introduction to criminology

1. CRIMINOLOGY
DEFINITATION:
“CRIMINOLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF
CRIME, CRIMNAL BEHAVIOUR AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM”.

2. CRIME v/s DEVIANCE
An act deemed socially
harmful or dangerous,
that is specifically
defined, prohibited and
punished under criminal
law.
A person who violate
law called criminal.
Crime defined by formal
agencies.
Behavior that is depart
from the social norms
but is not necessarily
criminal.
A person who violate
norms of the society is
called deviant.
Punishment is informal.
All crimes are deviances
but all deviances are not
crime.

3. HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY
Classical Criminology
Positivist Criminology
Sociological Criminology
Developmental Criminology
Contemporary Criminology

4. CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
• “Punishment should fit for crime”.
• Choice theory
 Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)
People have free will to choose criminal
and law full solution to meet their needs or
settle their problems.
Utilitarianism: People behavior’s
motivated by pursuit of pleasure and
avoidance of pain.

5. CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1833)
• Rationality:
human being have free will
and must rational choice.
• Hedonism:
Philosophy of pain and
pleasure.
• Punishment
Deterrence.
• Human rights:
every individual have rite in
society in the eyes of
government.
• Due process:
an accused should be presumed
innocent and no subject to
punishment until quite to
lawfully established.

6. POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
Punishment should fit for criminal.
Crime is a function of internal forces such as chemical, neurological,
genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits.
Trial theory.
 Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)
• known as “father of criminology”
• Born criminals
• biological theory of crime
 Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
• psychological theory
• Id, ego and super ego.
• psychodynamic model

7. POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY
 In 1970s Edmund O. Wilson give Socio-biological
approach in trial theory.
• Behavioral traits may be inherited.
• Inherited traits may be formed by natural selection.
• Behavioral traits evolve and shaped by the
environment.
• Biological and genetic conditions affect how social
behaviors are learned and perceived.
• behavior determined by the need and to ensure
survival of offspring and replenishment of gene pool.
• Biology, environment, and learning are mutually
interdependent factors.

8. SOCIALOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Social
Structure
theory:
Quetelet (1796-1874)
• Age & sex influence the crime.
• He linked crime rate to alcohol.
• Season, climate, population composition and
poverty were also related to criminology.
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
• Relationship between social factors and crime.
• Crime can be useful & healthful for society in
that it pave the way for social change.
Chicago School
• Crime is not function of personal
traits but a reaction of an environment
that was inadequate for proper human
relation and development.

9. SOCIALOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Social process
theory:
Edwin Sutherland
• people learn criminal attitudes
from older, more experienced law
violators.
Walter Reckless
• crime occur when children
develop an inadequate self-image,
which renders them incapable of
controlling their own miss behavior

10. SOCIALOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY
Social
Conflict
theory:
Karl Marks (1818-1883)
• The most important relationship in
industrial culture is between owner of the
means of production and the person who
perform the labor.
• The economic system controls all facets of
human life or people revolves around the
means of productions.
• Exploitation of working class led to class
conflict.
• Behavior shaped by interpersonal conflict
and those who maintain social power will
use it for further ther own ends.

11. DEVELOPMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY
Criminality is dynamic process, influenced by social
experiences as well as individual characteristics.
Eleanor Gluecks and Sheldon
• Physical and mental factors determine the criminal behavior.
• The initiation and continuity of a career was a developmental
process influenced by both internal an external situations,
condition and circumstances.

12. SOCIAL CONTROL
It is a behavior of society which enforce on deviant to
conformist.
The set of positive and negative sanctions that are used by a
group to bring individual members into compliance with its
norms and values.
There are many types of social control such as:
 Formal social control: legal and written enforce by
agencies.
 Informal social control: it includes norms, values,
customs, public opinion and propaganda.
 Internal social control: Self-control
 External social control: include bothe formal and
informal social control.

13. CRIMINAL LAW
Demonic era: (very early explanation of evils)
• Demonic possession: Believe that person has gone in the
custody of devils.
• Spiritual influence:
• Divine punishment: Trephination intended to release evil
spirit from the offenders' head.
Code of Hammurabi(1792-1750 BC)
• Preserved on basalt rock columns.
• Code established a system of crime and punishment based
on physical retaliation(an eye for an eye).
• Severity of punishment depended on class standing.

14. CRIMINAL LAW
Early roman law
• Basic rights of every human being established.
Common law (English law)
• When presidents would then be applied commonly in similar
cases, hence the term common law.
• Common law has two types:
 Mala in se: Act said to be fundamentally or inherently
wrong regardless of time and place.
 Mala prohibitum: Act said to be wrong only because
they are prohibited.

15. Contemporary criminal law
Serious offenders are called Felony.
Miner or petty crime are called Misdemeanor.
By outlawing these behaviors government expect to
achieve a number of social goals:
 Enforcing social control
 Discouraging revenge
 Expressing public opinion and morality
 Deterring criminal behavior
 Punishing wrongdoing
 Maintaining social order
 Creating equity

16. CRIME
Definition:
“Any action that violates criminal
laws established by political
authority”.

17. Types of crime
 Property crime:
• Crimes such as theft of property without physically
harming an individual.
• Punishment with fine.
 Personal crime:
• Crime directed against people.
• Corporal punishment.
 Serious crime:
• Crime against the state.
• Condemned use of torture.

18. CONCEPT OF CRIME UNDER
THREE PERSPACTIVES
STUCTURAL
FUNCTIONAL OR
CONSENCUS VIEW:
CONFLICT
VIEW:
INTERACTIONA-LIST
VIEW:
The law define crime.
agreement exist on outlawed.
Laws apply to all citizens equally.
The law is the tool of ruling class.
Crime is politically defined concept.
“Real crime” like racism, sexism and classism are not
outlawed.
The law is used to control under class.
Moral entrepreneurs define crime.
Act become crime when society defines them in that
way.
Criminal labels are life- transforming events.