The Django Web Application Framework
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Slides from a talk given to the ACCU Python Track in Oxford, on the 20th April 2006.
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The Django Web Application Framework
- 1. The Django Web Application Framework Simon Willison http://simonwillison.net/ ACCU, Python Track, 20th April 2006
- 2. This talk An overview of Django What's in a web framework, anyway? Framework comparison (and some pretty screenshots, too)
- 3. Origins
- 4. Lawrence, Kansas - 2003
- 10. Web development on Journalism deadlines
- 15. ... in three days
- 16. The ideal framework... Clean URLs Loosely coupled components Designer-friendly templates As little code as possible Really fast development
- 17. We didn’t mean to build a framework...
- 18. ... but nothing else really fitted the bill
- 20. HTTP handling
- 21. GET /community/ HTTP/1.0 Host: www.djangoproject.com HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Wed, 19 Apr 2006 23:53:29 GMT Server: Apache Vary: Cookie Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC quot;-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//ENquot; quot;http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1- transitional.dtdquot;> <html xmlns=quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtmlquot; xml:lang=quot;enquot; lang=quot;enquot;> <head> [...]
- 22. Parse the request; generate a response
- 23. GET variables, POST variables, cookies, uploaded files, caching, content negotiation
- 25. def index(request): s = “Hello, World” return HttpResponse(s)
- 26. def index(request): r = HttpResponse( mimetype='text/plain' ) r.write(“Hello, World”) return r
- 27. def index(request): if request.GET: s = “Hi, %s” % escape(request.GET.get( ’name’, ‘anon’) else: s = “Hello, World” return HttpResponse(s)
- 28. URL dispatching
- 29. http://www.example.com/poll/5/ What code shall we execute?
- 30. urlpatterns = patterns('', (r'^$', 'views.index'), (r'^hello/', ‘views.hello'), (r'^poll/(d+)/', ‘views.poll'), )
- 31. Database access
- 32. ... (r'^poll/(d+)/', 'views.poll'), ... def poll(request, poll_id): poll = Poll.objects.get( pk=poll_id ) return HttpResponse( 'Title: ' + poll.title )
- 33. class Poll(Model): question = CharField(maxlength=200) pub_date = DateTimeField('date published') class Choice(Model): poll = ForeignKey(Poll) choice = CharField(maxlength=200) votes = IntegerField()
- 34. BEGIN; CREATE TABLE quot;polls_pollquot; ( quot;idquot; serial NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, quot;questionquot; varchar(200) NOT NULL, quot;pub_datequot; timestamp with time zone NOT NULL ); CREATE TABLE quot;polls_choicequot; ( quot;idquot; serial NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, quot;poll_idquot; integer NOT NULL REFERENCES quot;polls_pollsquot; (quot;idquot;), quot;choicequot; varchar(200) NOT NULL, quot;votesquot; integer NOT NULL ); COMMIT;
- 35. p = Poll( question = quot;What's up?quot;, pub_date = datetime.now() ) p.save()
- 36. >>> p.id 1 >>> p.question quot;What's up?quot; >>> p.pub_date datetime(2005, 7, 15, 12, 00, 53)
- 37. Templating
- 38. Gluing strings together gets old fast
- 39. { 'today': datetime.date.today(), 'edibles': ['pear', 'apple', 'orange'] }
- 40. <h1>Hello World!</h1> <p>Today is {{ today|date:”jS F, Y” }}</p> {% if edibles %} <ul> {% for fruit in edibles %} <li>{{ fruit }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> {% endif %}
- 41. <h1>Hello World!</h1> <p>Today is 20th April, 2006</p> <ul> <li>pear</li> <li>apple</li> <li>orange</li> </ul>
- 42. def hello(request): t = get_template('hello.html') c = Context({ 'today': datetime.date.today(), 'edibles': ['pear', 'apple', 'orange'] }) return HttpResponse(t.render(c))
- 43. All you really need are variables, conditionals and loops
- 44. Essential ingredients HTTP handling URL dispatching Templating Documentation Database access (optional) ... no wonder there are so many frameworks!
- 45. Extras
- 46. Forms are boring
- 47. 1. Display form 2. Validate submitted data 3. If errors, redisplay with: 3.1. Contextual error messages 3.2. Correct fields pre-filled 4. ... do something useful!
- 48. Model validation rules + the Manipulator API do all of this for you
- 49. django.contrib.admin does even more
- 51. class Poll(Model): question = CharField(maxlength=200) pub_date = DateTimeField('date published') class Admin: list_display = ('question', 'pub_date') class Choice(Model): poll = ForeignKey(Poll) choice = CharField(maxlength=200) votes = IntegerField() class Admin: pass
- 53. Common headers and footers?
- 55. base.html <html> <head> <title> {% block title %}{% endblock %} </title> </head> <body> {% block main %}{% endblock %} <div id=”footer”> {% block footer %}(c) 2006{% endblock %} <div> </body> </html>
- 56. home.html {% extends “base.html” %} {% block title %}Homepage{% endblock %} {% block main %} Main page contents goes here. {% endblock %}
- 57. combined <html> <head> <title> Homepage </title> </head> <body> Main page contents goes here. <div id=”footer”> (c) 2006 <div> </body> </html>
- 61. {{ page.content|textile }} {% comment_form for news.stories story.id with is_public yes photos_optional thumbs,200,400 ratings_optional scale:1-5|first_option|second_option %}
- 62. from django import template register = template.Library() def textile(value): try: import textile except ImportError: return value else: return textile.textile(value) register.filter(textile)
- 63. i18n and l10n
- 65. Bengali Japanese Czech Dutch Welsh Norwegian Danish Brazilian German Romanian Greek Russian English Slovak Spanish Slovenian French Serbian Galician Swedish Hebrew Ukrainian Icelandic Simplified Chinese Italian Traditional Chinese
- 66. Authentication and authorisation
- 67. Community
- 68. ?
- 69. It’s a matter of taste
- 70. HTTP handling What happens to form variables? GET vs POST How to handle /path?foo=1&foo=2 How to send back non-standard responses Different Content-Type (and other) headers 404s, 500s Session support?
- 71. URL dispatching Object traversal or explicit configuration? Reversible URLs? Parameter extraction Trailing slashes?
- 72. Database handling To ORM or not to ORM? Pluralisation? Handling joins Lookup syntax When should you fall back on raw SQL?
- 73. Templating Plain text or XML? Markup visible on the page or hidden in HTML attributes? Logic in the template vs logic in the view/ controller Safe (and limited) or unsafe (and more powerful) Language extension mechanism?
- 74. Where’s the line? Authentication and authorisation? Automated admin / forms? i18n and l10n? JavaScript and Ajax?
- 75. Getting involved
- 78. Summer of Code 2006
- 81. Extra slides
- 82. Comparisons
- 84. $_GET, $_POST, HTTP $_REQUEST etc URL dispatch Filesystem Database handling mysql_* functions Templating <?php ... ?>
- 86. HTTP CherryPy Object path URL dispatch traversal Database handling SQLObject Kid (XML), Templating common templating API
- 88. HTTP ActionController? Object traversal, URL dispatch Routes Database handling ActiveRecord Templating ERb, Builder, RJS