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Engagement Streams
                             Name of
       Primary                                                                                             Examples of                                          Appropriate D&D
                           Engagement           Key Features               Important When…                                       Organizer's Strategy                                        Key Design Questions for Organizers
  Intention/Purpose                                                                                          Issues                                               Processes
                             Stream


                                          Suspending assumptions,                                                                                           Conversation Café,
To encourage people
                                          creating a space that                                                                To encourage new             Intergroup Dialogue in the
and groups to learn                                                   A group or community seems        Strengthening                                                                     How can we ensure that people feel safe
                                          encourages a different                                                               insights and connections     classroom, Wisdom
more about themselves,                                                stuck or muddled and needs        democracy,                                                                        expressing what inspires and touches them?
                                          kind of conversation,                                                                to emerge by creating a      Council, Wisdom Circles,
their community, or an    Exploration     using ritual and
                                                                      to reflect on their                understanding a
                                                                                                                               space for people to share    Socrates Cafe, World
                                                                                                                                                                                          What kind of techniques or rituals will
issue, and possibly                                                   circumstance in depth and         community of                                                                      stimulate listening and sharing, without
                                          symbolism to encourage                                                               both their thoughts and      Café, Open Space,
discover innovative                                                   gain collective insight           practice                                                                          making people uncomfortable?
                                          openness, emphasis on                                                                their feelings.              Appreciative Inquiry,
solutions
                                          listening                                                                                                         Bohm Dialogue



                                                                      Relationships among               Political                                           Sustained Dialogue,      How can the issue be framed so that all sides
                                                                                                                               To create a safe space for
                                                                      participants are poor or not      polarization,                                       Intergroup Dialogue in   are brought to - and feel welcomed at - the
To resolve conflicts, to                Creating a safe space,                                                                  people with different
                                                                      yet established and need to       Jewish-Muslim                                       communities, Victim-     table? What are people's needs relating to
foster personal healing                hearing from everyone,                                                                  views to talk about their
                           Conflict                                    be. Issue can only be resolved    relations, race                                     Offender Mediation, Web this issue, and how can divergent needs
and growth, and to                     building trust, sharing                                                                 personal experiences and
                                                                      when people change their          relations, value-                                   Lab's Small Group
improve relations among Transformation personal stories and                                                                    feel heard. Often, to set                             (healing, action, respect) be met effectively?
                                                                      behavior or attitude, expand      based conflicts,                                     Dialogue,                 If a conflict exists, how overt and volatile is
groups                                 views                                                                                   the groundwork for
                                                                      their perspective, or take time   healing after crises                                Compassionate Listening, it? How, if at all, will you transition people
                                                                                                                               deliberation and action.                              to "what's next"?
                                                                      to reflect and heal.               or trauma                                           PCP dialogue


                                                                                                                               To involve a                                               How can we best represent the public
                                                                                                                                                            National Issues Forums,
                                          Naming and framing,                                                                  representative group of                                    (random selection, active recruitment,
                                                                                                                                                            Citizens Jury, Deliberative
To influence public                        weighing all options,                                                                citizens in thorough                                       involving large numbers of people)? Should/
                                                                      The issue is within               Budgeting, land                                     Polling, 21st Century
decisions and public       Decision       considering different                                                                conversations about                                        can public officials participate in the process
                                                                      government's (or any single       use, health care,                                   Town Meeting,
policy and improve         Making         positions (deliberation),                                                            complicated policy                                         side-by-side with citizens? What kinds of
                                                                      entity's) sphere of influence      social security                                     Charrettes, Citizen
public knowledge                          revealing public values,                                                             issues. Ideally, the group                                 materials need to be developed or obtained?
                                                                                                                                                            Choicework, Consensus
                                          brainstorming solutions                                                              is empowered by                                            How can we ensure that this process
                                                                                                                                                            Conference
                                                                                                                               governance.                                                influences policy?



To empower people and                     Using D&D to generate       The issue/dispute requires                              To encourage integrated                                     Who needs to be at the table? What kind of
                                                                                                        Regional sprawl,
groups to solve                           ideas for community         intervention across multiple                            efforts among diverse   Study Circles, Future               power dynamics exist already? What
                          Collaborative                                                                 institutional racism,
complicated problems                      action, developing and      public and private entities,                            stakeholders, sectors,  Search, Appreciative                group/leader/institution is most resistant to
and take responsibility      Action       implementing action plans   and anytime community
                                                                                                        youth violence,
                                                                                                                              organizations, etc.     Inquiry                             change? What group tends not to be at the
                                                                                                        responding to crises
for the solution                          collaboratively             action is important                                     involved in the problem                                     table, although they're affected?


