Primera parte de los apuntes del curso de Ingeniería de Software (UTM 2071)

1. 1. Introducción a la
Ingeniería de Software
Ingeniería de Software
UTM 2071
Marzo 2015
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2. 1.1 Importancia del
Software
La importancia del software en nuestros días es innegable:
todas y cada una de nuestras actividades dependen, de
cierta medida, al software que nos rodea.
¿Quién hace el software que usamos? ¿Cómo se
desarrolla? ¿Qué se necesita para poder desarrollar
software de calidad que resuelvan los problemas que nos
rodean? ¿Hay suficiente software? ¿Necesitamos más y
mejor software?
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3. –President Barack Obama
moveForward(100);
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4. hourofcode.com
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5. 1.2 Evolución y Características del Software
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6. How Code Has Changed Since The Apollo 11 Moon Landing
http://readwrite.com/2014/07/21/how-computer-code-
has-changed-since-apollo-11-landed-on-the-moon
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7. Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution
1 The law of continuing change. -- Any software system used in the real-world must change or become less and
less useful in that environment.
2 The law of increasing complexity. -- As time flows forwards, entropy increases. That is, as a program evolves, its
structure will become more complex. Just as in physics, this effect can, through great cost, be negated in the short term.
3 The law of large program evolution. -- Program evolution is a self-regulating process and measurements of
system attributes such as size, time between releases, number of reported errors, etc., reveal statistically significant
trends and invariances.
4 The law of organisational stability. -- Over the lifetime of a program, the rate of development of that program is
approximately constant and independent of the resources devoted to system development.
5 The law of conservation of familiarity. -- Over the lifetime of a system, the incremental system change in each
release is approximately constant.
(Lehman, M., (1980), "Programs, life cycles and the laws of software evolution," Proc. IEEE, 15 (3).)
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8. Características del Software
In order to answer this question, this lesson introduces some common
software quality characteristics. Six of the most important quality
characteristics are maintainability, correctness, reusability, reliability,
portability, and efficiency.
Online CS Modules: Software Quality Characteristics
courses.cs.vt.edu/~csonline/SE/Lessons/Qualities/index.html
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9. Margaret Hamilton
Margaret Hamilton, the Engineer Who
Took the Apollo to the Moon
https://medium.com/@verne/margaret-
hamilton-the-engineer-who-took-the-apollo-to-
the-moon-7d550c73d3fa
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10. Software Quality Triangle
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11. Características Operativas
a) Correctness: The software which we are making should meet all the specifications stated by the customer.
b) Usability/Learnability: The amount of efforts or time required to learn how to use the software should be less. This makes the software user-
friendly even for IT-illiterate people.
c) Integrity : Just like medicines have side-effects, in the same way a software may have a side-effect i.e. it may affect the working of another
application. But a quality software should not have side effects.
d) Reliability : The software product should not have any defects. Not only this, it shouldn't fail while execution.
e) Efficiency : This characteristic relates to the way software uses the available resources. The software should make effective use of the storage
space and execute command as per desired timing requirements.
f) Security : With the increase in security threats nowadays, this factor is gaining importance. The software shouldn't have ill effects on data /
hardware. Proper measures should be taken to keep data secure from external threats.
g) Safety : The software should not be hazardous to the environment/life.
Keep Reading : http://www.ianswer4u.com/2011/10/characteristics-of-good-software.html#ixzz3TRmYFJ8n
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12. Características de Revisión
a) Maintainability : Maintenance of the software should be easy for any kind of user.
b) Flexibility : Changes in the software should be easy to make.
c) Extensibility : It should be easy to increase the functions performed by it.
d) Scalability : It should be very easy to upgrade it for more work(or for more number of users).
e) Testability : Testing the software should be easy.
f) Modularity : Any software is said to made of units and modules which are independent of each other. These
modules are then integrated to make the final software. If the software is divided into separate independent
parts that can be modified, tested separately, it has high modularity.
Keep Reading : http://www.ianswer4u.com/2011/10/characteristics-of-good-software.html#ixzz3TRmwz72n
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13. Características de Transición
a) Interoperability : Interoperability is the ability of software to exchange information with other
applications and make use of information transparently.
b) Usability/Learnability: The amount of efforts or time required to learn how to use the software
should be less. This makes the software user-friendly even for IT-illiterate people.
b) Reusability : If we are able to use the software code with some modifications for different purpose
then we call software to be reusable.
c)Portability : The ability of software to perform same functions across all environments and platforms,
demonstrate its portability.
Keep Reading : http://www.ianswer4u.com/2011/10/characteristics-of-good-software.html#ixzz3TRnIamR6
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14. 1.3 Tipos de Software
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15. Clasificación de Software
http://www.multiwingspan.co.uk/as2.php?page=soft
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Development Software
(4 generaciones)
List of software categories
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_software_categories
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16. –Edsger Dijkstra, The Humble Programmer (EWD340), Communications of the ACM.
