protecting health from climatic change

1. “Protecting health from climate
change”
Presenters: Dr H. Danny Singh &
Dr Shanthosh Priyan S
Moderator : Prof T. Gambhir Singh

2. Presentation format
• Introduction
• Problem statement
• Climate change and global warming
• Indicators of climate change
• Causes of climate change
• Greenhouse effect
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Climate change and ecosystem
• Impact of climate change on health
• Responses to climate change
• Conclusion

3.  Climate change is one of the most formidable
developmental challenges faced by humanity today
 Its consequences are global and intergenerational
 The global climate is now changing faster than at any
point of time in human civilisation
 Climate change will affect, in profoundly adverse way,
some of the most fundamental determinants of health:
food, air and water, adequate shelter and freedom from
disease
Introduction

4.  A recent report from the Lancet and University
College London Institute for Global Health
Commission labelled climate change as “…the biggest
global health threat of the 21st century”
 Developing and poor countries would face the earliest
and most severe threats
 The health risks posed by climate change are
significant, distributed throughout the globe, and
difficult to reverse (WHO)

5. Problem statement
 Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface
temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F),
with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since
1980
 Developing Countries & Small Island Nations will
be the first & hardest hit by this phenomena
 Each year, about 800,000 people die from causes
attributable to urban air pollution

6. Problem statement
 About 2.2 million die from diarrhoea ( due to lack of
access to clean water supply and sanitation & from
poor hygiene)
 3.5 million die from malnutrition
 60, 000 die in natural disasters

7. Floods
Malaria
Diarrhea
Malnutrition
020406080100120 2 4 6 8 10
DALYs (millions)Deaths (thousands)
2000
2020
Estimated Death and DALYs
Attributable to Climate Change

8. Climate change and Global warming:
 Climate change refers to any distinct change in
measures of climate lasting for a long period of time
 In other words, “climate change” means major
changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind
patterns lasting for decades or longer
 Global warming is an average increase in
temperatures near the Earth’s surface and in the
lowest layer of the atmosphere

9. Physical evidence for & examples of climatic
change:
 Global surface temperatures have risen by 1.3 degrees
Fahrenheit (ºF) over the last 100 years
 According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), seven of the eight warmest
years on record have occurred since 2001
 The rate of warming across the globe over the last 50
years (0.24ºF per decade) is almost double the rate of
warming over the last 100 years (0.13ºF per decade)

10. FIGURE. Variations in Earth’s average surface temperature, over the
past 20 000 years.

11. FIGURE. Global temperature record, since instrumental recording began in 1860,
and projection for coming century, according to Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change .

12. Change In Surface Temperature

13. The evidence of climate change extends well beyond
increases in global surface temperatures. It also
includes:
 Changing precipitation patterns
 Melting ice in the Arctic
 Melting glaciers around the world
 Increasing ocean temperatures
 Rising sea level around the world
 Acidification of the oceans due to elevated carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere
 Responses by plants and animals, such as changing migration pattern

14. Melting of Glaciers
Among the most sensitive indicators of climate change
Their size is determined by a mass balance between snow input & melt output

15. Decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several
decades is further evidence for rapid climate change. Satellite observations show
that Arctic sea ice is now declining at a rate of 11.5 percent per decade, relative to
the 1979 to 2000 average.
Artic sea ice loss
1979
2012

16. Global sea level has risen at the average rate of 1.8mm/yr
during 1961-2003, the rate has been faster during 1993-2003
(@3.1 mm/yr)
Sea level rise

17. Causes of climate change
 Human causes includes burning fossil fuels, cutting
down forests, and developing land for farms, cities,
and roads
 These activities all release greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere
 Natural causes include changes in the Earth’s orbit,
the sun’s intensity, the circulation of the ocean and
the atmosphere, and volcanic activity

18. Greenhouse effect
 Discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824
 The greenhouse effect is one of the Earth’s natural
processes
 It helps to regulate the temperature of our planet
 Without a natural greenhouse effect, the Earth’s
temperature would be 0ºF (-18ºC) instead of its
present 57ºF (14ºC)

19. “Greenhouse effect”
25-08-2015
Green House
Effect
• Sunlight brings energy to climate systems,
most of it is absorbed by the oceans & land.
• Heat radiates outwards from warmed
surface of earth.
• Some of the infrared rays is absorbed by
green house gases.
• Some of infrared rays further warms the
earth.
• Some of the infra red rays entered space

20. 25-08-2015 20
Increasing greenhouse gases trap more
heat
Higher concentration of CO2 & other
green house gases trap more infrared rays
in stratosphere. The additional heat
further warms atmosphere & earth’s
surface.