The Engagement Streams framework (2005) was developed by Sandy Heierbacher and members of the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (NCDD). Please email Sandy at sandy@thataway.org
with your comments and ideas for improving this framework. And go to NCDD's website, at www.thataway.org, for many more resources and tips.
Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes
                    Focuses significantly on




                                                   Decision Making
                                  Transformation
                                                                                                                   Type of




                                                                     Collaborative
                    Exploration
                                                                                                                   Session              Participant




                                                                        Action
   Processes                                                                             Size of Group                                                                                              Mini-Description



                                     Confl
                                                                                                                  (excluding
                                                                                                                                         Selection

                     ict
                                                                                                                 preparatory
                                                                                                                   sessions)

                                                                                                                                                              AmericaSpeaks' 21st Century Town Meetings enable the general public to give those in
21st Century Town                                                                    Hundreds to thousands in                     Open; recruit for           leadership positions direct, substantive feedback on key issues. Each meeting engages
Meeting                                            X                                 1 room at small tables
                                                                                                              All-day meeting
                                                                                                                                  representativeness          hundreds or thousands of general interest citizens at a time, utilizing innovative technology to
                                                                                                                                                              effectively and quickly summarize citizen input. Learn more at www.americaspeaks.org.

                                                                                                                                                              Appreciative Inquiry is a change method that encourages stakeholders to explore the best of
Appreciative                                                                                                                    Internal and external         the past and present in their organizations and communities. AI involves, in a central way, the
Inquiry             X                                                   X            From 20 to 2,000         4 to 6-day summit
                                                                                                                                stakeholders                  art and practice of asking questions that strengthen a system’s capacity to apprehend,
                                                                                                                                                              anticipate, and heighten positive potential. Learn more at www.appreciativeinquiry.cwru.edu.


                                                                                                                                                              Created by late physicist David Bohm, Bohm (or Bohmian) Dialogue is focused on attending to
                                                                                                              No set length or
                                                                                                                                                              and discussing individual internal dynamics--assumptions, beliefs, motivations, etc. The idea is
Bohm Dialogue       X                                x                               Small group              number of           Open or invitation
                                                                                                                                                              not to eliminate them from happening, but to surface them in the conversation in a way that
                                                                                                              meetings
                                                                                                                                                              furthers the dialogue. Learn more at www.infed.org/archives/e-texts/bohm_dialogue.htm.


                                                                                                                                                              A charrette is a collaborative and consensus-building design methodology that incorporates
                                                                                                              Intense work        Participants represent a
                                                                                     A small team of                                                          input from all stakeholders (the developer, relevant government agencies, and the community).
                                                                                                              sessions last 1-3   range of organized
                                                                                     professionals and a much                                                 A “charrette team” of experts uses stakeholder input in an continual “feedback loop” to prepare
Charrettes                                         X                     x           larger group of
                                                                                                              days typically;     groups, but others with a
                                                                                                                                                              and refine a plan for development with the goal of reaching consensus among the stakeholders.
                                                                                                              some last 1-2       stake in the issue are
                                                                                     stakeholders                                                             Charrettes, which combine modern design studio and town meeting, help overcome inertia and
                                                                                                              weeks               encouraged to attend
                                                                                                                                                              create meaningful master plans. Learn more at www.charretteinstitute.org.

                                                                                                                                                              Public Agenda's Citizen Choicework helps citizens confront tough choices in productive ways.
                                                                                                              1 session, ranging                              Participants work through values conflicts and practical tradeoffs, and develop a sense of
Citizen                                                                                                                           Open; recruit for
Choicework                                         X                                 Multiple small groups    from 2 hours to all
                                                                                                                                  representativeness
                                                                                                                                                              priorities and direction. Key principles include nonpartisan local leadership, inclusive
                                                                                                              day                                             participation, and unbiased discussion materials that "start where the public starts." Learn more
                                                                                                                                                              at www.publicagenda.org.

                                                                                                                                                              The Citizens Jury process is a method for gathering a microcosm of the public, having them
Citizens Jury                                      X                                 Small group              5-day meeting       Random selection            attend five days of hearings, deliberate among themselves and then issue findings and
                                                                                                                                                              recommendations on the issue they have discussed. Learn more at www.jefferson-center.org.


