Compilation from various resources for these learning outcomes: Describe asexual reproduction in animals Explain sexual reproduction in animals Explain sexual reproduction in flowering plants Describe asexual reproduction in plants

1. TOPIC
8:
REPRODUCTION

2. Learning
outcomes
1. Describe
asexual
reproduc7on
in
animals
2. Explain
sexual
reproduc7on
in
animals
3. Explain
sexual
reproduc7on
in
flowering
plants
4. Explain
asexual
reproduc7on
in
plants

3. Find
out
the
meaning
and
examples
for
each
one
of
it

5. Earthworm
Some
animals
are
hermaphrodi7c,
having
the
reproduc7ve
organs
of
both
male
and
female.

6. ReproducBon
in
Water
Versus
on
Land
• In
most
aquaBc
organisms,
external
fer7liza7on
occurs
and
the
resul7ng
organism
is
free-­‐living
(eg
frog,
fish).
• On
land,
the
embryo
and
nutrients
are
adapted
to
prevent
dehydra7on.
o Extra
embryonic
membranes
are
present
in
the
eggs
of
birds
and
rep7les.
o The
mammalian
placenta,
comprised
of
shared
7ssues
between
the
mother
and
fetus,
provides
nutrients,
removes
wastes,
and
prevent
dehydra7on.

7. ANIMALS

8. 1.
FerBlizaBon

10. 2.
ImplantaBon
• The
embryonic
development
involves
developmental
events
prior
to
implanta7on.
1. Ovula7on
releases
a
mature
egg.
2. Fer7liza7on
occurs
to
form
a
zygote.
3. The
zygote
undergoes
cleavage
(cell
division)
to
form
a
morula.
4. The
morula
develops
into
a
fluid-­‐filled
ball
of
cells
called
a
blastocyst.
5. The
blastocyst
implants
in
the
uterus.

12. 3.
GastrulaBon
1. Cells
of
the
embryo
begin
to
invaginate.
2. The
amnion
begins
to
develop.
3. APer
the
ini7al
development
of
the
outer
ectoderm
and
inner
endoderm,
the
mesoderm
develops.
4. Gastrula7on
is
complete
when
the
3
germ
layers
are
present.
hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AOoikTEfeo

15. 4.
NeurulaBon
• The
nervous
system
forms
during
the
neurula7on
by
induc7on.
1. The
mesoderm
cells
form
a
dorsal
suppor7ng
rod
called
the
notochord.
2. The
neural
plate
forms
dorsal
to
the
notochord.
3. The
neural
tube
forms
as
the
neural
plates
begin
to
fold.
4. Other
mesoderm
cells
consolidate
into
somites
to
give
rise
to
vertebrae
and
muscles.
hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGLexQR9xGs

17. 5.
Organ
FormaBon
• Human
embryos
at
5
weeks
have
flippers
called
limb
buds
which
give
rise
to
arms
and
legs.
• At
the
same
7me
the
head
and
sensory
organs
develop.
• The
umbilical
cord
has
formed,
connec7ng
the
embryo
to
the
chorion.
• The
allantois
forms
and
the
connec7on
to
the
placenta
is
completed.
hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yXUv4MPuNTA

18. Placenta
• The
placenta
is
comprised
of
the
embryonic
fetus
and
the
uterine
wall.
1. The
chorionic
villi
of
the
chorion
project
into
the
uterine
wall
to
facilitate
exchange
between
fetus
and
mother.
2. The
umbilical
cord
carries
fetal
blood
to
and
from
the
placenta.
3. While
fetal
and
maternal
blood
do
not
mix,
a
variety
of
chemicals
can
cross
the
placenta
into
the
fetus.

19. Fetal
Development
and
Birth
Human
fetal
development
occurs
during
the
last
6
month
of
gesta7on.
1. The
fetus
increases
in
size
and
weight.
2. The
genitalia
develop
during
the
3rd
month.
3. Hair
develops
aPer
the
3rd
month.
4. The
heartbeat
can
be
detected
aPer
2.5
months.
5. Fetal
movement
begins.

20. The
Stages
of
Birth
1. Birth
is
triggered
when
the
fetal
hypothalamus
triggers
the
pituitary
to
s7mulate
the
release
of
androgens
into
the
bloodstream.
2. The
placenta
uses
the
androgens
to
form
estrogens,
which
s7mulate
forma7on
of
oxytocin
and
prostaglandin.
3. The
estrogens,
oxytocin,
and
prostaglandin
cause
the
uterus
to
contract.
hRps://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=o56M7BK2Z1U

21. The
Stages
of
Birth
• The
movement
of
the
fetus
out
of
the
uterus
is
called
parturi7on.
– During
the
first
stage
of
parturi7on,
the
cervix
dilates
and
the
amnion
bursts.
– The
baby
is
born
and
the
umbilical
is
severed
during
the
second
stage.
– The
placenta
(aPerbirth)
is
expelled
from
the
uterus
in
the
third
stage.

