SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 10
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
STEPPER MOTOR CHAPTER 7
Stepper Motor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of stepper motor Variable reluctance Permanent magnet Hybrid 1) Soft iron multipole rotor  and a laminated core in  the wound stator 2) Has four "stator pole  sets" (A, B, C,) set 15  degrees apart 3) Rarely use in industry  because of less detent  torque. 1) Rotor has no teeth and  and a laminated core in  the wound stator 2) Has four phase and 90  degrees apart. 3) Ideal choice for non  industrial application  such as a line printer  print wheel positioner  and operate at fairly low  speed. 1) Standard Hybrid motor  has 200 rotor teeth and  bifilar stator windings. 2) Standard Hybrid motor  move at 1.8 step  angles.Other Hybrid  motor available in  0.9ºand 3.6º step angle  configurations. 3) Wide variety used for  industrial applications  because of high static  and dynamic torque and  run at very high step  rates.
Stepper Motor -Stepper motor “step modes” include  full step,half step and microstep.
Full Step  ,[object Object]
Full Step  ,[object Object]
Half Step(also known as one ON,two ON operation)
Four operational mode of stepper motor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stepper motor resolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stepper Motors Sequence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Dynamic modelling of dc motor drive
Dynamic modelling of dc motor driveDynamic modelling of dc motor drive
Dynamic modelling of dc motor drivevishalgohel12195
 
Synchronous motor drive
Synchronous motor driveSynchronous motor drive
Synchronous motor driveGuru Moorthi
 
3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load
3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load
3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Loadmechatronics jf
 
Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)
Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)
Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)Sourabh sharma
 
stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...
stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...
stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...Waqas Afzal
 
Reference frame theory
Reference frame theoryReference frame theory
Reference frame theoryRamesh Babu
 
Transformer protection
Transformer protectionTransformer protection
Transformer protectionjawaharramaya
 
6. kaplan turbine
6. kaplan turbine6. kaplan turbine
6. kaplan turbineAwanKhadka2
 
3 phase of induction motor 2015 16
3 phase of induction motor 2015 163 phase of induction motor 2015 16
3 phase of induction motor 2015 16Rajputm123
 
Hydraulic actuators and motors
Hydraulic actuators and motors Hydraulic actuators and motors
Hydraulic actuators and motors Somashekar S.M
 
Presentation on induction motor
Presentation on induction motorPresentation on induction motor
Presentation on induction motorWaqar Muhammad
 
Unit 5 series motor (universal)motors
Unit 5 series motor (universal)motorsUnit 5 series motor (universal)motors
Unit 5 series motor (universal)motorsEr.Meraj Akhtar
 
Synchronous machines
Synchronous machinesSynchronous machines
Synchronous machinesAnu71
 
Star delta starter circuit for protection of motor
Star delta starter circuit for protection of motorStar delta starter circuit for protection of motor
Star delta starter circuit for protection of motoratikul islam ashik
 
1. Starting & speed control of motors
1. Starting & speed control of motors1. Starting & speed control of motors
1. Starting & speed control of motorsNageswar Rao
 
Dc shunt motors; construction and working
Dc shunt motors; construction and workingDc shunt motors; construction and working
Dc shunt motors; construction and workingSourabh sharma
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Dynamic modelling of dc motor drive
Dynamic modelling of dc motor driveDynamic modelling of dc motor drive
Dynamic modelling of dc motor drive
 
Synchronous motor drive
Synchronous motor driveSynchronous motor drive
Synchronous motor drive
 
3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load
3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load
3 phase half wave controlled converter with r Load
 
Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)
Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)
Vfd (Variable Frequency Drive)
 
stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...
stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...
stepper motor, Working principal Construction Types Advantages an disadvantag...
 