                                                                                                                                                                    resource developed by the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (NCDD)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ….www.thataway.org….
Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes (page 2)
                Focuses significantly on




                                               Decision Making
                              Transformation
                                                                                                                Type of




                                                                 Collaborative
                Exploration
                                                                                                                Session               Participant




                                                                    Action
   Processes                                                                         Size of Group                                                                                                Mini-Description



                                 Confl
                                                                                                                (excluding
                                                                                                                                       Selection

                 ict
                                                                                                               preparatory
                                                                                                                 sessions)

                                                                                                                                                             In Compassionate Listening, listeners use reflection and skilled inquiry to help speakers deepen
                                                                                                            varies between 30   Open to whoever is
                                                                                                                                                             their own understanding and awareness. CL engenders generative listening which is non-
                                                                                                            min and 3 days,     drawn; often listeners are
Compassionate                                                                    2 to 200 people; usually                                                    judgmental, questions that are non-adversarial, and an ability to remain open when witnessing
Listening
                 x               X                                               fewer than 30
                                                                                                            depending on how    brought in to hear the
                                                                                                                                                             strong feelings and divergent viewpoints. The process can help soften hearts and create the
                                                                                                            many people are     stories of oppressed or
                                                                                                                                                             safety necessary for honest, respectful dialogue and sustainable solutions. More at
                                                                                                            involved            oppressors
                                                                                                                                                             www.compassionatelistening.org.

                                                                                                                                                             Developed in Denmark, Consensus Conferences typically involve a group of citizens with varied
                                                                                                            2 weekends for
                                                                                                                                                             backgrounds who meet to discuss issues of a scientific or technical nature. The conference has
Consensus                                                                                                   participants to
Conference                                     X                                 Large group
                                                                                                            prepare, 2-4 day
                                                                                                                                Random selection             two stages: the first involves small group meetings with experts to discuss the issues and work
                                                                                                                                                             towards consensus. The second stage assembles experts, media and the public where the
                                                                                                            conference
                                                                                                                                                             conference's main observations and conclusions are presented. More at thataway.org/46192a.

                                                                                                                                                             Conversation Cafés are hosted conversations which are usually held in a public setting like a
                                                                                                                                Open; publicize to
Conversation                                                                     Single or multiple small   1 90-minute                                      coffee shop or bookstore, where anyone is welcome to join. A simple format helps people feel
Café            X                 x                                              groups                     session
                                                                                                                                encourage
                                                                                                                                                             at ease and gives everyone who wants to a chance to speak. Learn more at
                                                                                                                                representativeness
                                                                                                                                                             www.conversationcafe.org.

                                                                                                                                                             Deliberative Polling combines deliberation in small group discussions with scientific random
                                                                                                                                                             sampling to provide public consultation for public policy and for electoral issues. Members of a
                                                                                 Up to several hundred
Deliberative                                                                                               Weekend-long                                      random sample are polled, and then some members are invited to gather at a single place to
Polling                                        X                                 people in small groups in
                                                                                                           meeting
                                                                                                                                Random selection
                                                                                                                                                             discuss the issues after they have examined balanced briefing materials. Participants engage in
                                                                                 1 room
                                                                                                                                                             dialogue with competing experts and political leaders based on questions they develop in small
                                                                                                                                                             group discussions with trained moderators. More at http://cdd.stanford.edu/.
                                                                                                                                                             Used by communities and organizations, Future Search is a unique planning method which
                                                                                                                                                             enables large, diverse groups to validate a common mission, take responsibility for action, and
                                                                                                                                All inclusive (attempts to
Future Search                     x              x                  X            60 to 80 people            3 days
                                                                                                                                bring in all involved)
                                                                                                                                                             develop commitment to implementation. The method, which allows the entire group to be in
                                                                                                                                                             dialogue when necessary, is especially useful in uncertain, fast-changing situations when it is
                                                                                                                                                             important that everyone have the same large picture in order to act responsibly. More at
                                                                                                                                                             www.futuresearch.net.

                                                                                                                                                             Intergroup dialogues are face-to-face meetings of people from at least two different social
                                                                                                            Regular weekly                                   identity groups. They are designed to offer an open and inclusive space where participants can
Intergroup                                                                       Single or multiple small                       Open; recruit for
Dialogue        X                X                                   x           groups
                                                                                                            meetings of 2-3
                                                                                                                                representativeness
                                                                                                                                                             foster a deeper understanding of diversity and justice issues through participation in
                                                                                                            hours                                            experiential activities, individual and small group reflections, and dialogues. Learn more at
                                                                                                                                                             www.umich.edu/~igrc/ and http://depts.washington.edu/sswweb/idea/.
Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes (page 3)
                   Focuses significantly on




                                 Transformation
                                                                                                            Type of




                                                             Collaborative
                   Exploration
                                                                                                            Session




                                                  Decision
                                                   Making
                                                                                                                                    Participant




                                                                Action
   Processes                                                                     Size of Group                                                                                               Mini-Description




                                    Confl
                                                                                                            (excluding
                                                                                                                                     Selection


                    ict
                                                                                                           preparatory
                                                                                                             sessions)

                                                                                                                                                        National Issues Forums offer citizens the opportunity to join together to deliberate, to make
National Issues                                                              Up to hundreds in 1 room 1 two-hour           Open; recruit for            choices with others about ways to approach difficult issues and to work toward creating
Forums                                              X                        at small tables          meeting              representativeness           reasoned public judgment. NIF is known for its careful issue framing and quality issue guides
                                                                                                                                                        which outline 3 or 4 different viewpoints. Learn more at www.nifi.org.

