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Bacterial keratitis 
This document discusses a case of a 23-year-old woman who presented with 4 days of redness, pain and reduced vision in her left eye. Bacterial keratitis is identified as a potential diagnosis that could cause these acute symptoms. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea caused by bacteria that leads to pain, redness, vision loss and other signs if left untreated. Laboratory culture and examination are needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the specific bacteria involved so that appropriate treatment with antibiotics can be started.
POAG AND PACG
POAG and PACG are two major types of glaucoma. POAG is caused by increased intraocular pressure due to improper drainage of fluid from the eye. It progresses slowly and causes damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss over time. PACG occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, often in hyperopic eyes, and can progress more rapidly. Treatment options include medications, laser therapy, and surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and management of glaucoma.
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Glaucoma (opthalmology)
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humour maintains pressure in the eye and normally flows through the anterior chamber, draining out of the eye. In glaucoma, the drainage pathways become blocked, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve. There are several types of glaucoma including open-angle glaucoma, the most common type caused by slow drainage blockage, and closed-angle glaucoma caused by physical blockage of drainage canals. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops or surgery and slow progression of vision loss.
Vitrectomy: Development And Steps
This document provides an overview of vitrectomy, including a brief history, the key steps in a simple vitrectomy procedure, and descriptions of the equipment used. It discusses trocars and cannulas, sclerotomies, illumination sources, viewing systems, vitreous cutters, and vitreous removal. Advantages of smaller gauge vitrectomy instruments are also summarized.
Viral conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis is a common form of pink eye that is highly contagious and spread through sneezing, coughing, or contact with infected individuals or surfaces. It causes watery discharge from the eye, redness, burning, and light sensitivity. While self-limiting, it can be treated with cool compresses, artificial tears, and antihistamines to relieve symptoms until it runs its course. Proper hand washing and avoiding sharing towels or touching the eyes can help prevent spreading the infection.
Strabismus
This document provides information about strabismus (squinting):
- It affects 7.5 million people in the US and an estimated 130-260 million worldwide. Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not properly aligned on the point of focus.
- The anatomy of the extraocular muscles that control eye movement is described, including the actions of the six muscles and their nerve supply.
- Paralytic squints can be caused by neurogenic or myogenic factors. The document discusses third and fourth nerve palsies as examples. Treatment options for strabismus include optical devices, botulinum toxin injections, orthoptic exercises, and surgery.
Keratitis
This document provides an overview of infectious keratitis. Keratitis is an infection of the cornea that is usually caused by contact lens use or trauma. Bacterial keratitis is the most common type and can progress rapidly, threatening vision. Diagnosis involves fluorescein staining and corneal scrapings for analysis. Treatment involves topical antibiotics like fluoroquinolones every hour along with cycloplegics for pain. Other types include fungal, viral like herpes simplex, and rare parasitic infections like acanthamoeba. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are important to prevent vision loss and perforation of the cornea.
Empfohlen
Bacterial keratitis
This document discusses a case of a 23-year-old woman who presented with 4 days of redness, pain and reduced vision in her left eye. Bacterial keratitis is identified as a potential diagnosis that could cause these acute symptoms. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea caused by bacteria that leads to pain, redness, vision loss and other signs if left untreated. Laboratory culture and examination are needed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the specific bacteria involved so that appropriate treatment with antibiotics can be started.
POAG AND PACG
POAG and PACG are two major types of glaucoma. POAG is caused by increased intraocular pressure due to improper drainage of fluid from the eye. It progresses slowly and causes damage to the optic nerve and visual field loss over time. PACG occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, often in hyperopic eyes, and can progress more rapidly. Treatment options include medications, laser therapy, and surgery to lower pressure and prevent further vision loss. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and management of glaucoma.