Reference frame theory
Reference frame theoryReference frame theory
Reference frame theory
 
Transformer protection
Transformer protectionTransformer protection
Transformer protection
 
6. kaplan turbine
6. kaplan turbine6. kaplan turbine
6. kaplan turbine
 
3 phase of induction motor 2015 16
3 phase of induction motor 2015 163 phase of induction motor 2015 16
3 phase of induction motor 2015 16
 
Hydraulic actuators and motors
Hydraulic actuators and motors Hydraulic actuators and motors
Hydraulic actuators and motors
 
To study of Shaded pole Induction motor
To study of Shaded pole Induction motorTo study of Shaded pole Induction motor
To study of Shaded pole Induction motor
 
Presentation on induction motor
Presentation on induction motorPresentation on induction motor
Presentation on induction motor
 
Unit 5 series motor (universal)motors
Unit 5 series motor (universal)motorsUnit 5 series motor (universal)motors
Unit 5 series motor (universal)motors
 
Stepper motors
Stepper motorsStepper motors
Stepper motors
 
Synchronous machines
Synchronous machinesSynchronous machines
Synchronous machines
 
1 phase induction motor
1 phase induction motor1 phase induction motor
1 phase induction motor
 
Star delta starter circuit for protection of motor
Star delta starter circuit for protection of motorStar delta starter circuit for protection of motor
Star delta starter circuit for protection of motor
 
Hysteresis motor
Hysteresis motorHysteresis motor
Hysteresis motor
 
1. Starting & speed control of motors
1. Starting & speed control of motors1. Starting & speed control of motors
1. Starting & speed control of motors
 
Dc shunt motors; construction and working
Dc shunt motors; construction and workingDc shunt motors; construction and working
Dc shunt motors; construction and working
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter 7 stepper motor

Setpper Motor
 Setpper Motor Setpper Motor
Setpper Motorjams006
 
STEPPER MOTOR .pptx
STEPPER MOTOR .pptxSTEPPER MOTOR .pptx
STEPPER MOTOR .pptxanonymous
 
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking car
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking carPROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking car
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking carMehul kumar
 
It 5170 stepper motor
It 5170 stepper motorIt 5170 stepper motor
It 5170 stepper motorIshfaqah
 
Stepper motor in industrial applications
Stepper motor in industrial applicationsStepper motor in industrial applications
Stepper motor in industrial applicationsDr.Raja R
 
FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS
FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORSFRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS
FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORSsavaliya753
 
Special motors
Special motorsSpecial motors
Special motorsmadhu1729
 
Stepper Motor.pptx
Stepper Motor.pptxStepper Motor.pptx
Stepper Motor.pptxssuser3361d1
 
A Stepper Motor Power Point Presentation
A Stepper Motor Power Point PresentationA Stepper Motor Power Point Presentation
A Stepper Motor Power Point Presentationchandersenyadav1
 
Slide pertemuan 11.txt
Slide pertemuan 11.txtSlide pertemuan 11.txt
Slide pertemuan 11.txtNovia Putri
 
General terms in the study of electrical machines
General terms in the study of electrical machinesGeneral terms in the study of electrical machines
General terms in the study of electrical machinesSimon Peter Kimbugwe
 
INTERNAL GEAR PUMP
INTERNAL GEAR PUMPINTERNAL GEAR PUMP
INTERNAL GEAR PUMPSuchit Moon
 
Lec 04(actuators).pdf
Lec 04(actuators).pdfLec 04(actuators).pdf
Lec 04(actuators).pdfMohamed Atef
 
Motor Fundamental
Motor FundamentalMotor Fundamental
Motor Fundamentalrayhsu
 

Ähnlich wie Chapter 7 stepper motor (20)

Stepper motor Presentation
Stepper motor Presentation Stepper motor Presentation
Stepper motor Presentation
 
Setpper Motor
 Setpper Motor Setpper Motor
Setpper Motor
 
STEPPER MOTOR .pptx
STEPPER MOTOR .pptxSTEPPER MOTOR .pptx
STEPPER MOTOR .pptx
 
Stepper motor
Stepper motorStepper motor
Stepper motor
 
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking car
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking carPROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking car
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking car
 
Electricmotors
ElectricmotorsElectricmotors
Electricmotors
 
It 5170 stepper motor
It 5170 stepper motorIt 5170 stepper motor
It 5170 stepper motor
 
