1. Seetal Daas
Business Administration 2k13
Sindh University Laar Campus
Badin

2. Research is an important step in preparing or
our advocacy campaign.
Careful, objective research will educate us and
our supporters about the causes and effects of
the problem.

3.  Find a topic-What, When-
 Formulate questions-What ,Why
 Define population-Who, When
 Select design & measurement-How
 Gather evidence-How
 Interpret evidence-Why
 Tell about what you did and found out

4.  Data: Symbols, facts
 Information: data that are processed to be
useful, provides answers to who, when, where
and what
 Knowledge: application of data and
information; answers ‘How’ questions
 Understanding: appreciation of ‘why’
 Wisdom: evaluated understanding

5.  Primary (you collect for current purpose)
 Experts
 Key informants
 Citizens/ consumers
 Secondary (others collected for other purpose)
 Census bureau
 Research studies
 Agencies

6.  Surveys
 Public Forums
 Interviews
 Documents analysis
 Observation
 Group process (focus groups)

7. They deal mainly with data gained directly from the
clients or target population. These data collection
techniques can be broken down into following types.
 General population survey
 Subpopulation and key informant surveys- town
leaders, well known individuals, groups and
associations
 Observations-where the researcher is known/unknown or
a participant
 Case studies –life histories, histories of an issue within
communities
 Group studies- focus groups, brainstorming ,community
task force or advisory committee

8.  They deal with information which has already been
collected and published from other sources. Such
data collection techniques can be grouped into two
main categories.
 Public sources- census, unemployment figures, opinion polls,
and government budgets etc
 Unusual and accessible community sources-road maps,
Yellow pages, newspapers, yearbooks and bulletin boards

9. Survey Research
 Quantitative method; ask many people the same questions
Researcher select a random sample to represent the entire
group (population)
 Methods include telephone, door to door, internet ,mail
In-depth Interviews
 A quantitative method using one-on-one interviews asking
open-ended questions
 Interviews are more flexible and unstructured
 Use smaller sample sizes so results cannot be generalized to
the population

10. 1. Surveys
2. Key informants Interviews
3. Focus Groups
4. Other Rapid Appraisal Techniques

11.  Indentify the population you want to study.
 The sample must be representative of the
population you want to study.
 GET A RANDOM SAMPLE.
 Stratified Sampling

12.  Once you have a random sample, randomly
assigning them into two groups helps control for
confounding variables.
 Experimental Group v/s Control Group.
 Group Matching

13.  Most common type of study in psychology
 Measures correlation
 Cheap and fast
 Need a good random sample
 Low-response rate

14.  Watch subjects in their
natural environment.
 Do not manipulate the
environment.
 The good is that there
is Hawthorne effect.
 The bad is that we can
never really show
cause and effect.

15.  A number that measures the strength of a
relationship.
 Range is form -1 to +1
 The relationship gets weaker the closer you get
to zero.
What is a stronger correlation?
 -.13 or +.38
 -.72 or +.59
 -.91 or +.04

16.  A detailed picture of one or few subjects.
 Tells us a great story…but is just descriptive
research.
 Does not even give us correlation data.

17.  Recording the results
from our studies.
 Must use a common
language so we all know
what we are talking
about.

18.  Just descriptive sets of data
 You might create a frequency
distribution.
 Frequency polygons or
histograms

19.  Focus groups are a qualitative research method
designed to learn more about how people think,
feel, or make decisions.
 A series of focused discussions involving 8-12
people.
 Participants are selected to share their perceptions
of a defined topic.
 Stimulates participants to share their opinions
openly in a group discussion.
 Captures rich data in participants’ own words.
 Flexible to capture new ideas and issues

20. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Detailed analysis
 Quick
 Can use techniques as
brainstorming &
Nominal group
 Online techniques are
available, e.g., Listeners
,chat rooms.
 Requires experience
 Requires planning
 Hard to get diversity
 Difficult to summarize

21.  Surveys are composed of carefully crafted questions
on a topic or issue for the purpose of revealing
information about community residents or the
services they utilize.
 A survey is a ‘sampling’, or partial collection, of
facts, figures, or opinions taken to approximate the
experience of the entire community.
 The most commonly used survey methods are:
1. Self-Administered Surveys (mailed, handed out, or web-based)
2. Interviewer-Administered Surveys (in-person, over the telephone)

22.  Determine your purpose
 Determine the data you need
 Select your target audience
 Select a survey method
 Design survey questions
 Pilot test survey
 Conduct Surveys

23.  Your survey questions should be in direct relationship
with what you want to learn from your target
population-your research questions.
 Asking unrelated questions will interrupt the flow of the
survey and tire out your respondents.
 Be brief and strategic when designing questions!
 Open-ended questions are great for answering ‘why’
questions, but only include very few.
 Motivating people to fill out your survey will help you
collect the data you need-this can include a benefits
statements or incentives such as gift vouchers or entry
into a drawing for a larger prize.