                                                                                                                                                        Open Space Technology is a self-organizing practice that invites people to take responsibility
                                                                             Up to hundreds in 1
                                                                                                                                                        for what they care about. In Open Space, a marketplace of inquiry is created where people offer
Open Space                                                                   room, then break up in
Technology         X                                             x           interest groups multiple
                                                                                                        3 days             Varies                       topics they are passionate about and reflect and learn from one another. It is an innovative
                                                                                                                                                        approach to creating whole systems change and inspiring creativity and leadership among
                                                                             times
                                                                                                                                                        participants. Learn more at www.openspaceworld.org.

                                                                                                                                                        The Public Conversations Project helps people with fundamental disagreements over divisive
Public                                                                                                                                                  issues develop the mutual understanding and trust essential for strong communities and
                                                                                                        Multiple 2-hour    Involves all sides of an
Conversations                       X                                        Small group
                                                                                                        sessions           existing conflict
                                                                                                                                                        positive action. Their dialogue model is characterized by a careful preparatory phase in which
Project Dialogue                                                                                                                                        all stakeholders/sides are interviewed and prepared for the dialogue process. Learn more at
                                                                                                                                                        www.publicconversations.org.

                                                                                                                                                        Socrates Cafés and other forms of Socratic Dialogue encourage groups inside and outside the
                                                                                                                           Whoever is in the class or   classroom to engage in robust philosophical inquiry. The Cafés consist of spontaneous yet
                                                                                                                           at the meeting, or           rigorous dialogue that inspires people to articulate and discover their unique philosophical
Socrates Cafe      X                                                         3 to 30 people             1-2 hours
                                                                                                                           whoever responds to the      perspectives and worldview. They don't force consensus or closure, but are open-ended and
                                                                                                                           flyers or articles            can be considered a success if there are more questions at the end than there were at the
                                                                                                                                                        outset. More at www.philosopher.org.

                                                                                                                                                        Study Circles enable communities to strengthen their own ability to solve problems by bringing
                                                                             Up to hundreds meeting                                                     large numbers of people together in dialogue across divides of race, income, age, and political
                                                                             in separate small groups; 4 to 6 2-hour       Open; recruit for            viewpoints. Study Circles combine dialogue, deliberation, and community organizing
Study Circles       x                               x           X            come together later for   sessions            representativeness           techniques, enabling public talk to build understanding, explore a range of solutions, and serve
                                                                             Action Forum                                                               as a catalyst for social, political, and policy change. Learn more at www.everyday-
                                                                                                                                                        democracy.org.

                                                                                                                                                   Sustained Dialogue is a process for transforming and building the relationships that are
                                                                                                                                                   essential to democratic political and economic practice. SD is not a problem-solving
                                                                                                                          Open; recruit for        workshop; it is a sustained interaction to transform and build relationships among members of
Sustained                                                                                               Numerous 2- to 3-
Dialogue                            X               x            x           Small group
                                                                                                        hour sessions
                                                                                                                          representativeness among deeply conflicted groups so that they may effectively deal with practical problems. As a process
                                                                                                                          conflicting groups        that develops over time through a sequence of meetings, SD seems to move through a series
                                                                                                                                                   of recognizable phases including a deliberative “scenario-building” stage and an “acting
                                                                                                                                                   together” stage. Learn more at www.sustaineddialogue.org.
Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes (page 4)
                  Focuses significantly on




                                Transformation
                                                                                                           Type of




                                                            Collaborative
                  Exploration
                                                                                                           Session




                                                 Decision
                                                  Making
                                                                                                                                   Participant




                                                               Action
   Processes                                                                    Size of Group                                                                                                    Mini-Description




                                   Confl
                                                                                                           (excluding
                                                                                                                                    Selection


                   ict
                                                                                                          preparatory
                                                                                                            sessions)

                                                                                                                                                          Victim Offender Mediation is a restorative justice process that allows the victim of a crime and
                                                                                                                                                          the person who committed that crime to talk to each other about what happened, the effects of
Victim Offender                                                                                       Multiple 2- to 3-      All inclusive (attempts to   the crime on their lives, and their feelings about it. They may choose to create a mutually
Mediation                          X                                        Small group
                                                                                                      hour sessions          bring in all involved)       agreeable plan to repair any damages that occurred as a result of the crime. In some practices,
                                                                                                                                                          the victim and the offender are joined by family and community members or others. Learn
                                                                                                                                                          more at www.voma.org.