Stepper motor in industrial applications
Stepper motor in industrial applicationsStepper motor in industrial applications
Stepper motor in industrial applications
 
FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS
FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORSFRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS
FRACTIONAL HORSE POWER MOTORS
 
Special motors
Special motorsSpecial motors
Special motors
 
Stepper Motor.pptx
Stepper Motor.pptxStepper Motor.pptx
Stepper Motor.pptx
 
EE6703 SEM
EE6703 SEMEE6703 SEM
EE6703 SEM
 
A Stepper Motor Power Point Presentation
A Stepper Motor Power Point PresentationA Stepper Motor Power Point Presentation
A Stepper Motor Power Point Presentation
 
Unit 3 steppermotors
Unit 3 steppermotorsUnit 3 steppermotors
Unit 3 steppermotors
 
Slide pertemuan 11.txt
Slide pertemuan 11.txtSlide pertemuan 11.txt
Slide pertemuan 11.txt
 
General terms in the study of electrical machines
General terms in the study of electrical machinesGeneral terms in the study of electrical machines
General terms in the study of electrical machines
 
Stepper motor
Stepper motorStepper motor
Stepper motor
 
INTERNAL GEAR PUMP
INTERNAL GEAR PUMPINTERNAL GEAR PUMP
INTERNAL GEAR PUMP
 
Lec 04(actuators).pdf
Lec 04(actuators).pdfLec 04(actuators).pdf
Lec 04(actuators).pdf
 
Motor Fundamental
Motor FundamentalMotor Fundamental
Motor Fundamental
 

Mehr von Hattori Sidek

Mehr von Hattori Sidek (20)

Chapter 4 frequency modulation
Chapter 4 frequency modulationChapter 4 frequency modulation
Chapter 4 frequency modulation
 
Chapter 3 am receivers
Chapter 3 am receiversChapter 3 am receivers
Chapter 3 am receivers
 
Ch8 file processing
Ch8 file processingCh8 file processing
Ch8 file processing
 
Ch6 pointers (latest)
Ch6 pointers (latest)Ch6 pointers (latest)
Ch6 pointers (latest)
 
Ch5 array nota
Ch5 array notaCh5 array nota
Ch5 array nota
 
Ch4 functions
Ch4 functionsCh4 functions
Ch4 functions
 
Ch3 selection
Ch3 selectionCh3 selection
Ch3 selection
 
Ch3 repetition
Ch3 repetitionCh3 repetition
Ch3 repetition
 
Ch2 introduction to c
Ch2 introduction to cCh2 introduction to c
Ch2 introduction to c
 
Ch1 principles of software development
Ch1 principles of software developmentCh1 principles of software development
Ch1 principles of software development
 
Ch7 structures
Ch7 structuresCh7 structures
Ch7 structures
 
13 atm
13 atm13 atm
13 atm
 
12 wireless la-ns
12 wireless la-ns12 wireless la-ns
12 wireless la-ns
 
11 circuit-packet
11 circuit-packet11 circuit-packet
11 circuit-packet
 
10 high speedla-ns
10 high speedla-ns10 high speedla-ns
10 high speedla-ns
 
9 lan
9 lan9 lan
9 lan
 
8 spread spectrum
8 spread spectrum8 spread spectrum
8 spread spectrum
 
7 multiplexing
7 multiplexing7 multiplexing
7 multiplexing
 
6 data linkcontrol
6  data linkcontrol6  data linkcontrol
6 data linkcontrol
 
5 digital datacomm
5 digital datacomm5 digital datacomm
5 digital datacomm
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.pptIntegumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.pptshraddhaparab530
 
4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx
4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx
4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptxmary850239
 
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentationCongestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentationdeepaannamalai16
 
Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17
Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17
Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...
31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...
31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Objectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptx
Objectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptxObjectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptx
Objectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptxMadhavi Dharankar
 
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17Celine George
 
6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom
6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom
6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroomSamsung Business USA
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
ClimART Action    |    eTwinning ProjectClimART Action    |    eTwinning Project
ClimART Action | eTwinning Projectjordimapav
 
ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6
ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6
ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6Vanessa Camilleri
 
ESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnv
ESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnvESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnv
ESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnvRicaMaeCastro1
 
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17Celine George
 
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS........pptx
ARTERIAL BLOOD  GAS ANALYSIS........pptxARTERIAL BLOOD  GAS ANALYSIS........pptx
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS........pptxAneriPatwari
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.pptIntegumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
Integumentary System SMP B. Pharm Sem I.ppt
 
4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx
4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx
4.9.24 Social Capital and Social Exclusion.pptx
 
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentationCongestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
Congestive Cardiac Failure..presentation
 
Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17
Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17
Tree View Decoration Attribute in the Odoo 17
 
31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...
31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...
31 ĐỀ THI THỬ VÀO LỚP 10 - TIẾNG ANH - FORM MỚI 2025 - 40 CÂU HỎI - BÙI VĂN V...
 
Objectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptx
Objectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptxObjectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptx
Objectives n learning outcoms - MD 20240404.pptx
 
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
How to Fix XML SyntaxError in Odoo the 17
 
Faculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of Engineering
Faculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of EngineeringFaculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of Engineering
Faculty Profile prashantha K EEE dept Sri Sairam college of Engineering
 
6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom
6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom
6 ways Samsung’s Interactive Display powered by Android changes the classroom
 
prashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Profession
prashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Professionprashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Profession
prashanth updated resume 2024 for Teaching Profession
 
Spearman's correlation,Formula,Advantages,
Spearman's correlation,Formula,Advantages,Spearman's correlation,Formula,Advantages,
Spearman's correlation,Formula,Advantages,
 
Introduction to Research ,Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, ...
Introduction to Research ,Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, ...Introduction to Research ,Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, ...
Introduction to Research ,Need for research, Need for design of Experiments, ...
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 - I-LEARN SMART WORLD - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (BẢN...
 
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
ClimART Action    |    eTwinning ProjectClimART Action    |    eTwinning Project
ClimART Action | eTwinning Project
 
ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6
ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6
ICS 2208 Lecture Slide Notes for Topic 6
 
ESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnv
ESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnvESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnv
ESP 4-EDITED.pdfmmcncncncmcmmnmnmncnmncmnnjvnnv
 
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
How to Manage Buy 3 Get 1 Free in Odoo 17
 
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptx
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptxINCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptx
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION PRACTICES FOR TEACHERS AND TRAINERS.pptx
 
Plagiarism,forms,understand about plagiarism,avoid plagiarism,key significanc...
Plagiarism,forms,understand about plagiarism,avoid plagiarism,key significanc...Plagiarism,forms,understand about plagiarism,avoid plagiarism,key significanc...
Plagiarism,forms,understand about plagiarism,avoid plagiarism,key significanc...
 
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS........pptx
ARTERIAL BLOOD  GAS ANALYSIS........pptxARTERIAL BLOOD  GAS ANALYSIS........pptx
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS........pptx
 

Chapter 7 stepper motor

  • 2.
  • 3. Types of stepper motor Variable reluctance Permanent magnet Hybrid 1) Soft iron multipole rotor and a laminated core in the wound stator 2) Has four "stator pole sets" (A, B, C,) set 15 degrees apart 3) Rarely use in industry because of less detent torque. 1) Rotor has no teeth and and a laminated core in the wound stator 2) Has four phase and 90 degrees apart. 3) Ideal choice for non industrial application such as a line printer print wheel positioner and operate at fairly low speed. 1) Standard Hybrid motor has 200 rotor teeth and bifilar stator windings. 2) Standard Hybrid motor move at 1.8 step angles.Other Hybrid motor available in 0.9ºand 3.6º step angle configurations. 3) Wide variety used for industrial applications because of high static and dynamic torque and run at very high step rates.
  • 4. Stepper Motor -Stepper motor “step modes” include full step,half step and microstep.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. Half Step(also known as one ON,two ON operation)
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.