Details on RFID and its application for tracking of objects or people in houses,buildings etc

1. Presented by:
Sherwin Rodrigues
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2. Introduction
With the popularity of indoor location sensing systems and numerous
research on positioning in wireless networks, the indoor RFID positioning
issue has emerged and it is a significant research topic.
There are many different kinds of positioning technologies such as Global
Positioning System (GPS), cellular phone tracking system, Wi‐Fi positioning
system and RFID Positioning System.
RFID Positioning System is an accurate positioning technology which can
identify the movement and location of personnel and goods to provide real
time information that supports Location‐Based Services (LBS) to offer a low
cost indoor positioning solution for locating large number of items, passive
tags are chosen rather than active ones.
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3. Abstract
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is the technology that put an
RFID tag on objects or people, so that they can be identified,
tracked, and managed automatically. With its wide application in
the automobile
assembly industry, warehouse management and the supply chain
network, RFID has been recognized as the next promising
technology in serving the positioning purpose. Existing positioning
technologies such as GPS are not available indoors as the terminal
cannot get the signal from satellites. Results of experiment show
that readability of the passive RFID positioning system is
satisfactory, and it is a more cost effective solution when
compared with other positioning technologies.
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4. What is RFID?
• Radio-frequency identification ( RFID ) is an automatic identification
method using radio waves.
• It is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency
electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object
or person.
• It can be used to monitor animal movement as well as objects
movement
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5. History
• First Bar code patents – 1930s
• 1945, Leon Theremin used it as an espionage tool for the Soviet
government
• First use of RFID device – 2nd world war – British used RFID-like
technology for Identify- Friend or Foe
• Harry Stockman October 1948 Paper – Communication by means of
reflected power ( The proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers)
• First RFID Patent - 1973 by Mario Cardullo
• Auto-ID center founded at MIT – 1999
• Standardization effort taken over by EPC Global (Electronic Product
Code)
• Current thrust primarily driven by Wal-Mart and DoD
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6. RFID System
Three Main Components:
1. Tags, or transponders, affixed to objects and carry identifying
data.
2. Readers, or transceivers, read or write tag data and interface with
back-end databases.
3. Back-end databases, correlate data stored on tags with physical
objects i.e. a host and system software.
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7. Components of RFID System
Host Computer
Host Memory Space
Antenna
Customer-Specific
Application Software
Application
Application
Program
Program
Interface
Interface
(API)
(API)
RFID API Software
(Communicates with the RFID Reader)
Reader
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8. Tags
•An RFID tag is a device that can store and transmit data to a reader in a
contact less manner using radio waves.
•RFID tags can be classified in two different ways.
• Passive
• Active
RFID Adhesive Labels
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9. • Passive
• No on-board power source
• Uses the power emitted from the reader to energize itself and
transmit its stored data to the reader
• Smaller than an active tag
• Cheaper
• Range: 10-12 feet
• Active
• Has on-board power source
• No need for reader's emitted power for data transmission.
• Can broadcast its data to its surroundings even in the absence of a
reader
• Range: 100 feet
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10. Reader
•An RFID reader can read from and write data to compatible RFID tags.
•A reader thus doubles up as a writer. The act of writing the tag data by a
reader is called creating a tag.
•It energizes tags(passive tags)
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11. RFID Operation
• A radio device called a tag is attached to the object that needs to be
identified.
• When this tagged object is presented in front of a suitable RFID reader, the
tag transmits this data to the reader (via the reader antenna).
• The reader then reads the data and has the capability to forward it over
suitable communication channels.
• This application can then use this unique data to identify the object
presented to the reader.
Network
Data
Processing
Reader
01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C
Tag
Database
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12. •The RFID signals (i.e. RSSI) of an object attached with a passive tag is
automatically detected and recorded in the database for location detection.
•. The selected area for carrying out the experiments would be divided equally
into cells formed by a grid.
•. Four RFID readers will be installed at each corner of the selected area
Look Up Table (LUT)
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13. • When an object is placed inside one of the cells within the selected
experimental area, the RFID Positioning System will notify the RFID
readers and then record the RSSI of the object picked up by the four
readers.
• From the LUT, each cell has a fixed set of four average values of RSSI. The
system will then calculate the Euclidean distance of that object to the
readers.
• The cell that has the smallest Euclidean distance would mean that it is
nearest to the current position of the detected object.
Tag readability
performance
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14. RFID Advantages
• Contactless. An RFID tag can be read without any physical contact between
the tag and the reader.
• Writable data. The data of a read-write (RW) RFID tag can be rewritten a
large number of times.
• Absence of line of sight. A line of sight is generally not required for an RFID
reader to read an RFID tag.
• Variety of read ranges.
• Wide data-capacity range.
• Support for multiple tag reads.
• Perform smart tasks.
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15. RFID Applications
• Tracking of goods.
• Tracking of persons and animals.
• Toll collection and contactless payment.
• Tracking Books in Libraries.
• Machine readable travel documents.
• Passport & Airport baggage tracking logistics.
• Car keys, wireless entry and ignition
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16. Conclusion
• RFID has been widely applied in supply chain for tracking goods, the
technology of RFID applications is quite mature, and there is a trend of
developing positioning systems to meet the demands of indoor location
sensing applications, driving more research topics on RFID positioning issues.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a positioning system that employs RFID
technology.
• This Passive RFID Positioning System is based on RSSI which is a
measurement of the power present in a received radio signal to determine
the location of an object with passive tags.
• Cost effectiveness
• Feasibility
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17. References
•Bekkali, H. Sanson, M. Matsumoto, (2007).RFID indoor positioning based on
probabilistic RFID map and kalman filtering, In: Proceedings of the WiMOB,
2007.
•Chang N., Rashidzadeh, R., Ahmadi, M., (2010).
Robust indoor positioning using differential wi‐fi access points, IEEE
Transactions on Consumer Electronics,56(3), 1860‐1867, 2010 Daito, M. and
Tanida, N., (2008).
•Agent‐based simulation approach for disaster rescue using active RFID. An
overview of location‐based services, BT Technology Journal 21 (1) ,2007.
•Fu A. and Retscher, G., (2009). Active RFID Trilateration and Location
Fingerprinting Based on RSSI for Pedestrian Navigation, Journal of Navigation.
•Hazas, M., Scott J. and Krumm, J. (2004), Location‐aware computing comes of
age, IEEE Computer 37 (2) (2006)
•Yim J., Jeong S., Gwon K. and Joo J. (2010). Improvement of Kalman filters for
WLAN based indoor tracking. Expert Systems with Applications, 2010
•Yu, K., Sharp, I. and Y. J. (2009). Guo, Ground‐Based Wireless Positioning.
Wiley‐IEEE Press, 2009
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