The document outlines a lecture on coastal resource assessment and management in the Philippines. It discusses the importance of coastal resources, participatory coastal resource assessment (PCRA), and different monitoring methods used in PCRA like manta tow surveys, transect surveys, and fish visual censuses. These methods are used to collect data on coastal habitats, fisheries, and socioeconomic factors to identify issues and inform management guidelines. The lecture aims to familiarize participants with PCRA and apply participatory methods in an actual coastal assessment.

1. Lecture Outline
1.Importance of Coastal Resource Assessment
2. Why Protection and Management of our coastal resources are critical?
3.Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA)
4 CSCST-FIC fisheries research from conceptualization , implementation,
presentations and publication
Expected output:
Concept paper production and presentation

2. Values of Phil. Coastal
Resources
 -coastal ecosystems of the Phil. aSouthre
some of the most productive and
biologically diverse in the world.
 Phil. lies in a rich biogeographic area in
South east Asia

3.  Coastal ecosystems in the Phil . And all
over SEA are under stress from the
combined impacts of human
overexploitation, physical disturbance
,pollution, sedimentation and general
neglect

4. Why manage our coastal resources
 Huge natural and economic resource in
the country
 Food supply
 Livelihood
 Other revenue and quality environment
Management implies wise use and
maintenance of the resource

6. Issue identification
and baseline
assessment
CRM plan
preparation
and adoption
Action plan and
project
implementation
Local legislation
Coastal law
enforcement
Regulation
External
revenue
sources
Annual program
preparation and
budgeting
Revenue
generation
Monitoring and evaluation
Information management,
education and
outreach
Issue identification
and baseline
assessment
CRM plan
preparation
and adoption
Action plan and
project
implementation
Local legislation
Coastal law
enforcement
Regulation
Local legislation
Coastal law
enforcement
Regulation
External
revenue
sources
External
revenue
sources
Annual program
preparation and
budgeting
Annual program
preparation and
budgeting
Revenue
generation
Revenue
generation
Monitoring and evaluation
Information management,
education and
outreach
The CRM Cycle

7. Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the
Communities
 Data gathering, consolidation and analysis
 Community consultations
 Drafting of plan
 Legislation
 Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
The Planning Process

8. Objectives:
1. Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of
good governance in CRM
2. Familiarize participants with some participatory
methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat,
fisheries and socio-economic assessment
3. Compile a preliminary coastal environment and socio-
economic and cultural profile based on PCRA results
4. Analyze results to identify issues and recommend
possible management guidelines.

9. Importance of PCRA:
• facilitates validation of the status of coastal habitats
and resources, their current uses and resource users
by local community members
•generates quantitative technical descriptions of
coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries)
•documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial for
CRM
•generates baseline information for the formulation of
management strategies
•generates baseline information for monitoring and
evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of management
actions)

10. Why is it important to be participatory?
•Facilitates broader understanding of coastal resources
uses and users so that communities can make informed
decisions about how to best manage local coastal
resources
•Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance the
knowledge of local communities
•Contributes to community empowerment
•Enhances ownership in decision-making
•Facilitates consensus building and information
dissemination

11. • coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves are major
life-support systems
- source of products and diverse fishery resources
- serve as nursery and feeding grounds
- provide areas for recreation and tourism
- prevent soil erosion and stabilize coastal areas
- buffer wave action and protect coastlines
Coastal Habitats and Fisheries

12. 1. Community Resource
and Resource Use Map
•
Collective perception
of a group of
community members
about the spatial
distribution of
coastal resources and
habitats
Validated and
enriched during PCRA
Data Collation and
Analysis

13. 2. Indicative Zoning Map
Initial delineation of primary uses in particular areas
based on analysis of PCRA results

14. Expected Intermediate Outputs
of PCRA
1. Spatial and temporal profile of coastal
habitats and fisheries
2. Identification of issues to be
addressed
3. Preliminary recommendations and
possible management guidelines
•To be presented for feedback and validation
during baranggay consultations