                                                                                                      Participants post
                                                                                                                                                          SGD is a unique discussion tool that fosters intimate, high-quality online exchanges. By limiting
                                                                                                      and read posts
                                                                                                                                                          group size and lifespan, each member's value is visible, encouraging a sense of belonging and
Web Lab's Small                                                             Up to hundreds working    anytime during set
Group Dialogue
                   x               X                                        in small groups online    duration (such as 3
                                                                                                                          Open                            an investment in frequent visits. SGD offers participants the ability to genuinely connect with
                                                                                                                                                          one another rather than creating a collection of people with no sense of accountability who
                                                                                                      wks) for each
                                                                                                                                                          leave a series of drive-by postings. Learn more at www.weblab.org.
                                                                                                      group

                                                                                                      One or more                                         A Wisdom Circle is a small group dialogue designed to encourage people to listen and speak
                                                                                                      sessions lasting 1-                                 from the heart in a spirit of inquiry. By opening and closing the circle with a simple ritual of the
                                                                                                                          Usually used with an
Wisdom Circle     X                                                         Small group (3-12 people) 3 hours; ongoing
                                                                                                                          existing group
                                                                                                                                                          group's choosing, using a talking object, and inviting silence to enter the circle, a safe space is
                                                                                                      monthly sessions                                    created where participants can be trusting, authentic, caring, and open to change.  Also
                                                                                                      are ideal                                           referred to as Council process and Listening Circles. Learn more at www.wisdomcircle.org.

                                                                                                                                                          Wisdom Councils are microcosms of larger systems like cities and organizations that engage in
                                                                                                        Several-day
                                                                                                                             Initial 10-12 are randomly   a creative, thoughtful exploration of the issues affecting the system. A specialized facilitation
                                                                            10-12 people initially (and session with group
                                                                                                                             selected from community;     process is used called “Dynamic Facilitation” - a nonlinear approach for addressing complex
Wisdom Council    X                                x            x           sometimes periodically), of 12, followed by
                                                                                                                             broader segment is open      issues that allows shared insights and aligned action to emerge. The outcomes of the Wisdom
                                                                            then entire community       informal large-
                                                                                                                             to everyone                  Council, which are reported back to the community, can catalyze further dialogue, self-
                                                                                                        scale dialogue
                                                                                                                                                          organizing action and change throughout the larger system. More at www.wisedemocracy.org.

                                                                                                                                                        World Cafés enable groups of people to participate together in evolving rounds of dialogue with
                                                                                                                             Often held at conferences,
                                                                                                     Single event                                       three or four others while at the same time remaining part of a single, larger, connected
                                                                            Up to hundreds in 1 room                         involving all attendees;
World Café        X                                                         at tables of four
                                                                                                     ranging from 90
                                                                                                                             otherwise, invitations
                                                                                                                                                        conversation. Small, intimate conversations link and build on each other as people move
                                                                                                     minutes to 3 days                                  between groups, cross-pollinate ideas, and discover new insights into questions or issues that
                                                                                                                             boost representativeness
                                                                                                                                                        really matter in their life, work, or community. Learn more at www.theworldcafe.com.


                                                                                                         Visit the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (NCDD) website at www.thataway.org for more information on methods.

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NCDD Engagement Streams Framework