Hirschberg test
The Hirschberg test provides an objective estimate of the angle of a manifest squint by measuring the deviation of the corneal light reflex from the center of the pupil in the squinting eye when the patient fixates on a point light held 33cm away. Each millimeter of deviation roughly equals 7 degrees of squint, with 15 degrees indicated if the light reflex reaches the pupil border and 45 degrees if it reaches the limbus.
Glaucoma (opthalmology)
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humour maintains pressure in the eye and normally flows through the anterior chamber, draining out of the eye. In glaucoma, the drainage pathways become blocked, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve. There are several types of glaucoma including open-angle glaucoma, the most common type caused by slow drainage blockage, and closed-angle glaucoma caused by physical blockage of drainage canals. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops or surgery and slow progression of vision loss.
Vitrectomy: Development And Steps
This document provides an overview of vitrectomy, including a brief history, the key steps in a simple vitrectomy procedure, and descriptions of the equipment used. It discusses trocars and cannulas, sclerotomies, illumination sources, viewing systems, vitreous cutters, and vitreous removal. Advantages of smaller gauge vitrectomy instruments are also summarized.
Viral conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis is a common form of pink eye that is highly contagious and spread through sneezing, coughing, or contact with infected individuals or surfaces. It causes watery discharge from the eye, redness, burning, and light sensitivity. While self-limiting, it can be treated with cool compresses, artificial tears, and antihistamines to relieve symptoms until it runs its course. Proper hand washing and avoiding sharing towels or touching the eyes can help prevent spreading the infection.
Strabismus
This document provides information about strabismus (squinting):
- It affects 7.5 million people in the US and an estimated 130-260 million worldwide. Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not properly aligned on the point of focus.
- The anatomy of the extraocular muscles that control eye movement is described, including the actions of the six muscles and their nerve supply.
- Paralytic squints can be caused by neurogenic or myogenic factors. The document discusses third and fourth nerve palsies as examples. Treatment options for strabismus include optical devices, botulinum toxin injections, orthoptic exercises, and surgery.
Keratitis
This document provides an overview of infectious keratitis. Keratitis is an infection of the cornea that is usually caused by contact lens use or trauma. Bacterial keratitis is the most common type and can progress rapidly, threatening vision. Diagnosis involves fluorescein staining and corneal scrapings for analysis. Treatment involves topical antibiotics like fluoroquinolones every hour along with cycloplegics for pain. Other types include fungal, viral like herpes simplex, and rare parasitic infections like acanthamoeba. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are important to prevent vision loss and perforation of the cornea.
Episcleritis
Episcleritis is a benign inflammation of the tissues beneath the conjunctiva and above the sclera. It commonly affects both eyes and is more frequent in young adults and females. Episcleritis can be idiopathic or associated with systemic diseases. Clinically, episcleritis presents as redness of the eye with mild pain or discomfort. Treatment involves lubricants and topical or oral anti-inflammatory drugs.
Amblyopia (lazy eye)
Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a vision development disorder where vision in one eye is reduced if not treated early in childhood. There are several types of amblyopia including strabismus, stimulus deprivation, anisometropic, isoametropic, and meridional amblyopia. Risk factors include premature birth, small size at birth, family history, and developmental disabilities. Treatment involves occlusion therapy to force use of the weaker eye, removing any opacity in the media, and correcting any refractive errors. If left untreated, amblyopia can cause permanent vision loss.
Neovascular glaucoma
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Gonioscopy
This document discusses gonioscopy, a clinical technique used to examine the anterior chamber angle. It defines gonioscopy and describes the purpose of performing it, which is to visualize important angle structures. Two main types are described - direct gonioscopy using specialized lenses, and indirect gonioscopy using gonioprisms and a slit lamp. Various lenses and prisms used for each type are outlined. The document also covers gonioscopy techniques, grading systems for angle width, common angle structures seen, and clinical uses of gonioscopy examinations.
Anterior uveitis - SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
how is anterior uveitis caused?
how can we treat anterior uveitis?
different classification of anterior uveitis?
