Chapter 1 Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursin.docx

Chapter 1:
Theoretical Foundations
of Transcultural Nursing
Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins
Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
1
Transcultural Nursing #1
The blending of nursing and anthropology into an area of
specialization within the discipline of nursing
Conceptualized by Dr. Leininger
A formal area of study that uses the concepts of culture and
caring
Transcultural nursing (TCN) is a nursing specialty focused on
the comparative study and analysis of cultures and subcultures.
It examines these groups with respect to their:
Caring behavior

Nursing care
Health–illness values and beliefs
Patterns of behavior
3
Transcultural nursing’s goal is to:
Develop a scientific and humanistic body of knowledge in
order to provide nursing care that is both
Culture specific
Culture universal
4
Culture-specific refers to:
Particular values, beliefs, and patterns of behavior that
tend to be special or unique to a group and do not tend to
be shared with members of other cultures
Culture-universal refers to:
The commonly shared values, norms of behavior, and life
patterns that are similarly held among cultures about human
behavior and lifestyles

5
Question #1
Is the following statement true or false?
Methods, rules, guidelines, and patterns of behavior about food
practices can be described as culture-specific.
Answer to Question #1
True
Rationale: The need for food is a culture-universal.
Culture-specific determines methods, rules, guidelines, and
patterns of behavior. For example, items that are considered to
be edible; acceptable methods used to prepare and eat meals;
rules concerning who eats with whom, the frequency of meals,
etc.
Anthropology:
The study of humans including their:
Origins
Behavior
Social relationships
Physical and mental characteristics

Customs
Development through time and in all places in the world
8
Culture (as defined by Leininger) the “learned, shared, and
transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular
group of people that guide thinking, decisions, and actions in a
patterned way…
Culture is the blueprint that provides the broadest and most
comprehensive means to know, explain, and predict people’s
lifeways over time and in different geographic locations.”
9
Influences a person’s definition of health and illness
Oftentimes connotes a person’s racial or ethnic background.
Culture also encompasses:
Socioeconomic status
Ability or disability
Sexual orientation
Age
Occupation or profession

Ethnicity
The perception of oneself and a sense of belonging to a
particular ethnic group or groups. It can also mean feeling that
one does not belong to any group because of multiethnicity.
Currently five classifications; however, some people may
identify with more than one ethnicity/race.
Race
Refers to a group of people who share such genetically
transmitted traits as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape
or color.
Races are arbitrary classifications that lack definitional clarity;
all cultures have their own ways of categorizing or classifying
their members.
Historical and Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing
Transcultural nursing:
Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger, nurse anthropologist
Initial conception in the 1950s
Formal creation as a specialty and new discipline within the

profession in the 1960s−1970s
Nurse scholars have generated a substantial and important body
of theoretical, research, and evidence-based knowledge in TCN,
which is ongoing.
13
Question #2
Transcultural nursing has been formally considered a nursing
specialty since 2000.
14
False
Rationale: Transcultural nursing was formally considered as a
specialty and new discipline within the profession in the 1960s
and 1970s.

15
Leininger’s Contribution to Transcultural Nursing #1
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Focuses on describing, explaining, and predicting nursing
similarities and differences focused primarily on human care
and caring in human cultures
Sunrise Enabler
Visual representation of the concepts of her theory. Based on
the concept of cultural care that guides nursing judgments and
activities to provide culturally congruent care
16
Leininger’s Sunrise Enabler
Leininger’s Contribution to Transcultural Nursing #2
Established the Transcultural Nursing Society (TCNS)

TCNS Newsletter
Created the Journal of Transcultural Nursing (JTN) and served
as founding editor
Established the first master’s and doctoral programs in nursing
with a theoretical and research focus in TCN
Created a new qualitative research method called enthnonursing
research to investigate phenomena of interest in TCN
18
Question #3
Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger authored both conceptual
frameworks, the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and
Universality and the Sunrise Model.
19
True
Rationale: Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger is credited with
authoring both of these conceptual frameworks related to
transcultural nursing.

20
Advancements in Transcultural Nursing #1
Expanded models by nursing scholars:
Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model
Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in the
Delivery of Healthcare Services
21
Advancements in Transcultural Nursing #2
The Core Curriculum has been established to support TCN
practice with a core base of knowledge.
Used in a variety of practice settings.
Two certifications offered in TCN, basic and advanced.
Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP)

Model #1
A new model, uses the scientific process for delivering
culturally congruent, quality care to people from diverse
backgrounds across the life span
Facilitates the delivery of nursing and health care consistent
with cultural beliefs and practices of clients from diverse
backgrounds
Provides a conceptual framework to guide nurses in the delivery
of culturally congruent care that is theoretically sound
23
TIP Model #2
Components of the model; the context from which people's
health-related values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices emerge:
Interprofessional Health Care Team
Communication
Problem Solving
TIP Model #3
Interprofessional Health Care Team
Client at its core

May also include: Family and support persons, other
healthcare personnel, traditional, folk and religious
healers
All providers working together to deliver the highest
quality of care
A partnership among client and providers that
establishes trust, collaboration, cooperation, and
communication
25
TIP Model #4
Communication
Verbal—spoken word, language (over 6,000 worldwide), tone
of voice, abbreviations, idioms
Nonverbal—how people convey meaning without words.
Facial expressions, gestures, posture, physical distance,
silence, eye contact
Mixed—modesty, technology assisted
26
TIP Model #5

Problem solving
Guides health care teams in determining what the client needs
to obtain optimal well-being and health.
Comprehensive assessment skills
Mutual goal setting
Planning care
Implementing care
Evaluation of care to achieve the goals of:
Culturally congruent, competent, quality care based on evidence
and best practice
27
TIP Model #6
28
TIP Model #7
Proficiency in using the problem-solving process requires time
and repeated simulated and/or clinical experiences.
Developing competence is uneven and nonlinear, as is the
process of developing cultural competence.

Question #4
Which of the following is an example of verbal communication?
Avoiding eye contact
Nodding to convey understanding
Speaking another language
Arms folded and legs crossed
30
C. Speaking another language
Rationale: Speaking another language is a verbal
communication method. This is an example of the spoken word
versus nonverbal communication, which is conveying meaning
without words.

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