Notes on Light and Sound waves including the mechanics of how we see and hear to the different pitches, frequencies, and sound quality explaining longitudinal & electromagnetic waves as they relate; optical illusions & color theory included as well as video links

1. Physics 3 Sound & Light ppt. by Robin D. Seamon

2. Sound

3. Sound wave- longitudinal wave made by vibrating material, carried through the medium, transferring the Energy Sound needs a medium, no sound in a vacuum/space

4. LAB: Tuning Fork p. 469

5. The Human Ear Outer ear : funnel Middle ear : hammer, anvil, stirrip (levers that increase the size of vibrations Inner ear: vibrations to electrical signal to brain

6. Sound is: 1. Collected (by outer ear) 2. Amplified (by middle ear: hammer, anvil, stirrup) 3. Converted to Electrical signals for the brain (by inner ear)

8. LAB: EAR DIAGRAM Directions: 1.Label the parts of the Human Ear. 2. Put numbers to show the order in which the sound reaches our brains. 3. Circle the area that collects YELLOW; Circle the area that amplifies BLUE; Circle the area that converts to electrical signals GREEN. ___ Inner ear ___ Auditory nerve ___ Middle ear ___ Hammer ___ Cochlea ___ Ear drum ___ Anvil ___ Stirrup _1_ Outer ear Human Ear

9. The speed of sound depends on the 1. medium 2. temperature Tap on desk. AIR LIQUID SOLID Faster Slower Cool Warm

10. Pitch - how high or low a sound seems Frequency - (number of waves in a given amount of time) Frequencies Heard by Different Animals 45,000 hz 67- dog 20,000 hz 20- Human 12,000 hz 16- Elephant 123,000 hz 1,000- Beluga 64,000 hz 45- Cat 150,000 hz 75- porpoise 110,000 hz 2,000- bat

11. Doppler effect : apparent change in frequency of sound caused by motion of observer or source. Sound waves are moving forward/same direction of the train: Constructive interference makes it sound louder. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/images/doppler_effect_jpg_image.html&edu=high

12. Loudness- how well a sound can be heard decibel (loudness unit) 0 dB: softest humans can hear 120 dB: hurts LOUDER oscilloscope graphs representations of sound waves to ‘see’ them on computer

13. Echo strength- depends on reflecting surface soft pads & irregular shapes diffuse sound Echolocation - use of reflected sounds to find food HSW Sound: Infrasound & Echolocation VIDEO (4 min) HSW Elephant Communication (3 min)

14. Ultrasonography - use echoes to ‘see inside’ http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/healthinvestigations.asp?sid=8&title=Ultrasound-(Ultrasound-Scanning-or-Sonography-and-Doppler) http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/1058.jpg

15. Sonic boom- explosive sound when shock wave reaches your ear Noise makes sound waves, pushing air out, as plane moves forward, it meets up with the sound wave. If faster than the sound wave, plane leaves the sound wave behind, creating a sonic wave (BOOM) HSW Sonic Boom (8 min) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0808_050808_soundbarrier.html

16. Sound quality- the result of the blending of several pitches through interference Noise- any sound; random mix of frequencies or pitches MUSIC Fundamental : lowest resonant frequency overtone s: higher resonance (2X) second overtone : higher resonance (3X) third overtone : higher resonance (4X)

17. TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology Grade 6

18. String instrument played with vibration of string/metal Wind instrument played with the vibration of air through tube/hole Percussion instrument played by pounding rhythm; impact ADVANCE

19. BACK TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology Grade 6

20. BACK TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology Grade 6

21. BACK TEXTBOOK: Holt Science & Technology Grade 6

23. Light

25. ___Iris ___Lens ___Optic nerve ___Retina ___Cornea ___Pupil LAB: EYE DIAGRAM Directions: 1.Label the parts of the Human EYE. 2. Put numbers to show the order in which the image reaches our brains.

26. All humans have a blind spot right near the middle of their pupil. To find it, hold your arm out in front of you, but off to the side, with your index finger extended. Cover one of your eyes, stare straight ahead with the other and slowly bring your extended finger closer to the middle of your field of vision. As your finger approaches you should see your fingertip disappear when it reaches the blind spot. Mind = blown.

27. Near sightedness person can see something clearly if it is nearby; blurry vision of things far away; eye is too long Far sightedness person can see something clearly far away; blurry vision of things up close; eye is too short

28. Electromagnetic wave- wave that can travel through empty space & matter; changing of electric and magnetic fields Electric field Magnetic field http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk/spcg/Tutorial/Tutorial/Tutorial_files/light1.gif KEY:

29. Electric field : surrounds a charged object N-S Magnetic field: surrounds all magnets; attracts objects to it Electromagnetic wave- vibration of electrically charged particle; makes electric field vibrate, making a vibrating magnetic field Radiation: transfer of Energy as electromagnetic waves Radiation LINK HSW VIDEO (2 min)

30. --Light travels about 300,000,000 m/s --8.3 min for light to travel from sun to Earth -- Visible light : electromagnetic waves that humans can see Light wavelength: 100 X thinner than the human hair!

31. Law of reflection incidence equals reflection Regular reflection light beams reflected at the same angle (shinier) Diffuse reflection light beams reflect at different angles (duller) http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/reflectionlaw/page.html

32. We see objects because a light is reflecting off of it into our eyes. (illumination) We see a light source even in the dark because it goes directly into your eyes. Room with a lamp on Room with a lamp off

33. Absorption : transfer of light waves to particles of matter air particles absorb some of the light Energy… ray becomes dimmer farther out Scattering : an interaction of light with matter that causes light to change its Energy, direction of motion, or both

34. Refraction : bending of light Lens: transparent object that refracts light to form an image Convex lens center bulges out Concave lens center buckles in

35. Transmission : passing of light through matter 1 . transparent clear 2. translucent slightly cloudy 3. opaque light cannot pass through

36. LAB: Translucent, Transparent, Opaque Materials: cardboard wood mottled glass * paper towel felt Styrofoam trays colored plastic lids tin foil "almost" clear plastic lids plastic wrap clear glass * "bubble" packing material laminating material tissue paper waxed paper clear plastic lids construction paper cloth DEFINE: Translucent __________________________________ _____________________________________________ Transparent __________________________________ _____________________________________________ Opaque _____________________________________ _____________________________________________ Header: Opaque Transparent Translucent

37. Prism: clear piece of glass or water that refracts white light into the whole color spectrum --refracts light twice, breaking up the spectrum HSW Video: Prisms (1:45) HSW Video: A look at Light (1:45) ROY G BIV

38. Long Short

40. LIGHT THEORY

41. PIGMENT… Painting Pigment: material that gives a substance color by absorbing some & reflecting others (chlorophyl, melanin, paint)

42. Color Prints

43. LAB: Prisms

44. Reflection: when the wave bounces back towards the source Refraction: waves are deflected when they go through a source & are usually bent Diffraction: when a wave goes through a small hole and has a flared out geometric shadow of the slit or seems to bend around an object; makes shadow blurry

45. Diffraction:

46. Constructive interference wave crests & troughs line up, making it a stronger wave IN NATURE: http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/polarized/interferenceintro.html www.sgmt.at/refere/Hologram.htm

47. Destructive interference creates shadow or blurry edges

49. Optical Illusions

53. Optical Illusions

54. Optical Illusions

59. http:// www.colorbasics.com /Optical-Illusions/

65. LINK : They disappear!

66. x

67. HUMAN EAR HUMAN EYE

68. Human Ear