24.  Use more closed-ended questions than open-
ended ones.
 Put your question in a logical order
 Allow a ‘Don’t Know’, ‘Other’ or ‘Not
Applicable’ response.
 Name your survey
 Use a cover memo or introduction with
purpose and benefits statements if self-
administered.

25.  Write a short questionnaire.
 Use simple words
 Avoid question that sounds very formal.
 Write questions that everybody understand the
same way.
 Start with interesting questions.
 Don’t use leading question.
 Don’t make the list of choice too long.
 Ask close-end questions.
 Organize your questions in a logical order.
 Test your survey first.

26. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Targeted
 High
Validity/reliability
 Many analysis
tools(stats)
 Cost effective
(sampling)
 Online options are
possible
 Experience required
 Time consuming
 Requires a pretest
 Return or missing rate
 Sample size vs.accuracy

27. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Easy to set up
 Gives all the
opportunity to
participate
 High Validity
 Hard to control
 Can be dominated by a
few
 Hard to summarize
results
 May not be reliable
(hard to replicate)

28. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Easy to conduct
 Can discover political
realities
 Can get ‘off the record’
information
 High validity/reliability
 Can explore answers
 Can get capacities via
stories & histories
 Hidden agendas
 Hard to summarize
 Can be biased by who is
interviewed

29.  Sampling Error
Size of population surveyed
 Sample selection
Bias in sample selection
 Questionnaire
Bad questionnaire design
 Interviewer
Leading respondent, making assumption, misunderstanding
question
 Respondents
Refusal, memory problem, protecting personal interest or
integrity

30. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Readily available
information
 Inexpensive
 High reliability
 Analysis tools exist
 Can get at capacities via
histories
 Hard to analyze
 Hard to summarize
 Moderate validity
because you cannot
always find documents
on topic

31. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Inexpensive
 High validity
 Gives information on
the context
 Hard to analyze
 Hard to summarize
 May be biased due to
values of the
designer/observer
 Moderate/ low reliable
(hard to replicate)

32. When using statistics for the general public, remember
the following principles:
 Minimum data collection ,maximum analysis
 KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid)
 Distinguish between data and interpretation of data
 Use totals and average, per cents, etc.

33.  Know your audience (research vs. program grant)
 Executive summaries(assume multiple readers)
 One picture worth 1000 words
 Use indicators
 Use graphics (Excel charting feature is great)
 Geographic Information System (GIS) help
 Assume a 6th grade reading level for public
 Use tables and figures
 Put data in appendices unless needed to understand text.

34.  Use incentives/ payoffs for those providing data
 Secondary data usually easy to obtain
 The internet is the first place to search
 Beware of biases and personal agendas

35. a. Transfer Walk
b. Semi-Structured Interviewing
c. Pie Diagram & Venn Diagram
d. Seasonal Calendar
e. Time lines
f. Ranking
g. Problem Solution Matrix
h. Social Mapping

36.  Data is the best for identifying need
 Stories, histories, etc. best for indentifying capacities
 People know needs but need help with solutions
 Data presentation should be logical
 Minimum data collection, maximum use
 Assessment should present a picture/tell a story

37.  Data analysis is a process of gathering,
modeling, and transforming data with the
goal of highlighting useful information,
suggesting conclusions, and supporting
decision making.

38.  Qualitative analysis of data: Recording experience and
meanings.
 Interpretations of interviews, case studies, and
observations: Some of the problems involved in drawing
conclusions from non-experimental studies.
 Content Analysis: Studying the messages contained in
media and communications.

39.  Quantitative analysis: Description statistics: what to
do with all those numbers and percentages at the end of
the study.
 Data presentation and statistical tests: when to use
a chart or a graph. Which statistical test to choose and
why.

40. Essential for
 Income expenses
 Agriculture & crops
 Employment
 Gender Ratio
 Mortality Rate

41. S.# Information
required
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