15. COASTAL AND MARINECOASTAL AND MARINE
ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem
Is the basic functional unit of ecology in which both
the biotic communities (living) and the abiotic (non-
living) environment are inseparably connected and
interact, maintaining the equilibrium necessary for
life

16. Coastal Zone/Area
• a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space within a landward
limit of 1km from the shoreline at high tide and within a seaward
limit of 200m isobath.
•Includes adjacent upland and watershed areas that affect and
influence coastal ecosystems.
•Contains a number of ecosystems with biophysical properties and
processes.
•

17. Important Marine/Coastal
Ecosystem
Mangrove Forests
Seagrass BedsCoral reefs
Estuaries

18. CoralCoral
reefsreefs

19. What are Coral Reefs
•“rain forest of the sea”
•One of the most complex and diverse ecosystems in the world
•Primarily consist of hard corals
•Slow growing colonies of animals with growth rate ranging
between 0.1cm and 10 cm per year in length
•Occur along shallow, tropical coastlines
•Consist of large and rigid structural mass of calcium carbonate
(limestone) formed by cemented skeletal remains resulting from
the successive growth and development of reef-building corals
•Up to 3,000 species of marine animals may co-exist in a single
reef
•Can grow to tens of meters high and as long as 2,000 km
•18,000 km2 of coral reef areas in the Phils.
•1 km2 coral reef = 20 tons of fishes per year

20. Corals
•Colonies of small animals
•Each living unit contains algal populations (zooxanthellae)
within it own tissue (capable for photosynthesis), providing
an energy source for both the coral and the algae
•Growth rates ranging between 0.1cm and 10cm per year
in length

21. Figure 1.
Coral reefs contribute
about 30% of the fish
catch in the country. The
Philippines has an estimated
27,000 km2 of coral reefs
which occupy 7% our of
30% of coral reefs in Asia.
Ecological Limits required
for reef survival:
>temperature (18-300C)
>salinity (30-36ppt)
>Sedimentation must be low
so that the water is clear
sufficient circulation of
nutrient-limited and
pollution-free water

24. Coral reefs are grouped into
one of three categories: (a)
fringing reefs, (b) barrier
reefs, and (c) atoll.

25. Benefits derived from coral reefs
•Home to various species of corals, benthic algae, fish
molluscs and crustaceans
•Protect the coasts from storms and waves
•Popular areas for ecotourism and recreation
•Source of medicine
Threats to coral reefs
•Siltation and sedimentation
•Raw domestic wastes
•Industrial and agricultural pollution
•Construction near reef areas
•Uncontrolled tourism activities
•Natural causes
•Destructive fishing practices
Dead coral covered with silt

26. How well are the coral reefs in your area?
To be able to know the status of your reef in your area. The community
shall conduct a monitoring scheme to be able to identify the changes
done over a period of time. Thus, promote suggestive action for reef
restoration and preservation.
How to monitor?
There are a lot of ways in monitoring the reef in which all throughout has been used
by scientist. However, to name a few wherein even a local fisherfolk can
participate and can easily understand:
• Manta Tow Survey
• Point Intercept Transect
• Coral Reef Fish Visual Census

27. Coral Reef
Assessment

28. Manta
Tow
Definition
A manta tow survey is the observation of an underwater area of good
visibility by a snorkeler who is being pulled by a small boat.
Purpose
Manta tows are used to get a general idea of the various types and amounts
of habitat types and large obvious things in an area. The information
incurred from the survey may be used:
 To help in the selection of sites and number of samples for closer
observation
 For comparison wit h local perception of the coastal area
 In the detection of large scale changes (e.g. due to storms and mass
siltation
Requirements
•Mask and snorkel (antipara)
•Small boat and fuel
•Manta board
•Pencil attached to slate
•GPS or Compass
•Map of the area

29. Methods
1. Copy a map of the area onto a slate
2. On the map, plan and mark the tow survey path
3. Choose the items (e.g. live hard coral, dead coral, soft coral, sand/silt etc.)
to estimate.
4. Attach the manta board to the boat using the rope or if no available board,
the observer may cling unto the boat.
5. When the observer (snorkeler) is ready and gives the “ok” signal, tow the
observer parallel and over the reef edge along the area to be surveyed.
6. During each tow, the observer estimates the approximate % cover of the
items chosen in step 3. The area viewed is up to 10m wide depending on
depth and water clarity.
7. After 2 minutes of towing (around 100 to 150m), the timer should inform the
driver and the observer to pause and take notes.
8. The observer then records onto the board the tow number and his/her
observations of the last 2-minute tow.
9. Repeat step 5-8 until the entire planned tow path has been surveyed.

