gcpia,surat

1. Geometry of :
• Indus Vedic civilization
• Egypt civilization
• Mesopotamian civilisation

2. Indus Vedic civilization
• Settlement pattern
• Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the
site.
• Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout
based on a street grid of rectilinear
buildings.
• The sheer size of the city, and its
provision of public buildings and
facilities, suggests a high level of social
organization.
• At its peak of development, Mohenjo-
daro could have housed around 35,000
residents.
• The city is divided into two parts, the so-
called Citadel and the Lower City. The
Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12
metres (39 ft) high – is known to have
supported public baths, a large
residential structure designed to house
5,000 citizens, and two large assembly
halls.

3. • DWELLINGSOFPEOPLE
• House excavation
• Some houses, presumably those of
wealthier inhabitants, include
rooms that appear to have been set
aside for bathing, and one building
had an underground furnace
(known as a hypocaust), possibly for
heated bathing.
• Most houses had inner courtyards,
with doors that opened onto side-
lanes. Some buildings had two
stories.
• Most were built of fired and
mortared brick; some incorporated
sun-dried mud-brick and wooden
superstructures.

4. • Sacred place
• The Great Bath is one of the best known
structures among the ruins of the ancient
Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-daro
in Sindh, Pakistan.
• The Great Bath of Mohenjedaro is called
as "earliest public water tank of the
ancient world“
• The Great Bath measures 11.88 metres x
7.01 metres, and has a maximum depth of
2.43 metres. Two wide staircases, one
from the north and one from the south,
served as the entry to the structure.
• A 1 meter wide and 40 centimeters
mound at present at end of these stairs.
• A hole was also found at one end of the
Bath which might have been used to drain
the water into it.
• The Great Bath is built of fine baked bricks
lined with bitumen (natural tar -
presumably to keep water from seeping
through), which indicates that it was used
for holding water.

5. • Market place
• The city had a central
marketplace, with a large
central well. Individual
households or groups of
households obtained
their water from smaller
wells.
• Waste water was
channeled to covered
drains that lined the
major streets.

6. • Tomb
• The Chaukhandi situated 29 km (18 mi)
east of Karachi on N-5 National Highway
near Landhi Town in Pakistan. The
Chaukhandi tombs are remarkable for the
elaborate and exquisite stone carving.
• The style of architecture is typical only to
the region of Sindh, and unique in that it is
found nowhere else in the Islamic world.
• This type of graveyard, in Sindh and
Baluchistan, is unique with their
orientation from south to north. These
graves are constructed in buff sandstone.
These graves were constructed either as
single graves or as groups of up to eight
graves raised on a common platform.
• Their primary sarcophagus has six vertical
slabs, with two long slabs standing on each
side of the grave covering the length of the
body and the remaining two vertical slabs
covering the head and foot side.
• These tombs are embellished, besides with
geometrical designs and motifs, with
figural representations such as mounted
horsemen, hunting scenes, arms, jewellery
etc..

7. Egyptian civilization

8. Dwellings of people
• The ancient Egyptians built homes of sun-dried bricks, made of mud and straw.
• To make the bricks, the ancient Egyptians invented brick molds. A mix of mud and straw
was placed into the molds. Then, the molds were left out in the sun to dry. The desert heat
dried the bricks for them. They could make a huge number of bricks easily.
• Their homes were huge. Homes had flat roofs. People often sat outside on their roofs in
the evening to watch the sunset and catch the evening breeze.
• Nobles Homes: Nobles lived in huge villas along the Nile. Some were front with white
limestone, which made the walls sparkle. A few homes were even built with stone. But
stone was difficult to cut and use. Most homes were made of sun dried brick.
• Each villa had 25-30 rooms. Most rooms had a purpose. They had family rooms, guest
rooms, storage rooms, kids rooms, and even bathrooms!
• Homes had front and back doors. Each door was built about 4 feet off the ground to
reduce the amount of sand and dust. Each door was reached by a ramp. Rather than stairs,
ramps led from one level to another inside the house.