“The major cause of the software crisis is that the machines have
become several orders of magnitude more powerful! To put it quite
bluntly: as long as there were no machines, programming was no
problem at all; when we had a few weak computers, programming
became a mild problem, and now we have gigantic computers,
programming has become an equally gigantic problem.”
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1.4 La Crisis del Software

17. Características de la Crisis del Software
• Projects running over-budget.
• Projects running over-time.
• Software was very inefficient.
• Software was of low quality.
• Software often did not meet requirements.
• Projects were unmanageable and code difficult to maintain.
• Software was never delivered.
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18. ¿Por qué la Crisis del Software?
❖ A malady that has carried on this long must be called normal (Booch, p. 8)
❖ Software system requirements are moving targets
❖ There may not be enough good developers around to create all the new
software that users need
❖ A significant portion of developers time must often be dedicated to the
maintenance or preservation of geriatric software
The Software Crisis
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ziv/ooad/intro_to_se/tsld010.htm
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19. Why Do We Still Have Software Development Problems?
Improving Software Development Productivity: Effective Leadership and
Quantitative Methods in Software Management
By Randall W. Jensen
http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2246403
Tarea 1: ¿Por qué tenemos todavía problemas en el desarrollo de software?
Fecha de Entrega: Martes 17 de Marzo, hora de clase
Valor: 20% del 1er Examen Parcial
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20. 1.5 Definición de Ingeniería de Software
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21. 1.5 Definición de Ingeniería de Software
❖ Software engineering may be defined as
❖ the study of software process, development principles, techniques and notations
❖ the production of quality software, that is delivered on time, within budget, and
adequately meets its users needs and expectations
❖ the disciplined application of engineering, scientific and mathematical
principles and methods in the economical production of quality software
Ziv Research and Consulting
http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ziv/ooad/intro_to_se/index.htm
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22. Ingeniería de Software vs Programación
❖ A Programmer writes a complete program
❖ a software engineer writes a software component that will be combined with components written
by other software engineers to build a system
❖ the component one writes may be modified by others
❖ it may be used by others to build different versions of the system long after one has left the project
❖ Programming is primarily a personal activity
❖ Software engineering is essentially a team activity
❖ Programming is just one aspect of software development
❖ Large software systems must be developed similar to other engineering practices
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23. 1.6 Paradigmas de Desarrollo de Software
1. Built and Fix model
2. Waterfall y Modified Waterfall models
3. Rapid Prototyping
4. Boehm’s Spiral Model
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24. Métodos Ágiles de Desarrollo
Manifesto for Agile Software Development (2001)
❖ Individuals and interactions over Processes and tools
❖ Working software over Comprehensive documentation
❖ Customer collaboration over Contract negotiation
❖ Responding to change over Following a plan
An Introduction to Agile Software Development
http://www.serena.com/docs/repository/solutions/intro-to-agile-devel.pdf
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25. Agile Manifesto
1 Customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of useful software
2 Welcome changing requirements, even late in development
3 Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months)
4 Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers
5 Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted
6 Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (co-location)
7 Working software is the principal measure of progress
8 Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace
9 Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design
10 Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential
11 Self-organizing teams
12 Regular adaptation to changing circumstance
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26. Método de Cascada
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27. Desarrollo Ágil Genérico
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28. Dos Métodos de Ejemplo
❖ XP (Extreme Programming) ❖ Scrum
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29. 1.7 Herramientas CASE
❖ CASE (computer-aided software engineering) is the use of a computer-
assisted method to organize and control the development of software,
especially on large, complex projects involving many software components
and people.
❖ From the development, system design, coding, through to the testing and
maintenance, these computerized tools can be used throughout the life-cycle
of software to ensure that the finished product is of high quality, with minimal
defect, and in the most time-efficient and cost-effective manner possible.
❖ Utilizing CASE tools help make this possible for software developers.
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30. Beneficios de las herramientas CASE
❖ Some of the benefits of CASE and similar approaches are that, by making the
customer part of the process (through market analysis and focus groups, for
example), a product is more likely to meet real-world requirements.
❖ Because the development process emphasizes testing and redesign, the cost
of servicing a product over its lifetime can be reduced considerably. An
organized approach to development encourages code and design reuse,
reducing costs and improving quality.
❖ Finally, quality products tend to improve a corporation's image, providing a
competitive advantage in the marketplace.
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31. Clasificación de Herramientas CASE
Upper CASE
•requirements
•specification
•planning
•design
Lower CASE
•implementation
•integration
•maintenance
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