34. MANTA TOW DATA FORM FORM 3
Site Name: No. Municipality & Province: Time/Mapper:
Date (month/day/year): Time: Observer: Notes (e.g.
crown-of-thorns
starfish,
Diadema
urchins, algae,
etc)
Tow
No.
Start
Time
Location Estimate % Substrate cover
Latitude &
Longitude/Compass
bearing/Landmarks
Depth
(m)
Hard
Coral
Soft
Coral
Dead
Coral
DC w/
Algae
Sand
/Silt
Start End
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

35. OK!/ Start Tow
STOP!
LEFT! RIGHT!
FASTER!
SLOWER
Hand Signals (for manta tow)

36. Definition
Snorkel survey is a method used by a snorkler for estimating the
relative abundance of living and non-living things on the reef bottom
observed within a defined area.
Purpose
The snorkler survey estimates the abundabce of hard corals, dead
corals, algae, and various reef substrates which may reflect the
health of the reef.
Requirements
• Mask & snorkel (antipara)
• 50-m transect line
• Underwater slates
• Pencil attached to the slates
• Fins and life jacket (optional)
• Picture book of plants or
animal types to be quantified
• boat
Snorkel Survey

37. Methods
1. Select representative sampling stations to be surveyed/monitored
based on the manta tow results.
2. Copy the data Form 4A (with the selected benthic lifeform types)
onto the plastic slates used for writing underwater)
3. Lay the transect line on a constant depth contour. Record the depth
4. Starting at one of the transect line, the snorkeler swims over the
transect estimating the % cover of each benthic life form w/in 2.5 m
on either side of the transect until the 5-m mark. The estimates of
each 5 x 5 m quadrat should total 100%
5. Similarly record each 5-m interval until the entire 50-m transect line
has been observed.
6. Add the 10 readings and divide by 10

38. BENTHIC LIFEFORMS & INVERTEBRATES DATA FORM
Site Name Municipality and Province:
Transect No.: Scuba: Snorkel: Coordinates
Date(mo/day/yr): Benthos observer: Invertebrates observer:
Horizontal water visisbility (m): Depth (m): Reef Zone: Topography: Slope:
Habitat Notes
BENTHIC LIFE FORMS Tally number pts or est. %
occupied by each lifeform
e.g. IIII-IIII-IIII-II or 12%+34%
+22%...
Total Count %
Cover
Coral HC Live Hard Coral
Buhi nga gahi
SC Soft Coral
Buhi nga humok
Dead coral DC White dead coral
Patay nga gahi
DCA Dead coral with algae
Patay nga gahi nga naay
lumot
Other
Animal
SP Sponges
Spongha
OT Other animals
Uban pang matang

39. Plants
TA Turf algae
Lumot
MA Fleshy macroalgae
Samo/layog-layog
CA Coralline algae
Lumot
SG Seagrass
Lusay
Non-living R Rubble
Dugmok nga bato
RCK Rock
Bato
S/SI Sand/Silt
balas
TOTAL 100%
INVERTEBRATES # within 5-m width Causes of Coral Damage
Diadema Put x if found on corals.Circle the box
of dominant forms
Pencil urchin Sediment seaweed
overgrowth
Crown-of-thorns sea star; dap-ag Blasting pattern coral eating snails
Giant clam; Taklobo Anchor damage cron-of-thorns
Triton Shell; tambuli Other breakage plastics
Lobster; banagan Bleaching other trash
Sea cucumber; balat Black band disease other causes