21. Earth’s Atmospheric Gases
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Non-
Greenhouse
Gases
99%
Greenhouse
Gases
1%

22. Anthropogenic greenhouse gases
• Burning of fossil fuels & deforestation lead to higher CO2 .
• Livestock enteric fermentation & manure management, paddy rice
farming, land use and wetland changes, & covered vented landfill
emissions etc leading to higher CH4.
• CFCs in refrigeration systems, & halons in fire suppression systems
• Agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, that lead to
higher N2O.
Gas Contribution (%)
Water vapour 36 – 72%
Carbon dioxide 9 – 26%
Methane 4 – 9%
Ozone 3 – 7%
CFCs <1%

24. Annual Carbon Emissions
Annual carbon emissions
Atmospheric CO2
Atmospheric CO2 average
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
0
4
6
8
2
Year
Carbon(109metrictons)

25. Earth's annual carbon cycle
Human activities emit about 9 Gt of carbon each year. About 4 Gt of this human-contributed
carbon remain in the atmosphere; 3 Gt are taken up by natural terrestrial processes, and
another 2 Gt are removed by the ocean (Canadell et al. 2007).

26. Emissions Exceed Nature’s CO2 Drain
Source: National Research Council, 2011a

28. Source: IEA 2014; BP 2014

29. FIGURE: Layers of the Earth’s atmosphere

30. Stratospheric ozone depletion
 Stratospheric ozone destruction is an essentially
separate process from greenhouse gas (GHG)
accumulation in the lower atmosphere
 There are several important and interesting
connections between the two
 First, several of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases
(e.g. CFCs and N2O) are also ozone depleting gases

31. Stratospheric ozone depletion
 Second, tropospheric warming apparently induces
stratospheric cooling that exacerbates ozone
destruction
 Third, depletion of stratospheric ozone and global
warming due to the build up of greenhouse gases
interact to alter UVR related effects on health
 Ozone depletion in the stratosphere increases the
formation of photochemical smog

32. Climate Change and Ecosystems
 Biodiversity:
 Oceans: change in the habitat and food supplies for
many kinds of marine life—from plankton to polar
bears, coral bleaching etc
 Forests: Longer periods of hot weather could stress
trees, and make them more susceptible to wildfires,
insect damage, and disease

33. Climate Change and Ecosystems
 Habitat: Climate change will alter, and in some cases
destroy, certain types of habitats
 Invasive Species: Some of the species that thrive in
the new climatic condition might be invasive and
could gradually drive out or even kill native species
 Migrations and Life Cycle Events :

34. 1°C 2°C 5°C4°C3°C
Sea level rise
threatens major cities
Falling crop yields in many areas, particularly
developing regions
Food
Water
Ecosystems
Risk of Abrupt and
Major Irreversible
Changes
0°C
Falling yields in many
developed regions
Rising number of species face extinction
Increasing risk of dangerous feedbacks and
abrupt, large-scale shifts in the climate system
Significant decreases in water
availability in many areas, including
Mediterranean and Southern Africa
Small mountain glaciers
disappear – water
supplies threatened in
several areas
Extensive Damage
to Coral Reefs
Extreme
Weather
Events
Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding and heat waves
Possible rising yields in
some high latitude regions450 ppm CO2 eq
650 ppm CO2 eq
Projected Impacts of Global
Temperature Change

35. Climate Change & Health
Fossil Fuel Use, Development &
Population Growth (Increased Emission
of green house gases )
Climate Change (Earth warming
rapidly)
Serious Effects On The Environment
Fundamental determinants of health:
Air, Water, Food, Shelter & Freedom
From Disease.
Serious Effects On Human Lives And
Health

36. Major health consequences of climate change
1) Agricultural sector extremely sensitive, rising temperatures & more frequent
droughts and floods compromise food security Malnutrition
2) Frequent extreme weather events (storms and floods) Deaths & Injuries
Outbreaks of diseases, such as Cholera.
3) Both scarcities & excess of water Diarrhoeal disease
4) Heat-waves , especially in urban “heat islands” directly increase morbidity &
mortality, mainly in elderly people with cardiovascular or respiratory disease.
Also increase in ground-level ozone and hasten the onset of the pollen season
Asthma attacks
5) Changing temperatures & patterns of rainfall alter the geographical
distribution of insect vectors Vector borne diseases (Malaria and dengue
are of greatest public health concern.)

