7. -When the plants or animals die, they rot away
and decompose due to the action of fungi and
bacteria. This releases the nutrients which are
returned to the soil ready to be used again.
8. A deciduous woodland can be
divided into three main layers
-Canopy: tallest trees: oak, beech
-Shrub: Tall trees: ash, birch,
sycamore
Smaller trees/tall shrubs: holly,
hazel, hawthorn
-Ground: Brambles, bracken, ferns,
grasses, wildflowers
Thick layer of decaying leaves
10. It is a method of farming. There are groups of people
clearing just enough land on which to grow crops for their
small community. Often, in places like the Amazon forest,
the land rapidly become infertile and the people had to move
and make a new clearing, allowing the forests to reestablish itself
16. Acid rain: effects
-Burn less fossil fuels by conserving energy
-Use non-fossil fuels such as nuclear energy, or power from
the wind or sun
-Remove sulphur from coal before burning
-Use new, more efficient boilers in power stations
-Remove sulphur from waste gases
-Reduce car emissions by using unleaded petrol
17.
18. Deforestation is not only losing
resources, it is also changing world
climates:
-The burning of the rainforests, and the release of
carbon dioxide is a major cause of global warming
-A greatly reduced number of trees will mean a
decrease in evapotranspiration. Some scientists believe this
could eventually turn places like the Amazon Basin into
desert
-Nearly one-half of the world’s supply of oxygen comes
from trees in the Amazon Basin. It takes one large tree to
provide enough oxygen for two people for one day, and 150
large trees to absorb the carbon dioxide produced by one
small car
19. There are three extreme conflicts of
interests in the rainforest:
20.
21. What can be done to prevent or
reduce soil erosion?
22. Causes of desertification
-They result from a combination of climatic
changes (decreased rainfall and global
warming), and increased human activity and
pressure upon the land (overgrazing,
overcultivation and deforestation).
43. How does migration affect different
countries?
*Advantages:
-Overcomes labour shortage
-Prepared to do dirty, unskilled jobs
-Cultural advantages and links
-Some highly skilled migrants
-In a developing country these migrants could increase the number of skilled workers
-Reduces pressure on jobs and resources (food)
-Loses people of child-bearing age, causing a decline in the often high birth rate
-Migrants develop new skills which they may bring back to their home country
-Money earned may be sent back to their home country
*Disadvantages
-Immigrants are most likely to be the first unemployed in a recession
-Low-quality, overcrowded housing lacking in basic amenities (inner city slums –
bidonvilles in France)
-Ethnic groups tend not to integrate – racial tension
-Limited skills/education, language difficulties
-Lack of opportunities to practice own religion, culture, etc
-Loses people in the working-age group
-Loses people mostly likely to have some education and skills
-Left with and elderly population and so a high death rate
-Increasing dependency on money sent home by the workers
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51. Is there a hierarchy of shopping centres
of different sizes?
61. Why have CBDs changed?
-The increase in traffic congestion led to several shops
moving to out-of-town locations
-Hypermarkets and out-of-town shopping centre led to a
decline in the number of shoppers visiting the city centre
-The decline in the number of shoppers has continued with
the increase of internet shopping
-People visiting the city centre wanted a safer environment
-Increasing demand for leisure amenities (entertainment)
-Many taller buildings were built in order to offset the
costly rates and rent resulting from the high land values
62.
63. The London Docklands Development
Corporation: Tasks
-To improve social conditions (new housing, amenities)
-To improve economic conditions (new jobs, transport
system)
-To improve environmental conditions (cleaning up the
docks, planting trees, open spaces)
64. Advantages of the rural-urban fringe
-A pleasant environment with more
open space
-Less traffic congestion and
pollution (air and noise)
-Cheaper land
-Easier access and a better road
infrastructure
65. -Housing development
-Science and business parks
-Hypermarkets, superstores
-Firms
-Hotels and conference centres
-Road development
-Recreational areas such as country parks
and new sports stadiums
66. -The result of the counter-urbanization
village is known as…, because…