40. DATA SUMMARY FORM Form 5B
Site Name: Municipality & Province
Zone/sector
Month & year
Transect #:
Types/groups Subtotal Total Avg Sub Total Total Avg

41. Different Benthic
Lifeforms

42. CORAL BRANCHING

43. CORAL SUBMASSIVE

44. CORAL DIGITATE

45. MASSIVE CORAL

46. CORAL ENCRUSTING

47. FIRE CORAL

48. FOLIOSE BRANCHING

49. BLUE CORAL

50. ORGAN PIPE CORAL

51. SOFT CORAL

52. SPONGE

53. MUSHROOM CORAL

54. ANEMONE

55. DEAD CORAL

56. DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE

57. CORAL RUBBLE

58. Common
Invertebrates
(indicator)

59. SEA URCHINS (DIADEMA SP.)

60. SEA STAR

61. LOBSTER

62. GIANT CLAM

63. BANDED CORAL SHRIMP

64. PENCIL URCHIN

65. CROWN-OF-THORN SEA STAR

66. SEA CUCUMBER

67. Fish Visual Census
Definition
Fish visual census is the identification and counting of fishes observed within a
defined area.
Purpose
Fish visual census can be used to estimate the variety, numbers, and even sizes of
common, easily-seen, easily-identified fishes in areas of good visibility.
Requirements
•Mask and snorkel (Antipara)
•1 or 2 (50-m) transect lines
•Underwater slates
•Pencil (attached to the slate)
•fins (optional)
•Picture book of animals (e.g. reef fishes)
to be counted
•Boat (optional)

68. Methods
1. Select representative sampling stations and fish types to be census
2. Copy the data Form (for FVC) onto the slates and draw columns for different size
classes.
3. Lay the transect line on a constant depth contour. Record the depth
4. Wait 10-15 minutes for the disturbed fishes to return. Be careful not to disturb
the fishes during the census.
5. Starting at one end of the line, each observer floats on each side of the transect
line while observing 5m to his/her side of the transect and forward until the next
5m mark.
6. Both observers swim to and stop every 5m along the line to record the counts of
fish per size class until the transect is completed.
7. Total counts on both sides and transcribe onto Data Form (for FVC).
8. Standardize the subtotal by sample size: Divide the total counts by the number of
transect actually observed
Example: (Parrotfish)
12+8+9+20+6 = 11 fishes/transect
5 transects

69. Common Reef Fish Families
Lapu-lapu, pogapo, sono Katambak, awoman,
mayamaya, islawan
lipti
Katambak, dugso
Dalagang bukid, solid
Silay
timbongan

70. Common Reef Fish Families
Indangan, lababhita,
sunghan, bagis
labayanadloAlibangbang, pisos-pisos
molmol Dangit, kitong, samaral
Pata. Kapaw, palata Bilong-bilong