22. Watch
this
recap
• hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-­‐
lrEBevJ60

23. PLANTS

24. Sexual
ReproducBon
in
Flowering
Plants
• The
plant
cycle
is
an
alterna7on
of
genera7on
between
different
mul7cellular
forms
of
the
plant.
1. The
diploid,
spore-­‐
producing
sporophyte
2. The
haploid,
gamete-­‐
producing
gametophyte

25. Overview
of
the
Plant
Life
Cycle
• For
flowering
plants,
the
sporophyte
is
the
dominant,
flowering-­‐producing
genera7on.
• Flowers
produce
2
kinds
of
spores.
1.
Microspores
that
develop
into
the
male
gametophyte
(a
pollen
grain)
2.
Megaspores
that
develop
into
the
female
gametophyte
(an
embryo
sac)
• Flower
pollen
carries
sperm
to
the
flower
egg
in
the
embryo
sac.

26. Flowers
• Flowers
serve
several
important
func7ons.
1. Produc7on
of
spores
2. Protec7on
for
gametophytes
3. ARrac7on
of
pollinators
4. Pollen
dispersal
• Monocots
have
floral
structures
in
mul7ples
of
three
while
eudicots
have
floral
structures
in
mul7ples
of
four
or
five.

27. • Flowers
are
comprised
of
4
whorls
of
modified
leaves
aRached
to
a
receptacle.
1. The
sepals
protect
the
developing
flower.
2. The
petals
are
colored
to
aRract
pollinators.
3. The
male
por7on
of
the
flower,
consis7ng
of
the
stamen
(anther
&
filament).
4. The
female
por7on
of
the
flower,
or
carpel,
consis7ng
of
the
s7gma,
style,
ovary,
and
ovules.

28. From
Spores
to
FerBlizaBon
1. The
flower
anther
produces
male
microspores,
which
divide
mito7cally
to
form
pollen.
2. The
pollen
is
released
from
the
anther.
3. Within
the
ovule,
female
megespores
undergo
mitosis
to
produce
the
egg.

29. 4. During
pollina7on,
a
pollen
grain
is
transported
to
the
s7gma.
5. The
pollen
tube
germinates
and
extends
a
pollen
tube
to
the
ovule.
6. The
pollen
tube
delivers
two
sperm
to
the
egg
to
carry
out
double
fer7liza7on.

30. 7. The
sperm
are
involved
in
two
fusion
events.
I. One
sperm
fuses
with
an
egg
to
form
a
diploid
(2n)
zygote.
II. One
sperm
fuses
with
two
polar
nuclei
to
form
the
triploid
(3n)
endosperm.
8. The
ovule
develops
into
the
seed,
bearing
the
embryo
and
the
stored
nutrients.

31. hRps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjVHUf4d1I

32. Development
of
the
Seed
in
a
Dicotyledon
Plant
• Dicotyledons
seeds
have
3
main
parts.
– The
seed
coat
is
a
protec7ve
layer.
– The
endosperm
provides
a
food
reserve.
– A
plant
embryo
is
present.
• As
the
seed
matures,
the
embryo
undergoes
a
specific
series
of
developmental
changes
before
the
plant
axis
develops.

33. Development
of
the
Seed
in
a
Eudicot
Func7on
Cotyledon:
provide
food
to
the
growing
embyo/
seed
germina7on

34. Fruit
Types
and
Seed
Dispersal
• There
is
great
diversity
in
the
types
of
fruits
produced
by
plants.
1. Fruits
can
be
dry
or
fleshy.
2. Fruits
can
be
simple,
as
for
cereal
grains.
3. Nuts
can
have
a
hard
shell
that
surrounds
a
single
seed.
4. Legumes
are
fruits
with
several
seeds.

35. Fruit
Types
and
Seed
Dispersal

36. Dispersal
of
Seeds
• Once
produced,
seeds
must
be
dispersed
in
order
to
germinate.
1. Some
seeds
have
hooks
that
allow
the
seed
to
cling
to
the
fur
of
animals.
2. Some
seeds
must
pass
through
the
diges7ve
tract
of
animals
before
they
can
germinate.
3. Some
seeds
are
dispersed
by
wind
or
water.
4. Some
seeds
are
dispersed
in
a
projec7le-­‐like
fashion.

38. GerminaBon
of
Seeds
• Seed
germina7on
is
a
programmed
developmental
process
during
which
the
embryo
breaks
dormancy
and
con7nues
its
development.
• Seed
germina7on
only
occurs
when
sufficient
moisture,
temperature,
and
oxygen
is
present
to
sustain
growth.

39. GerminaBon
of
Seeds:
Dicot

40. GerminaBon
of
Seeds:
Monocot

41. Asexual
ReproducBon
in
Flowering
Plants
• Because
plants
have
nondifferen7ated
meristem
7ssues,
they
are
to7potent,
meaning
that
a
single
cell
can
be
used
to
regenerate
an
en7re
plant
in
7ssue
culture.
• Specific
combina7ons
of
plant
hormones
are
needed
to
control
this
development.
• These
to7potent
cells
or
fragments
or
the
plant
can
be
used
to
vegeta7vely
(asexually)
propagate
plants.

42. Asexual
ReproducBon
in
Flowering
Plants
-­‐Tissue
Culture
Technique

43. Asexual
ReproducBon
in
Flowering
Plants
–Tissue
Culture
Technique

44. Asexual
ReproducBon
in
Flowering
Plants