10. Palace of Amenhotep III
• The palace contained many audience halls,
central halls, courtyards, villas, smaller
palace complexes for the royal family, and
apartments for officials. A harbor and canal
connected the palace with the Nile, allowing
easy travel across the river to the city of
Thebes, which was situated on the eastern
bank. There is little evidence of this lake
today and little but the foundations of the
palace itself remain.
• There are various structures in the
desert, consisting of several residential
palaces, a temple of Amun, a festival
hall, elite villas, houses for the relatives
of the royal Family, apartments for
attendants, and a desert altar termed
the Kom al-Samak, all of which were
constructed by mud bricks.

11. Temples
• Djeser-Djeseru is the main building of
Hatshepsut's mortuary temple complex
at Deir el-Bahri, the building is an
example of perfect symmetry that
predates the Parthenon by a thousand
yearsHatshepsut's chancellor, royal
architect, and possible lover Senemut
oversaw construction and most likely
designed the temple.
Although the adjacent, earlier
mortuary temple of Mentuhotep was
used as a model, the two structures
are nevertheless significantly different
in many ways. Hatshepsut's temple
employs a lengthy, colonnaded terrace
that deviates from the centralised
structure of Mentuhotep’s model – an
anomaly that may be caused by the
decentralized location of her burial
chamber.There are three layered
terraces reaching 97 feet tall. Each
'story' is articulated by a double
colonnade of square piers, with the
exception of the northwest corner of
the central terrace, which employs
Proto Doric columns to house the
chapel. These terraces are connected
by long ramps which were once
surrounded by gardens with foreign
plants including frankincense and
myrrh trees.The layering of
Hatshepsut’s temple corresponds with
the classical Theban form, employing
pylons, courts, hypostyle hall, sun
court, chapel and sanctuary

12. Medinet Habu (temple)
• The temple, some 150 m long, is of orthodox
design, and resembles closely the nearby
mortuary temple of Ramesses II (the
Ramesseum). The temple precinct measures
approximately 700 ft (210 m). by 1,000 ft
(300 m) and contains more than 75,350 sq ft
(7,000 m2) of decorated wall reliefs.[1] Its walls
are relatively well preserved and it is
surrounded by a massive mudbrick enclosure,
which may have been fortified. The original
entrance is through a fortified gate-house,
known as a migdol (a common architectural
feature of Asiatic fortresses of the time).

13. • Burials
• Internally, a mastaba consist of
three parts- a burial chamber, a
serdab and a chapel
• The burial chamber was located 30’
below ground
• Connected to burial chamber
above ground through a shaft
• place for the burial of the dead
person

14. EarlyKingdom Tomb
ThePyramidsatGiza
• Three are aligned
diagonally along the
projection of the
diagonal of the great
pyramid
• The small pyramids
close by were built for
queens

16. EarlyKingdom Tomb
Pyramid
• The pyramids designed as
part of a funeral complex
for burial of pharaoh
• Chefren’s complex is best
preserved example
• Complex consist of three
interconnected units:
• A valley temple by the
river Nile where the
pharaoh’s body was
embalmed
• A pyramid mortuary
temple for rituals
• A long narrow causeway
connecting the two

17. Mid&NewKingdomBurial-Cham
UndergroundTomb-ShaftTombs
• Shaft tombs were a
complex series of
underground
corridors and rooms
cut out of the
mountains in the
valley of the King at
Del-Al-Bahari
• Large # of rooms &
complicated
arrangement
deliberate--to create a
maze or puzzle

18. Mid & New Kingdom Burial-Cham
UndergroundTomb-RockCutTomb
• Two types of
Underground tombs were
built by pharaohs and
nobles during the Middle
and New Kingdom
periods- Rock cut tombs
and Shaft tombs
• Rock cut tombs are tombs
that are carved out of
rocks
• Many of theses are found
along the cliff of the Nile
• A very good example is
the Rock cut tomb at Beni
Hassan