71. MURAENIDAE: EEL

72. SERRANIDAE: GROUPER
SERRANIDAE:GROUPER

73. MULLIDAE:GOAT FISH

74. POMACANTHIDAE:ANGELFISH

75. LUTJANIDAE:SNAPPER

76. ACANTHURIDAE:SURGEONFISH

77. LABRIDAE:WRASSE

78. POMACENTRIDAE:DAMSEL

79. SCARIDAE:PARROTFISH

80. LABRIDAE:WRASSE

81. HAEMULIDAE:SWEETLIPS

82. NEMIPTERIDAE:EMPEROR

83. CHAETODONTIDAE:BUTTERFLYFISH

84. CAESIONIDAE:FUSILIERS

85. BALISTIDAE:TRIGGERFISH

86. SIGANIDAE:RABBITFISH

87. CARANGIDAE:TREVALLIES

88. ZANCLIDAE:MOORISH IDOL

89. SPHYRAENIDAE:BARRACUDA

90. HOLOCENTRIDAE:SOLDIERFISH/SQUIRRELFISH

91. MUGILIDAE:MULLET

92. PINGUIPEDIDAE:SANDPERCH

93. AULOSTOMIDAE/FISTULARIDAE:TRUMPETFISH/FLUTEMOUTH

94. SCORPAENIDAE:SCORPIONFISH/LIONFISH

95. APOGONIDAE:CARDINALFISH

96. BELONIDAE:NEEDLEFISH

97. EPHIPPIDAE:BATFISH

98. OSTRACIIDAE:COWFISH/TRUNKFISH

99. MONACANTHIDAE:LEATHERJACKET

100. BOTHIIDAE:SOLEFISH

101. PRIACANTHIDAE/TETRAODONTHIDAE:BIG-EYE/PUFFERFISH

102. FISH ABUNDANCE DATA FORM FORM 5A
Site Name: Municipality & Province:
Transect No.: Depth (m): Coordinates
Date (mo/day/yr): Time: Left Observer: Right Observer:
Habitat Notes: Horizontal Angle of Transect
visibility (m): Slope: Orientation
FAMILY Species Record No. of fishes per class
1-10 cm 11-20 cm 21-30 cm Specify
sizes for >30
cm
<EPINEPHELINAE>*
Groupers;lapulapu
<LUTJANIDAE>*
Snappers;maya-maya
<HAEMULIDAE>*
Sweetlips;grunts;lipti
<LETHRINIDAE>*
Emperors;katambak
CARANGIDAE*
Jacks;trevallies;talakitok
CAESIONIDAE*
Fusiliers;dalagang-bikid;solid
Barramundi cod;senorita

103. NEMIPTERIDAE*
CORAL BREAMS;silay
MULLIDAE*
goatfishes;timbongan
BALISTIDAE
triggerfishes;pakol
CHAETODONTIDAE
butterflyfishes;alibangbang
POMACANTHIDAE
Angelfishes;adlo
LABRIDAE
Wrasses;labayan
(SCARIDAE)*
Parrotfishe;molmol
(ACANTHURIDAE)*
Surgeonfishes;indangan
(SIGANIDAE)*
Rabbitfihses;kitong;danggit
(KYPHOSIDAE)*
Rudderfish;ilak
(POMACENTRIDAE
Damselfishes;palata
Humphead wrasse;mameng
Bumphead parrotfish;taungan

104. ANTHIINAE
fairy bassletss;bilongbilong
Zanclus cornutus
Sharks;Iho
Rays;pagi
Sea turtles;pawikan
Others: e.g. tuna; tulingan
Legend:<fishes> = major reef carnivores; (fishes) = major reef herbivores, fishes=
fishes which are indicators of hard corals, * = fishery target families

105. DATA SUMMARY FORM Form 5B
Site Name: Municipality & Province
Zone/sector
Month & year
Transect #:
Types/groups Subtotal Total Avg Sub Total Total Avg

106. BENTHOS GRAPHING FORM Form 4D
Site Name: Municipality & Province:
Month & year
Zone/sector

107. Seagrass
Assessment

108. Requirements
• Mask and snorkel (/Antipara)
• 100-m rope (approx. 10mm diameter marked at every 10-m)
• Pencil (attached to the slate)
• Underwater slates
• Geographic Positioning System receiver (GPS) or compass
• Map of the area
• Quadrat (1m x 1m)
Methods
1. Select representative sampling stations to be surveyed/monitored
2. Record the position of each transect. The start (shore end) of the transect is the
most useful reference
3. Survey at least 3 replicate transect at each site. Swim the transect along
perpendicular to the shore. The length of the
transect depends on the size of the seagrass meadows, and should extend to outer
limits of the bed (where seagrass
disappears).
4. Place the quadrat to every interval of 10m along the transect.
5. Estimate the % cover of the plants (per species) found in each quadrat and tally it
on the slate board. The sum of the%
per species should have an equivalent of 100% in every quadrat.
6. Transfer data to the Form and calculate the mean percentage cover in each
species.