Diagnosis of glaucoma
This document discusses different types of glaucoma including open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma. It outlines the diagnostic criteria and tests used to diagnose glaucoma, including tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, and perimetry. Key signs and symptoms of open angle glaucoma include slowly progressive vision loss, cupping of the optic disc, and visual field defects. Closed angle glaucoma presents more acutely with eye pain, redness, nausea and elevated eye pressure. Gonioscopy is used to examine the anterior chamber angle.
Retinal detachment
This document discusses retinal detachment, which occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue. The most common type, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, results from a tear or break in the retina that allows fluid to seep in. Symptoms include floaters, visual field defects, and flashes of light. Diagnosis involves examinations of the eye and ultrasound. Treatment depends on the type but generally aims to seal retinal breaks, relieve traction, and reattach the retina using procedures like cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, pneumatic retinopexy using gas bubbles, or vitrectomy surgery to remove the vitreous gel.
Epiphora
Epiphora is caused by impairment of lacrimal drainage leading to excess tearing. It can be due to anatomical issues obstructing tear drainage pathways or functional issues with the lacrimal pump. Common anatomical causes include punctal, canalicular, lacrimal sac, or nasolacrimal duct obstructions from congenital abnormalities, infections, trauma, tumors, or other conditions. A patient's history and external/slit lamp exams can provide clues to the cause. Diagnostic tests like dye disappearance tests, probing, and imaging help localize the obstruction. Treatment targets restoring drainage or reducing tear production depending on the underlying etiology.
Ocular side effects of systemic drugs
This document discusses the ocular side effects of various systemic drugs. It begins by explaining how drug molecules can reach ocular tissues through blood circulation. It then discusses three major drug accumulation sites - the cornea, lens, and vitreous. Specific drugs like chloroquine, amiodarone, and chlorpromazine are mentioned as examples of drugs that can cause corneal side effects like keratopathy. Steroids, chlorpromazine, and allopurinol are provided as examples of drugs that may cause lens side effects like cataracts. Finally, various drugs like antimalarials, phenothiazines, tamoxifen, and interferon-alpha are discussed in relation to potential retinal side effects they
Red eye
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and approach to evaluating red eye. It begins by listing conjunctivitis, scleritis, ocular foreign body, and angle closure glaucoma as possible causes of red eye. For acute onset painful red eye, common unilateral causes include corneal abrasion, foreign body, and trauma, while bilateral causes include chemical injury, contact lenses, dry eyes, and allergies. Acute painless unilateral red eye may be viral conjunctivitis or subconjunctival hemorrhage, while bilateral causes are blepharitis and allergies. Chronic red eye may result from blepharitis, dry eye, conjunctivitis, contact lenses, or thyroid eye disease.
Case presentation - Corneal ulcers and dystrophies
This document presents two clinical case analyses:
Case 1 involves a 66-year-old female diagnosed with Stage 1 Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy in her left eye. She has a history of cataract surgery and is experiencing decreased vision. Her examination shows guttata lesions and corneal edema. She is being managed medically with dehydrating eye drops.
Case 2 involves a 19-year-old male with a red, irritated right eye for two days. He wears monthly contact lenses and felt dryness previously. Examination reveals a paracentral corneal ulcer that is being treated with antibiotics and NSAIDs. Follow up shows the ulcer remains the same size but discomfort decreased.
ROP
This document summarizes a presentation on the case of a premature infant with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) involving both eyes. The infant showed slow progression of extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation (ERP) in multiple parallel arcs. Treatment options were discussed, including treating the right eye and monitoring the left eye. The presence of isolated neovascular tufts ("popcorn") was noted to potentially increase risk of progression. Costs of treatment and hospitalization were also reviewed.
ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF CORNEAL ULCER
Corneal ulcer is a discontinuation of the normal corneal epithelial surface associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue, characterized pathologically by edema and cellular infiltration. It can be classified based on location, purulence, association with hypopyon, depth, and slough formation. Common bacterial causes include Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fungal keratitis is associated with filamentous fungi like Aspergillus. Herpes simplex virus causes infectious epithelial keratitis manifesting as dendritic or geographic ulcers. Mooren's ulcer is a severe, peripheral ulcerative keratitis of unknown etiology.
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
This document discusses Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), which is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Key points include:
- HZO can affect any ocular or adnexal tissues and is characterized by a unilateral vesicular rash in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a common complication and risk increases with age.
- Treatment with antivirals is more effective at preventing ocular complications compared to placebo.
- HZO is an important early marker for AIDS and causes more severe and prolonged ocular involvement in immunocompromised
Conjunctivitis final presentation
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria, viruses, allergens, or chemicals. There are five main types defined by their causes. Symptoms include redness, tearing, thick discharge, itching, and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the cause, but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or avoiding allergens. It is highly contagious and spreads easily between people and objects. Proper hygiene can help prevent transmission.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Often called "pink eye".
Squint
This document defines and classifies different types of squint, including:
- Latent squint (heterophoria), where the eyes have a tendency to deviate but remain aligned with fusion.
- Manifest squint (heterotropia), where there is a visible misalignment of the eyes. This includes concomitant squint, where the deviation is the same in all directions of gaze, and paralytic squint, where the deviation varies with gaze direction.
- The causes, signs, and treatments of different types of squint are described, including exercises, optical correction, amblyopia therapy
Keratoplasty
This document discusses different types of keratoplasty procedures including penetrating keratoplasty, lamellar keratoplasty, and Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty. Penetrating keratoplasty involves replacing the entire diseased cornea and is used for conditions involving all corneal layers. Lamellar keratoplasty replaces only partial layers of the cornea. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty removes tissue to the level of Descemet's membrane while Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty only replaces the diseased endothelium and Descemet's membrane through a small incision.
Diseases of conjunctiva
The document provides information about the conjunctiva and conjunctivitis (pink eye). It defines the conjunctiva as the thin membrane that covers the eye and inner eyelid. It has two segments: the bulbar conjunctiva covers the eyeball, while the palpebral conjunctiva covers the inner eyelid. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be caused by allergies, bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or trachoma. Symptoms include redness, discharge, irritation and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or surgery. Good hygiene and sanitation can help prevent infectious types.
Uveitis
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis can be classified based on the location of inflammation as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis. Common causes include infection, autoimmune disorders, and malignancy. Symptoms include eye redness, pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. Diagnosis involves examination with a slit lamp and tests to identify underlying causes. Treatment focuses on managing inflammation with corticosteroids and treating any underlying condition. Complications can include cataracts, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, hypotony, and retinal detachment if uve
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Episcleritis
Episcleritis is a benign inflammation of the tissues beneath the conjunctiva and above the sclera. It commonly affects both eyes and is more frequent in young adults and females. Episcleritis can be idiopathic or associated with systemic diseases. Clinically, episcleritis presents as redness of the eye with mild pain or discomfort. Treatment involves lubricants and topical or oral anti-inflammatory drugs.
Amblyopia (lazy eye)
Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a vision development disorder where vision in one eye is reduced if not treated early in childhood. There are several types of amblyopia including strabismus, stimulus deprivation, anisometropic, isoametropic, and meridional amblyopia. Risk factors include premature birth, small size at birth, family history, and developmental disabilities. Treatment involves occlusion therapy to force use of the weaker eye, removing any opacity in the media, and correcting any refractive errors. If left untreated, amblyopia can cause permanent vision loss.
Neovascular glaucoma
This document discusses neovascular glaucoma, also known as rubeotic glaucoma. It begins by defining the terminology and describing the clinical features. The main causes of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion, and carotid artery occlusive disease, all of which result in ocular tissue hypoxia. This hypoxia leads to the release of angiogenic factors like vascular endothelial growth factor that induce new blood vessel growth on the iris and in the anterior chamber angle, causing glaucoma. Later sections discuss theories of neovasculogenesis, angiogenic and vasoinhibitory factors, clinical course, differential diagnosis, medical management, and surgical options.
