatic ecosystems
between aquatic organisms and dissolved CO2 in water
• The process of photosynthesis incorporates the carbon
atoms from carbon dioxide into sugars
• Animals eat the plants and use the carbon to build their
own tissues

45. Cont….
• Carnivores eat these animals and then use the carbon for
their own needs
• These animals return carbon dioxide into the air when
they breathe, and when they die
• The carbon is returned to the soil during decomposition

48. Partly decomposed plant
remains (Coal)
• Millions of years ago vast coal beds formed from the
bodies of ancient trees that were buried and subjected to
anaerobic conditions before they had fully decayed

50. Marine Plankton remains
• The oils of unicellular marine organisms probably gave
rise to the underground deposits of oil and natural gas
that accumulated in the geologic past
• Coal, oil, and natural gas, called fossil fuels because they
formed from the remains of ancient organisms

51. Cont…..
• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources
• The Earth has a finite or limited supply of these
resources

53. Combustion (Human &
Natural)
• The process of burning or combustion, may return the
carbon in oil, coal, natural gas, and wood to the
atmosphere
• In combustion, organic molecules are rapidly oxidized
(combined with oxygen) and converted to carbon dioxide
and water with release of light and heat

55. Burial & Compaction to form
rock(Limestone)
• An even greater amount of carbon that is stored for
millions of years is incorporated into the shells of marine
organisms
• When these organisms die, their shells sink to the ocean
floor and sediments cover them forming cemented
together to form limestone

57. Erosion of limestone to form
dissolved CO2
• When the process of geologic uplift expose limestone,
chemical and physical weathering processes slowly erode
it away
• This returns carbon to the water and atmosphere where it
is available to participate in the carbon cycle once again

58. Cont……
• Thus, photosynthesis removes carbon from the abiotic
environment and incorporate it into biological molecules
• While, Cellular respiration, combustion, and erosion of
limestone return carbon to the water and atmosphere of
the abiotic environment

61. Why carbon cycle is important?
• Many elements have cycle, but the cycling of carbon
atoms is particularly important because:-
• Through photosynthesis and respiration, it is the way the
earth produces food and other renewal resources
• CO2 plays a key role in trapping heat in the atmosphere -
one of the basic mechanisms behind the greenhouse
effect

62. Cont….
• Carbon plays a central role in combustion
• Through decomposition, it serves as the earth's waste
disposal system
• In addition, the carbon cycle is important because
carbon-containing gases in the atmosphere affect the
earth's climate

63. Cont….
• Increased CO2 in the atmosphere has been responsible
for more than half of the climate warming observed in
recent decades