109.  Example:
 Species Q1 Q2 Q3 Mean
 H. ovalis 15% 20% 10% 15%
 H. minor 40% 50% 30% 40%
 Sand 45% 30% 60% 55%
 Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

110. NUTRIENT
INDICATOR ALGAE

111. PADINA SP.

112. CAULERPA: SEA GRAPES

113. HALIMEDA SP.

114. HALIMEDA SP.

115. Seagrass Beds
flowering terrestrial plants
adapted to living submerged in seawater
seed-producing marine plants
reproduce by vegetative spreading and by
production and dispersal of seeds

116. Common Seagrass Genus

117. Seagrass Beds
Importance:
 bottom stabilizer
 sediment trap
 maintains water quality
 source of food of various marine organisms
Threats:
 illegal and destructive fishing methods
 aquaculture
 sedimentation and siltation

118. Tropical eelgrass
Enhalus acoroides

119. Dugong grass
Thalassia hemprichii

120. Fiber-strand grass
Halodule uninervis Halodule pinifolia

121. Round & toothed seagrass
Cymodocea rotundata Cymodocea serrulata

122. Spoon grass
Halophila minor
Halophila ovalis Halophila becarri

123. woody sea grass
Thalassodendron ciliatum

124. Syringe grass
Syringodium isoetifolium

126. Parameters Measured:
Expected Output:
• species of segrass and macro invertebrates
•% cover of segrass
•Substrate type
•Species composition
•Average % seagrass cover
•Density of macroinvertebrates
1. Transect Quadrat Method

127. Halophila ovalis

128. Halodule uninervis
Halodule uninervis

129. Halophila minor

130. Halophila decipiens

131. Halophila spinulosa

132. Halodule pinifolia

133. Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii

134. Figure 4. Fisherfolk laying the quardrat

135. Cymodocea rotundataCymodocea serrulata

136. Syringodium isoetifolium
Thalassodendron ciliatum

137. Seagrass Assessment
Definition
Seagrass assessment is the identification and estimation of
seagrass species covering within a defined area.
Purpose
Seagrass assessment is used to more precisely estimate the
abundance of seagrass species which may reflect the health of the
reef.
What is a Seagrass?
A seagrass is a flowering plant, complete with leaves, a rhizome and a
root system. They are found in marine or estuarine waters. Most
seagrass species are located in soft (silty or sandy) sediments.
Seagrasses worldwide encompass only about 58 species (Kuo and
McComb, 1989).
Benefits derived from seagrass beds:
> Helps reduce wave and current
energy
> Help to filter suspended
sediments from the water;
> Stabilize bottom
sediments
> Breeding area for
selected fish species
> Used as processing
feritilizers Seaweeds
> Consumed as food
Seaweeds
Threats to seagrass beds:
> Siltation and sedimentation
> Overharvesting
> Pollution

138. Mangrove Forest
tropical inshore communities dominated by several
species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to
grow in salt water;
well developed in estuarine areas;
Requirements for growth:
moderate salinity (25 ppt)
neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)
year-round warm temperature
regular surface-water flushing
exposure to moderate terrestrial-water runoff

139. Adaptations shallow rooted;
prop roots;
pneumatophores;
tough and succulent leaves;
reproductive strategy

140. Common Mangrove Genus
Avicennia Bruguiera
Rhizophora Sonneratia

141. Importance:
 provide protection from erosion and typhoons
 feeding/breeding ground of various organisms
 maintains water quality
 source of timber products
 provide shelter for coastal communities
Threats:
 land conversion and reclamation
 unsustainable harvest of timber products
Mangrove Forests

142. Parameters
measured:
•encountered species;
•number of mature trees;
•number of saplings;
•number of seedlings
•diameter at breast height (DBH)
•total plant height
Expected Output:
• species diversity
• relative abundance of seedlings
saplings, trees (per hectare)
•stem density (per hectare)
•basal area
1. Transect Plot Method

143. Coastal Fishery Resources
- fish, invertebrates, seaweeds

144. Common Gear Types

145. Economic benefits from fisheries and
coastal ecosystems
Municipal fisheries- food security and livelihood
Total fishery production per fishery sector
• comprise ~32% of total fishery
production
Contribution to employment per fishery sector
• provides employment to 5% of the
national labor force; ~68% involved
in municipal fisheries

146. Municipal fisheries production is declining
Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948
• legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of
municipal fishers
Total fishery production trends per sector