Gonioscopy
This document discusses gonioscopy, a clinical technique used to examine the anterior chamber angle. It defines gonioscopy and describes the purpose of performing it, which is to visualize important angle structures. Two main types are described - direct gonioscopy using specialized lenses, and indirect gonioscopy using gonioprisms and a slit lamp. Various lenses and prisms used for each type are outlined. The document also covers gonioscopy techniques, grading systems for angle width, common angle structures seen, and clinical uses of gonioscopy examinations.
Anterior uveitis - SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT
how is anterior uveitis caused?
how can we treat anterior uveitis?
different classification of anterior uveitis?
Diagnosis of glaucoma
This document discusses different types of glaucoma including open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma. It outlines the diagnostic criteria and tests used to diagnose glaucoma, including tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, and perimetry. Key signs and symptoms of open angle glaucoma include slowly progressive vision loss, cupping of the optic disc, and visual field defects. Closed angle glaucoma presents more acutely with eye pain, redness, nausea and elevated eye pressure. Gonioscopy is used to examine the anterior chamber angle.
Retinal detachment
This document discusses retinal detachment, which occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue. The most common type, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, results from a tear or break in the retina that allows fluid to seep in. Symptoms include floaters, visual field defects, and flashes of light. Diagnosis involves examinations of the eye and ultrasound. Treatment depends on the type but generally aims to seal retinal breaks, relieve traction, and reattach the retina using procedures like cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, pneumatic retinopexy using gas bubbles, or vitrectomy surgery to remove the vitreous gel.
Epiphora
Epiphora is caused by impairment of lacrimal drainage leading to excess tearing. It can be due to anatomical issues obstructing tear drainage pathways or functional issues with the lacrimal pump. Common anatomical causes include punctal, canalicular, lacrimal sac, or nasolacrimal duct obstructions from congenital abnormalities, infections, trauma, tumors, or other conditions. A patient's history and external/slit lamp exams can provide clues to the cause. Diagnostic tests like dye disappearance tests, probing, and imaging help localize the obstruction. Treatment targets restoring drainage or reducing tear production depending on the underlying etiology.
Ocular side effects of systemic drugs
This document discusses the ocular side effects of various systemic drugs. It begins by explaining how drug molecules can reach ocular tissues through blood circulation. It then discusses three major drug accumulation sites - the cornea, lens, and vitreous. Specific drugs like chloroquine, amiodarone, and chlorpromazine are mentioned as examples of drugs that can cause corneal side effects like keratopathy. Steroids, chlorpromazine, and allopurinol are provided as examples of drugs that may cause lens side effects like cataracts. Finally, various drugs like antimalarials, phenothiazines, tamoxifen, and interferon-alpha are discussed in relation to potential retinal side effects they
Red eye
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and approach to evaluating red eye. It begins by listing conjunctivitis, scleritis, ocular foreign body, and angle closure glaucoma as possible causes of red eye. For acute onset painful red eye, common unilateral causes include corneal abrasion, foreign body, and trauma, while bilateral causes include chemical injury, contact lenses, dry eyes, and allergies. Acute painless unilateral red eye may be viral conjunctivitis or subconjunctival hemorrhage, while bilateral causes are blepharitis and allergies. Chronic red eye may result from blepharitis, dry eye, conjunctivitis, contact lenses, or thyroid eye disease.
Case presentation - Corneal ulcers and dystrophies
This document presents two clinical case analyses:
Case 1 involves a 66-year-old female diagnosed with Stage 1 Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy in her left eye. She has a history of cataract surgery and is experiencing decreased vision. Her examination shows guttata lesions and corneal edema. She is being managed medically with dehydrating eye drops.