37. Potential Climate Change Health Effects
• Heat-Related & Extreme events related Morbidity and
Mortality
• Asthma, Respiratory Allergies, and Airway Diseases
• Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
• Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases
• Foodborne Diseases and Nutrition
• Waterborne Diseases
• Human development
• Mental Health &Neurological Diseases and Disorders
• Cancer

38. Heat & extreme weather -Related Morbidity and
Mortality
• Heat waves, or extreme heat events, are characterized by
several days of temperatures greater than 90° F; warm,
stagnant air masses; and consecutive nights with higher–
than-usual minimum temperatures.
• Account for more deaths annually than hurricanes,
tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined in the US
• Extreme weather events, sea-level rise, destruction of local
economies, resource scarcity, and associated conflict due to
climate change are predicted to displace millions of people
worldwide. (200 million people worldwide by 2050)

39. Respiratory Diseases
Air quality affected through several pathways
– increases in regional ambient concentrations of ozone, PM2.5s fine
particles, & dust.
– Increase production & allergenicity of aeroallergens (pollen mold &
spores)
Aeroallergens act with other harmful air pollution worsen respiratory disease
(Allergic rhinitis asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease )
Ozone causes direct, reversible lung injury; increases premature mortality;
worsens respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD); and may cause lasting lung damage.
PM2.5s are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, including
asthma, COPD, and cardiac dysrhythmias
Global rise in asthma is an early health effect of climate change

40. Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
 Dysrhythmias are primarily associated with extreme cold as
well as heat
 Stroke incidence increases with increasing temperature
 Ozone are also associated with acute myocardial infarction
 Particulate matter associated with systemic inflammation,
deranged coagulation , thrombosis, blood vessel dysfunction
atherosclerotic disease, compromised heart function, deep
venous thromboses, & pulmonary embolism
 Increased burden of PM2.5 is associated with increased
hospital admissions and mortality from cardiovascular
disease, as well as ischemic heart disease
 Elderly and isolated individuals are at greatest risk

41. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases
Distribution of vectors will change arising from:
 Increasing temperature
 Changing rainfall
 Cyclones, flooding
 Changes in animal host/reservoir populations
 Rising sea levels
Malaria and dengue fever to re-emerge.
Introduction & spread of new agents, such as West Nile virus.
Some VBZD agents like Lyme disease & Hantavirus, which
show evidence of seasonality & the range of these diseases
could change with a changing climate

42. Food borne diseases
 Increased occurrence of Vibrio infection, especially seafood-
borne disease associated with V. vulnificus & V.
parahaemolyticus
 Ocean acidification also lead to more virulent strains of
existing pathogens & emergence of new pathogens
 Drought encourage crop pests such as aphids, locusts, and
whiteflies, as well as the spread of the mould Aspergillus
flavus & thereby exacerbate malnutrition, poverty, and the
need for human migration
 Greater use of herbicides, fungicides, & insecticides,
resulting in potential immediate hazards to farm workers

43. Waterborne disease
Increased risk from the:
a) Concentration of nutrient and chemical contaminants
b) Formation of toxic algal bloom
c) Surface water contamination with human waste
d) Changes in ocean and coastal ecosystems
e) Changes in ph, salinity
f) Contaminant runoff, leaching of arsenic, fluoride,
and nitrates from fertilizers & lead contamination
g) Water security.
 Severe outbreaks of cholera.

44. Human development
• Environment can be a potent modifier of normal development
and behaviour
• Many of the chemicals that we use to control pests and improve
crop yields can impact human development
• About 3% of all children born in the United States have a birth
defect, some of which can be attributed to environmental causes
(CDC)
• Environmental effects on development include subtle changes
such as small reductions in IQ from exposure to lead, changes in
onset of puberty from exposure to endocrine disrupting
chemicals, birth defects such as cleft palate due to dioxin-like
compounds, and fetal loss through exposure-related spontaneous
abortion

45. Mental Health
– Anxiety and depression
– Post traumatic stress disorder, Insecurity
– Grief
– Stress, self harm and possible suicide
– Loss of social cohesion
– Solastalgia
– Specific impacts on children, women and
elderly

46. Neurological diseases
Exposure to neurotoxins (eg. domoic acid ) in seafood,
fresh & marine waters, pesticides & herbicide effects
& heavy metals leads to onset and exacerbation
 Amnesia
 Numbness
 Neurological deficits
 Learning disabilities
 Liver damage
 Skin and eye irritation
 Respiratory paralysis
 PD- and AD-like symptoms
 Epilepsy

47. Cancers
 Leaching of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from
storage sites & contamination of water with
chemicals.
 Depletion of stratospheric ozone resulting in
increased UV radiation exposure increased risk of
skin cancers (BCC & SCC) & cataracts.
 Increased UV radiation with certain polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) phototoxicity &
DNA damage.