  • 1. Engagement Streams Name of Primary Examples of Appropriate D&D Engagement Key Features Important When… Organizer's Strategy Key Design Questions for Organizers Intention/Purpose Issues Processes Stream Suspending assumptions, Conversation Café, To encourage people creating a space that To encourage new Intergroup Dialogue in the and groups to learn A group or community seems Strengthening How can we ensure that people feel safe encourages a different insights and connections classroom, Wisdom more about themselves, stuck or muddled and needs democracy, expressing what inspires and touches them? kind of conversation, to emerge by creating a Council, Wisdom Circles, their community, or an Exploration using ritual and to reflect on their understanding a space for people to share Socrates Cafe, World What kind of techniques or rituals will issue, and possibly circumstance in depth and community of stimulate listening and sharing, without symbolism to encourage both their thoughts and Café, Open Space, discover innovative gain collective insight practice making people uncomfortable? openness, emphasis on their feelings. Appreciative Inquiry, solutions listening Bohm Dialogue Relationships among Political Sustained Dialogue, How can the issue be framed so that all sides To create a safe space for participants are poor or not polarization, Intergroup Dialogue in are brought to - and feel welcomed at - the To resolve conflicts, to Creating a safe space, people with different yet established and need to Jewish-Muslim communities, Victim- table? What are people's needs relating to foster personal healing hearing from everyone, views to talk about their Conflict be. Issue can only be resolved relations, race Offender Mediation, Web this issue, and how can divergent needs and growth, and to building trust, sharing personal experiences and when people change their relations, value- Lab's Small Group improve relations among Transformation personal stories and feel heard. Often, to set (healing, action, respect) be met effectively? behavior or attitude, expand based conflicts, Dialogue, If a conflict exists, how overt and volatile is groups views the groundwork for their perspective, or take time healing after crises Compassionate Listening, it? How, if at all, will you transition people deliberation and action. to "what's next"? to reflect and heal. or trauma PCP dialogue To involve a How can we best represent the public National Issues Forums, Naming and framing, representative group of (random selection, active recruitment, Citizens Jury, Deliberative To influence public weighing all options, citizens in thorough involving large numbers of people)? Should/ The issue is within Budgeting, land Polling, 21st Century decisions and public Decision considering different conversations about can public officials participate in the process government's (or any single use, health care, Town Meeting, policy and improve Making positions (deliberation), complicated policy side-by-side with citizens? What kinds of entity's) sphere of influence social security Charrettes, Citizen public knowledge revealing public values, issues. Ideally, the group materials need to be developed or obtained? Choicework, Consensus brainstorming solutions is empowered by How can we ensure that this process Conference governance. influences policy? To empower people and Using D&D to generate The issue/dispute requires To encourage integrated Who needs to be at the table? What kind of Regional sprawl, groups to solve ideas for community intervention across multiple efforts among diverse Study Circles, Future power dynamics exist already? What Collaborative institutional racism, complicated problems action, developing and public and private entities, stakeholders, sectors, Search, Appreciative group/leader/institution is most resistant to and take responsibility Action implementing action plans and anytime community youth violence, organizations, etc. Inquiry change? What group tends not to be at the responding to crises for the solution collaboratively action is important involved in the problem table, although they're affected? The Engagement Streams framework (2005) was developed by Sandy Heierbacher and members of the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (NCDD). Please email Sandy at sandy@thataway.org with your comments and ideas for improving this framework. And go to NCDD's website, at www.thataway.org, for many more resources and tips.
  • 2. Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes Focuses significantly on Decision Making Transformation Type of Collaborative Exploration Session Participant Action Processes Size of Group Mini-Description Confl (excluding Selection ict preparatory sessions) AmericaSpeaks' 21st Century Town Meetings enable the general public to give those in 21st Century Town Hundreds to thousands in Open; recruit for leadership positions direct, substantive feedback on key issues. Each meeting engages Meeting X 1 room at small tables All-day meeting representativeness hundreds or thousands of general interest citizens at a time, utilizing innovative technology to effectively and quickly summarize citizen input. Learn more at www.americaspeaks.org. Appreciative Inquiry is a change method that encourages stakeholders to explore the best of Appreciative Internal and external the past and present in their organizations and communities. AI involves, in a central way, the Inquiry X X From 20 to 2,000 4 to 6-day summit stakeholders art and practice of asking questions that strengthen a system’s capacity to apprehend, anticipate, and heighten positive potential. Learn more at www.appreciativeinquiry.cwru.edu. Created by late physicist David Bohm, Bohm (or Bohmian) Dialogue is focused on attending to No set length or and discussing individual internal dynamics--assumptions, beliefs, motivations, etc. The idea is Bohm Dialogue X x Small group number of Open or invitation not to eliminate them from happening, but to surface them in the conversation in a way that meetings furthers the dialogue. Learn more at www.infed.org/archives/e-texts/bohm_dialogue.htm. A charrette is a collaborative and consensus-building design methodology that incorporates Intense work Participants represent a A small team of input from all stakeholders (the developer, relevant government agencies, and the community). sessions last 1-3 