4. Broca Aphasia
Aphasia is defined by Webster's
Dictionary as a "loss or impairment of
the power to use or comprehend words
usually resulting from brain damage."
6. Cerebello-Olivary Degeneration of
Holmes
This is a rare, autosomally-inherited
disease that leads to the
progressive degeneration of the
cerebellar cortex and the inferior
olivary nucleus within the
medulla. Onset is generally in the
fourth decade. The disease results
in ataxic gait, dysarthria, and tremor
of the limbs.
8. Choroid Plexus Papilloma
These tumors form most commonly in
the fourth ventricle and mainly affect
children during the first year of life.
Another problem that can occur with the
choroid plexus is that a cyst(s) can form
within it.
9. Huntington Disease
This is an autosomally-
inherited, dominant disorder in
which the patient begins to exhibit
symptoms in the third to fourth
decades.
11. Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
This syndrome has only really been seen in
experimental monkeys. If part of the temporal
lobes are removed the monkey cannot
recognize objects (visual agnosia). These
monkeys exhibit bizarre oral behaviors such
as sticking things in their mouths that normal
monkeys would have nothing to do with. They
also become hyperactive and hypersexual
making physical contact with almost anything
in their environment. Wild, fearful and
aggressive monkeys become tame and
showed no fear when handled by humans or
12. Locked-In Syndrome
This syndrome is due to stroke, tumor or
trauma to the ventral part of the rostral
pons. Lesions there render the
individual quadriplegic, unable to speak
and incapable of facial movement. One
would think these individuals were in a
coma except that they are able to move
their eyes and if given an eye
communicating device they can
communicate.
14. Parkinson Disease
Parkinson disease (PD) is
characterized by a slowing of
voluntary
movements, bradykinesia, muscular
rigidity and tremor at rest.
16. Parinaud Syndrome
Also called dorsal midbrain or
collicular syndrome, this disorder is
characterized by an upward fixed
gaze and pupils.
17. Pituitary Adenoma
These tumors are benign and are
usually composed of secretory cells
from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
Secondary effects of tumor growth can
lead to compression of the optic
chiasm which has a position slightly
above and in front of the pituitary
gland. Such damage leads to visual
difficulties.
18. Tourette Syndrome
This syndrome begins in childhood and
manifests itself through various forms of tics. .
The cause of Tourette syndrome is not
known, but it is believed to have a genetic
component. A total absence of the protein
dynorphin in the striatal fibers of the globus
pallidus is found in some patients. Other
studies have shown a deficit in the uptake or
release of dopamine and serotonin at
synapses.
19. Wallenberg Syndrome
This syndrome is characterized by
difficulty in swallowing and hoarseness
due to paralysis of the ipsilateral vocal
cord. In some cases taste may also be
affected in the ipsilateral half of the
tongue. The glossopharyngeal (IX) &
vagus (X) are the primary cranial nerves
involved in this syndrome.
21. Weber Syndrome
This syndrome is due to damage to the
structures at the base of the midbrain
including the third cranial nerve and
the corticospinal and corticobulbar
fibers in the cerebral peduncle. It is
characterized by complete 3rd nerve
palsy and associated with contralateral
hemipelagia.
22. Wernicke Aphasia
There are two main components to this
type of aphasia. The first is impairment
in the comprehension of written and
spoken language. The second is an
inability to speak substantive
language; often times these patients
are unable to form some words correctly
and seem to inject words in their
sentences that do not fit (paraphasia).