Case 2 involves a 19-year-old male with a red, irritated right eye for two days. He wears monthly contact lenses and felt dryness previously. Examination reveals a paracentral corneal ulcer that is being treated with antibiotics and NSAIDs. Follow up shows the ulcer remains the same size but discomfort decreased.
ROP
This document summarizes a presentation on the case of a premature infant with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) involving both eyes. The infant showed slow progression of extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation (ERP) in multiple parallel arcs. Treatment options were discussed, including treating the right eye and monitoring the left eye. The presence of isolated neovascular tufts ("popcorn") was noted to potentially increase risk of progression. Costs of treatment and hospitalization were also reviewed.
ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF CORNEAL ULCER
Corneal ulcer is a discontinuation of the normal corneal epithelial surface associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue, characterized pathologically by edema and cellular infiltration. It can be classified based on location, purulence, association with hypopyon, depth, and slough formation. Common bacterial causes include Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fungal keratitis is associated with filamentous fungi like Aspergillus. Herpes simplex virus causes infectious epithelial keratitis manifesting as dendritic or geographic ulcers. Mooren's ulcer is a severe, peripheral ulcerative keratitis of unknown etiology.
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus
This document discusses Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), which is caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Key points include:
- HZO can affect any ocular or adnexal tissues and is characterized by a unilateral vesicular rash in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
- Postherpetic neuralgia is a common complication and risk increases with age.
- Treatment with antivirals is more effective at preventing ocular complications compared to placebo.
- HZO is an important early marker for AIDS and causes more severe and prolonged ocular involvement in immunocompromised
Conjunctivitis final presentation
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by bacteria, viruses, allergens, or chemicals. There are five main types defined by their causes. Symptoms include redness, tearing, thick discharge, itching, and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the cause, but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or avoiding allergens. It is highly contagious and spreads easily between people and objects. Proper hygiene can help prevent transmission.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Often called "pink eye".
Squint
This document defines and classifies different types of squint, including:
- Latent squint (heterophoria), where the eyes have a tendency to deviate but remain aligned with fusion.
- Manifest squint (heterotropia), where there is a visible misalignment of the eyes. This includes concomitant squint, where the deviation is the same in all directions of gaze, and paralytic squint, where the deviation varies with gaze direction.
- The causes, signs, and treatments of different types of squint are described, including exercises, optical correction, amblyopia therapy
Keratoplasty
This document discusses different types of keratoplasty procedures including penetrating keratoplasty, lamellar keratoplasty, and Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty. Penetrating keratoplasty involves replacing the entire diseased cornea and is used for conditions involving all corneal layers. Lamellar keratoplasty replaces only partial layers of the cornea. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty removes tissue to the level of Descemet's membrane while Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty only replaces the diseased endothelium and Descemet's membrane through a small incision.
Diseases of conjunctiva
The document provides information about the conjunctiva and conjunctivitis (pink eye). It defines the conjunctiva as the thin membrane that covers the eye and inner eyelid. It has two segments: the bulbar conjunctiva covers the eyeball, while the palpebral conjunctiva covers the inner eyelid. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva that can be caused by allergies, bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or trachoma. Symptoms include redness, discharge, irritation and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the cause but may include antibiotics, antivirals, or surgery. Good hygiene and sanitation can help prevent infectious types.
Uveitis
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uvea, which is the middle layer of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis can be classified based on the location of inflammation as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis. Common causes include infection, autoimmune disorders, and malignancy. Symptoms include eye redness, pain, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. Diagnosis involves examination with a slit lamp and tests to identify underlying causes. Treatment focuses on managing inflammation with corticosteroids and treating any underlying condition. Complications can include cataracts, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema, hypotony, and retinal detachment if uve
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Case presentation - Corneal ulcers and dystrophies
Case presentation - Corneal ulcers and dystrophies
ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF CORNEAL ULCER
ETIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF CORNEAL ULCER