range of organized professionals and a much A “charrette team” of experts uses stakeholder input in an continual “feedback loop” to prepare Charrettes X x larger group of days typically; groups, but others with a and refine a plan for development with the goal of reaching consensus among the stakeholders. some last 1-2 stake in the issue are stakeholders Charrettes, which combine modern design studio and town meeting, help overcome inertia and weeks encouraged to attend create meaningful master plans. Learn more at www.charretteinstitute.org. Public Agenda's Citizen Choicework helps citizens confront tough choices in productive ways. 1 session, ranging Participants work through values conflicts and practical tradeoffs, and develop a sense of Citizen Open; recruit for Choicework X Multiple small groups from 2 hours to all representativeness priorities and direction. Key principles include nonpartisan local leadership, inclusive day participation, and unbiased discussion materials that "start where the public starts." Learn more at www.publicagenda.org. The Citizens Jury process is a method for gathering a microcosm of the public, having them Citizens Jury X Small group 5-day meeting Random selection attend five days of hearings, deliberate among themselves and then issue findings and recommendations on the issue they have discussed. Learn more at www.jefferson-center.org. resource developed by the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (NCDD) ….www.thataway.org….
  • 3. Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes (page 2) Focuses significantly on Decision Making Transformation Type of Collaborative Exploration Session Participant Action Processes Size of Group Mini-Description Confl (excluding Selection ict preparatory sessions) In Compassionate Listening, listeners use reflection and skilled inquiry to help speakers deepen varies between 30 Open to whoever is their own understanding and awareness. CL engenders generative listening which is non- min and 3 days, drawn; often listeners are Compassionate 2 to 200 people; usually judgmental, questions that are non-adversarial, and an ability to remain open when witnessing Listening x X fewer than 30 depending on how brought in to hear the strong feelings and divergent viewpoints. The process can help soften hearts and create the many people are stories of oppressed or safety necessary for honest, respectful dialogue and sustainable solutions. More at involved oppressors www.compassionatelistening.org. Developed in Denmark, Consensus Conferences typically involve a group of citizens with varied 2 weekends for backgrounds who meet to discuss issues of a scientific or technical nature. The conference has Consensus participants to Conference X Large group prepare, 2-4 day Random selection two stages: the first involves small group meetings with experts to discuss the issues and work towards consensus. The second stage assembles experts, media and the public where the conference conference's main observations and conclusions are presented. More at thataway.org/46192a. Conversation Cafés are hosted conversations which are usually held in a public setting like a Open; publicize to Conversation Single or multiple small 1 90-minute coffee shop or bookstore, where anyone is welcome to join. A simple format helps people feel Café X x groups session encourage at ease and gives everyone who wants to a chance to speak. Learn more at representativeness www.conversationcafe.org. Deliberative Polling combines deliberation in small group discussions with scientific random sampling to provide public consultation for public policy and for electoral issues. Members of a Up to several hundred Deliberative Weekend-long random sample are polled, and then some members are invited to gather at a single place to Polling X people in small groups in meeting Random selection discuss the issues after they have examined balanced briefing materials. Participants engage in 1 room dialogue with competing experts and political leaders based on questions they develop in small group discussions with trained moderators. More at http://cdd.stanford.edu/. Used by communities and organizations, Future Search is a unique planning method which enables large, diverse groups to validate a common mission, take responsibility for action, and All inclusive (attempts to Future Search x x X 60 to 80 people 3 days bring in all involved) develop commitment to implementation. The method, which allows the entire group to be in dialogue when necessary, is especially useful in uncertain, fast-changing situations when it is important that everyone have the same large picture in order to act responsibly. More at www.futuresearch.net. Intergroup dialogues are face-to-face meetings of people from at least two different social Regular weekly identity groups. They are designed to offer an open and inclusive space where participants can Intergroup Single or multiple small Open; recruit for Dialogue X X x groups meetings of 2-3 representativeness foster a deeper understanding of diversity and justice issues through participation in hours experiential activities, individual and small group reflections, and dialogues. Learn more at www.umich.edu/~igrc/ and http://depts.washington.edu/sswweb/idea/.
  • 4. Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes (page 3) Focuses significantly on Transformation Type of Collaborative Exploration Session Decision Making Participant Action Processes Size of Group Mini-Description Confl (excluding Selection ict preparatory sessions) National Issues Forums offer citizens the opportunity to join together to deliberate, to make National Issues Up to hundreds in 1 room 1 two-hour Open; recruit for choices with others about ways to approach difficult issues and to work toward creating Forums X at small tables meeting representativeness reasoned public judgment. NIF is known for its careful issue framing and quality issue guides which outline 3 or 4 different viewpoints. Learn more at www.nifi.org. Open Space Technology is a self-organizing practice that invites people to take responsibility Up to hundreds in 1 for what they care about. In Open Space, a marketplace of inquiry is created where people offer Open Space room, then break up in Technology X x interest groups multiple 3 days Varies topics they are passionate about and reflect and learn from one another. It is