48. Vulnerability, Adaptation and
Mitigation
Responses to climate change

49. • Vulnerability: In the literature of climate change,
vulnerability is defined as the combined measure of threats to
a particular system.
• Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is susceptible to
or unable to cope with the adverse effects of climate change,
including climate variability and extremes
• Adaptation ability of a system to adjust to climate change in
order to reduce its vulnerability, and enhance the resilience to
observed and anticipated impacts of climate change
• Mitigation looks at limiting climate change by reducing the
emissions of GHGs (greenhouse gases)

50. Human responses to climate change

51. Vulnerability

52. • Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude
and rate of climate variation to which a system is
exposed; its sensitivity; and adaptive capacity (IPCC,
2001)
• Mathematically,
Vulnerability = f (Exposure, Sensitivity, Adaptive Capacity)
• In other words, the greater the exposure or sensitivity,
the greater is the vulnerability.
• However, adaptive capacity is inversely related to
vulnerability. So, the greater the adaptive capacity, the
lesser is the vulnerability.

53. MITIGATION
"Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case
‘the tragedy of the commons’

54. Mitigation
• Efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases
• Using new technologies and renewable energies, making
older equipment more energy efficient, or changing
management practices or consumer behavior
• Protecting natural carbon sinks like forests and oceans, or
creating new sinks through green agriculture are also
elements of mitigation
• Multifaceted approach which includes energy, transport,
buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management
etc

55. KYOTO PROTOCOL

56. • The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
aimed at fighting global warming
GOAL:
• “Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system”
• The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997
in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16 February
2005
• As of September 2011, 191 states have signed and
ratified the protocol

57. Brown = Countries that have signed and ratified the treaty
(Annex I & II countries in dark brown)
Blue = No intention to ratify at this stage.
Dark blue = Canada, which withdrew from the Protocol in December 2011.
Grey = no position taken or position unknown
Participation in Kyoto Protocol as of 2011

58. TARGETS:
Total: reduce emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels during
“commitment period” 2008-2012
(most countries need -18% reduction in BAU by 2008)
37 industrialized nations and the EU subject to binding
emissions targets
Greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6

59. PENALTY:
Non-compliant countries will have to reduce emissions
by 1.3 units for
every unit of emissions “overshoot” in subsequent
commitment period.
Ex: if your emissions target is 7Gtons per year by 2012,
and you end up at 10Gtons/yr, in the next commitment
period (2013-2020) you will have to reduce by 4Gtons/yr
(in addition to any new targets) to be compliant

60. Three primary mechanisms
1. Emissions trading
- trade carbon units between Annex 1 countries (flow is from
countries with carbon credits to countries with carbon
overshoots)
- example: Europe’s Emissions Trading System (ETS),
National Allocation Plans
2. Joint Implementation
- Annex 1 countries can invest in a emissions-reduction project
in another Annex 1 country and receive emissions reduction
units (ERU)

61. 3. Clean Development Mechanism
- Annex 1 countries receive ERUs for emissions reductions in
developing countries
- must certify reductions (they would not have happened
without action by Annex 1)

62. PROS:
- For countries that are ultra-efficient, Kyoto would be cost
prohibitive. Such countries can ‘buy their way out’ by
buying carbon credits from other countries
- Developing countries have incentive to reduce emissions by
selling carbon credits

63. Recent Advances in Kyoto Protocol
• May 2011: Russia, Japan and Canada told the G8 they would
not join a second round of carbon cuts under the Kyoto
Protocol at United Nations talks and the US reiterated it
would remain outside the treaty. They argued that the Kyoto
format did not require developing countries, including China,
the world’s No. 1 carbon emitter, to make targeted emission
cuts
• Aug 2011: The European Union, the major developing
countries, and most African and Pacific island nations
declared that they would like to see the Kyoto process
extended as a prelude to a more ambitious, binding
international agreement that would take effect by 2020

64. United Nations Climate Change Conference-
Durban, 2011(1/2)
• A primary focus of the conference was to secure a global
climate agreement as the Kyoto Protocol's first
commitment period (2008–2012) was about to end
• Also expected to focus on finalising at least some of the
Cancun Agreements such as co-operation on clean
technology, as well as forest protection, adaptation to
climate impacts, etc
• Canada's environment minister Peter Kent announced his
country's withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol

65. • The terms of the future treaty are to be defined by 2015
and become effective in 2020
• The agreement, referred to as the "Durban platform"
includes developing countries such as China and India,
as well as the US which refused to sign the Kyoto
Protocol
• Green fund : The conference led to progress regarding
the creation of a Green Climate Fund for which a
management framework was adopted. The fund is to
distribute US$100bn per year to help poor countries
adapt to climate impact

66. India and Kyoto Protocol
• India will not sign any legally binding global agreement
for emission reduction as the country needs to eradicate
poverty through economic growth
• India argues that since the CO2 in the atmosphere is from
developed countries it is their responsibility to cut down
the emissions. However India will make all efforts to cut
down on green house gas emissions but that would be
voluntary
• India being a developing country is still not stable enough
to take up global warming as the emission cuts will slow
down its development and cripple it economically

67. Enter REDD: Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Fact: 18% anthropogenic emissions comes from forest destruction
Idea: Developed countries will pay for developing countries
not to destroy rainforest
Bali Action Plan (COP 13)
The Bali Action Plan calls for:
“Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues
relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation in developing countries; and the role
of conservation, sustainable management of
forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in
developing countries;”[FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, 14 March
2008; Decision 1/CP.13 [BAP], paragraph 1(b)(iii)]
REDDplus

68. BUILDING RESILIENCE AGAINST
CLIMATE EFFECTS (BRACE)
• BRACE framework is a five-step process that allows health
officials to develop strategies and programs to help
communities prepare for the health effects of climate change
• Part of this effort involves incorporating complex
atmospheric data and both short and long range climate
projections into public health planning and response
activities
• Combining atmospheric data and projections with
epidemiologic analysis allows health officials to more
effectively anticipate, prepare for, and respond to a range of
climate sensitive health impacts

69. 1. Forecasting
Climate Impacts
and Assessing
Vulnerabilities
2. Projecting the
Disease Burden
3. Assessing
Public Health
Interventions
4. Developing and
Implementing a
Climate and Health
Adaptation Plan
5. Evaluating
Impact and
Improving Quality
of Activities
BRACE
Climate and Health Program, National Center for Environmental Health

70. Climate change mitigation in India
Mitigation and adaptation information network (MAIN)
for sustainable communities:
• OBJECTIVE: To bring together expertise, knowledge
and local experiences in a common network that
empowers communities across the globe to create, share,
use and store knowledge to support sustainable living
• Provides insights on Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) as an important mechanism for funding
mitigation efforts

71. Government of India's Response

72. • Renewable resources will help India in mitigating
climate change, through reduction in dependence on
power generation by coal and mineral oil based power
plants, which contribute heavily to greenhouse gas
emissions
• Renewable energy sector is expected to contribute nearly
six times its existing emission reduction capability in
future

75. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) :
• Launched in 2008
• Outlines policies directed at mitigation and adaptation to
climate change
• The implementation of the NAPCC is designed to take
place through eight National Missions:
1. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
2. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

76. 3. National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
4. National Water Mission
5. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
6. National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan
Ecosystem
7. National Mission for a Green India
8. National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate
Change

78. 1. National Clean Energy Fund
2. State Action Plan on Climate Change
3. NABARD
4. Auto Fuel Vision and Policy 2025
5. Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment
6. Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategies for Inclusive
Growth
7. Bilateral Cooperation on Environment and Clean
Technology
Other National and Sub National Initiatives:

79. Adaptation

80. • Adaptation: Coping with climatic change – taking
measures to reduce the negative effects, or exploit
the positive ones, by making appropriate
adjustments.
• It depends on coping range, resilience range, and
failure range

81. Fig: severity of an event with and without Adaptation

82. Stages of Adaptation
• Primary – prevent onset of
health impact
• Secondary – preventative
measures taken in response
to early evidence of impact
• Tertiary – actions to lessen
the health effects
Extreme rainfall and flooding
Prevent/reduce
flooding
Overflow of waste from septic
tanks into flood waters
Prevent/reduce
overflow of waste
Human contact with flood water
Avoid human
contact with water
Gastro intestinal diseases
Correct medical
treatment
DECREASINGEFFECTIVENESS