an innovative approach to creating whole systems change and inspiring creativity and leadership among times participants. Learn more at www.openspaceworld.org. The Public Conversations Project helps people with fundamental disagreements over divisive Public issues develop the mutual understanding and trust essential for strong communities and Multiple 2-hour Involves all sides of an Conversations X Small group sessions existing conflict positive action. Their dialogue model is characterized by a careful preparatory phase in which Project Dialogue all stakeholders/sides are interviewed and prepared for the dialogue process. Learn more at www.publicconversations.org. Socrates Cafés and other forms of Socratic Dialogue encourage groups inside and outside the Whoever is in the class or classroom to engage in robust philosophical inquiry. The Cafés consist of spontaneous yet at the meeting, or rigorous dialogue that inspires people to articulate and discover their unique philosophical Socrates Cafe X 3 to 30 people 1-2 hours whoever responds to the perspectives and worldview. They don't force consensus or closure, but are open-ended and flyers or articles can be considered a success if there are more questions at the end than there were at the outset. More at www.philosopher.org. Study Circles enable communities to strengthen their own ability to solve problems by bringing Up to hundreds meeting large numbers of people together in dialogue across divides of race, income, age, and political in separate small groups; 4 to 6 2-hour Open; recruit for viewpoints. Study Circles combine dialogue, deliberation, and community organizing Study Circles x x X come together later for sessions representativeness techniques, enabling public talk to build understanding, explore a range of solutions, and serve Action Forum as a catalyst for social, political, and policy change. Learn more at www.everyday- democracy.org. Sustained Dialogue is a process for transforming and building the relationships that are essential to democratic political and economic practice. SD is not a problem-solving Open; recruit for workshop; it is a sustained interaction to transform and build relationships among members of Sustained Numerous 2- to 3- Dialogue X x x Small group hour sessions representativeness among deeply conflicted groups so that they may effectively deal with practical problems. As a process conflicting groups that develops over time through a sequence of meetings, SD seems to move through a series of recognizable phases including a deliberative “scenario-building” stage and an “acting together” stage. Learn more at www.sustaineddialogue.org.
  • 5. Characteristics of Well-Known Dialogue & Deliberation Processes (page 4) Focuses significantly on Transformation Type of Collaborative Exploration Session Decision Making Participant Action Processes Size of Group Mini-Description Confl (excluding Selection ict preparatory sessions) Victim Offender Mediation is a restorative justice process that allows the victim of a crime and the person who committed that crime to talk to each other about what happened, the effects of Victim Offender Multiple 2- to 3- All inclusive (attempts to the crime on their lives, and their feelings about it. They may choose to create a mutually Mediation X Small group hour sessions bring in all involved) agreeable plan to repair any damages that occurred as a result of the crime. In some practices, the victim and the offender are joined by family and community members or others. Learn more at www.voma.org. Participants post SGD is a unique discussion tool that fosters intimate, high-quality online exchanges. By limiting and read posts group size and lifespan, each member's value is visible, encouraging a sense of belonging and Web Lab's Small Up to hundreds working anytime during set Group Dialogue x X in small groups online duration (such as 3 Open an investment in frequent visits. SGD offers participants the ability to genuinely connect with one another rather than creating a collection of people with no sense of accountability who wks) for each leave a series of drive-by postings. Learn more at www.weblab.org. group One or more A Wisdom Circle is a small group dialogue designed to encourage people to listen and speak sessions lasting 1- from the heart in a spirit of inquiry. By opening and closing the circle with a simple ritual of the Usually used with an Wisdom Circle X Small group (3-12 people) 3 hours; ongoing existing group group's choosing, using a talking object, and inviting silence to enter the circle, a safe space is monthly sessions created where participants can be trusting, authentic, caring, and open to change.  Also are ideal referred to as Council process and Listening Circles. Learn more at www.wisdomcircle.org. Wisdom Councils are microcosms of larger systems like cities and organizations that engage in Several-day Initial 10-12 are randomly a creative, thoughtful exploration of the issues affecting the system. A specialized facilitation 10-12 people initially (and session with group selected from community; process is used called “Dynamic Facilitation” - a nonlinear approach for addressing complex Wisdom Council X x x sometimes periodically), of 12, followed by broader segment is open issues that allows shared insights and aligned action to emerge. The outcomes of the Wisdom then entire community informal large- to everyone Council, which are reported back to the community, can catalyze further dialogue, self- scale dialogue organizing action and change throughout the larger system. More at www.wisedemocracy.org. World Cafés enable groups of people to participate together in evolving rounds of dialogue with Often held at conferences, Single event three or four others while at the same time remaining part of a single, larger, connected Up to hundreds in 1 room involving all attendees; World Café X at tables of four ranging from 90 otherwise, invitations conversation. Small, intimate conversations link and build on each other as people move minutes to 3 days between groups, cross-pollinate ideas, and discover new insights into questions or issues that boost representativeness really matter in their life, work, or community. Learn more at www.theworldcafe.com. Visit the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation (NCDD) website at www.thataway.org for more information on methods.