83. Options for Adaptations to Reduce the Health
Impacts of Climate Change
Health
Outcome
Legislative Technical Educational-
advisory
Cultural &
Behavioral
Thermal stress Building
guidelines
Housing, public buildings,
urban planning, air
conditioning
Early warning
systems
Clothing, siesta
Extreme
weather events
Planning laws,
economic
incentives for
building
Urban planning, storm
shelters
Early warning
systems
Use of storm
shelters
Vector-borne
diseases
Vector control, vaccination,
impregnated bed nets,
sustainable surveillance,
prevention & control
programmes
Health education Water storage
practices
Water-borne
diseases
Watershed
protection laws,
water quality
regulation
Screening for pathogens,
improved water treatment
& sanitation
Boil water alerts Washing hands
and other
behavior, use of
pit latrines

84. • Stop deforestation/plant forests
• Replace regular bulbs with compact fluorescent light
(CFL)
• Produce more fuel-efficient vehicles & Reduce vehicle use
• Recycle more
• Improve energy-efficiency in buildings
• Develop carbon capture and storage processes
• Triple nuclear power
• Increase solar power
• Improve soil carbon management strategies
Adaptive Options to reduce Global warming

85. Financial resources
• Improving means and accessibility to the adaptation financing
–improved livelihoods
• Need to generate significant financial and technological
support to enable meaningful action by developing countries.
• The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) funding is not
enough
• Current carbon market is insufficient and doesn’t guarantee
geographical distribution
• UNFCCC report (2007) indicates that Investment and
financial flows needed for adaptation globally are likely to be
tens of billions of dollars per year several decades from now

86. History of climate change negotiations
• 1972: United Nations Conference on Environment,
Stockholm, United Nation Environment Program (UNEP)
formed.
• 1974: UN World Food Conference, Rome, which recognized
the central role of climate in world food production
• 1976: the UN World Water Conference in Mar Del Plata,
Argentina
• 1979: In response to extreme climatic events, UNEP, FAO,
UNESCO and WHO convened the First World Climate
Conference (FWCC) in Geneva.

87. • 1987: Montreal Protocol on restricting chemicals that
damage the ozone layer.
• 1988: Formation of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) jointly by United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO)
• 1992: Rio Earth Summit held. The United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change is opened for
signature.
– Developed countries accept responsibility for the
overwhelming majority of emissions and "aim to stabilize"
those emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2000.
– Countries obliged to report emission. Voluntary in nature.
Focus on mitigation.

88. • 1994: UNFCC enters into force.
• 1995: first Conference of the Parties (COP 1) takes place
in Berlin
– The first Conference of the Parties, made up of signatories to
the UNFCCC, acknowledges that the UNFCCC is inadequate
without country-specific commitments
– It agreed to negotiate emission reduction targets for
industrialized countries
• 1996: COP 2 held in Geneva

89. • 1997: COP 3 held in Kyoto. Also know as The
Kyoto Protocol
– The Kyoto protocol agreement included "flexibility”
mechanisms. Focus on mitigation.
– "flexibility" mechanisms that would allow industrialized
nations to get credit for actions to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in other countries.
• 1998: National Action Plan on Climate Change was
launched in India
• 2001: U.S. withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol

90. • 2009: COP 15, Copenhagen Accord drafted
– G8 countries agreed that 2 degrees Celsius of average global
warming is a limit which should not be exceeded.
– To reach this goal, global greenhouse gas emissions should be
reduced by at least 50% by 2050 and emissions from
developed countries should be reduced by 80% or more.
• 2010: COP 16, Cancun Agreements drafted and largely
accepted
• 2011: COP 17, the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action
drafted and accepted

91. • 2014: The first part of the IPCC's fifth assessment report
says scientists are 95% certain that humans are the
"dominant cause" of global warming since the 1950s
• Green Climate Fund- $100 billions/ year by 2020;
developed countries commit this fund to invest in
mitigation, adaptation and technology
• December 2015 – COP-21 in Paris

93. Conclusion
• Climate changes threaten to slow, halt or reverse the
progress that the global public health community is trying to
achieved.
• In the long run, however, the greatest health impacts may not
be from acute shocks such as natural disasters or epidemics,
but from the gradual build-up of pressure on the natural,
economic and social systems that sustain health.
• Ongoing climate change, coupled with globalisation, will
make it more difficult to contain infectious diseases

94. • A fair and effective response will require a sharing of
responsibilities between the populations that make the
greatest contribution to climate change and those that are
most vulnerable to its effects, in order to safeguard and
enhance global public health security.
• Critically important will be factors that directly shape the
health of populations such as education, health care,
public health prevention and infrastructure and economic
development