Stephen graham switching societies off: war, infrastructure, geopolitics

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The document discusses the changing nature of warfare and its increasing focus on disrupting civilian infrastructure through networked technologies. It provides examples of how states like the US and NATO have strategically targeted infrastructure to undermine societies, such as NATO bombing power grids in Serbia in 1999. The document also examines the potential for "cyberterrorism" but notes most such threats have so far been exaggerated and difficult to carry out without human intervention. Overall it argues modern warfare increasingly aims to "demodernize" societies through coordinated attacks on everyday networked technologies that connect and sustain populations.

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Switching Societies Off War, Infrastructure, Geopolitics Stephen Graham Department of Geography Durham University

(1)The Geopolitics of Forced Disconnection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

(2) War in a “Weirdly Pervious World” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

(ii) Changing political economies of infrastructure development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

(iii) Changing nature of war ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

(3) Two-Sides : (i) ‘Cyber-Terror’ Discourse ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

But (So Far) Largely Chimerical ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

(ii) State-Backed Infrastructural War ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Difficulty in communicating with non-combatants Inability to prepare and process some foods Disruption to water supply, treatment facilities, and sanitation Increased numbers of non-combatants requiring assistance Hygiene problems Disruption in some transportation and communications services Rising rates of malnutrition Shortage of clean water for drinking, cleaning and preparing food No electronic access to bank accounts/money Rising disease rates Increased reliance on battery-powered items for news, broadcasts, etc. Inoperable hospital electronic equipment Decreased Situational Awareness Increased requirement for night vision devices Some stoves/ovens non operable Decreased mobility Increased requirement for power generating equipment No refrigeration Greater logistics complexity Erosion of command and control capabilities No light after dark or in building interiors Third Order Effects Second Order Effects First Order Effects

(4) Case Study 1: Systematic De-electrification - Serbia 1999 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Case Study 2: ‘Bomb Now, Die Later’ : The ‘War on Public Health’ in Iraq -- 1991-2003 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Sanctions, Bombing, and 2003 Invasion Added to Humanitarian Disaster ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Case Study 3: Towards State Computer Network Attack (CNA) ,[object Object],[object Object]

(5) Conclusions : Demodernisation, Democracy, Geopolitics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Finally, and crucially, US Military Strategy increasingly integrates the two domains ,[object Object],[object Object]

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A presentation outlining some of the themes to my new book, 'Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers' (Verso, 2016). "A revolutionary reimagining of the cities we live in, the air above us, and what goes on in the earth beneath our feet Today we live in a world that can no longer be read as a two-dimensional map, but must now be understood as a series of vertical strata that reach from the satellites that encircle our planet to the tunnels deep within the ground. In Vertical, Stephen Graham rewrites the city at every level: how the geography of inequality, politics, and identity is determined in terms of above and below. Starting at the edge of earth’s atmosphere and, in a series of riveting studies, descending through each layer, Graham explores the world of drones, the city from the viewpoint of an aerial bomber, the design of sidewalks and the hidden depths of underground bunkers. He asks: why was Dubai built to be seen from Google Earth? How do the super-rich in São Paulo live in their penthouses far above the street? Why do London billionaires build vast subterranean basements? And how do the technology of elevators and subversive urban explorers shape life on the surface and subsurface of the earth? Vertical will make you look at the world around you anew: this is a revolution in understanding your place in the world." See https://www.versobooks.com/books/2237-vertical

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Unerringly, across its whole history, urban science fiction has offered up imagined cities that operate about remarkably similar and highly verticalised visions. These are heavily dominated by politics of class, resistance and revolution that are starkly organized around vertically stratified and vertically exaggerated urban spaces. From the early and definitive efforts of H.G. Wells and Fritz Lang, through J.G. Ballard’s 1975 novel 'High Rise', to many cyberpunk classics, this essay – the latest in a series on the vertical dimensions of cities –reflects on how vertical imaginaries in urban science fiction intersect with the politics and contestations of the fast-verticalising cities around the world. The essay has four parts. It begins by disentangling in detail the ways in which the sci-fi visions of Wells, Lang, Ballard and various cyberpunk authors were centrally constituted through vertical structures, landscapes, metaphors and allegories. The essay’s second part then then teases out the complex linkages between verticalised sci-fi imaginaries and material cityscapes that are actually constructed, lived and experienced. Stressing the impossibility of some clean and binary opposition between ‘factual’ and ‘fictional’ cities, the essay explores how verticalised projects, material cities, sci-fi texts, imaginary futures, architectural schemes and urban theories mingle and resonate together in complex, unpredictable and important ways which do much to shape contemporary urban landscapes. The third section of the essay explores such connections through the cases of retro-futuristic urban megaprojects in the Gulf and forests of towers recently constructed in Shanghai’s Pudong district. The essay’s final discussion draws on these cases to explore the possibilities that sci-fi imaginaries offer for contesting the rapid verticalisation of cities around the world.

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This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.

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13. Difficulty in communicating with non-combatants Inability to prepare and process some foods Disruption to water supply, treatment facilities, and sanitation Increased numbers of non-combatants requiring assistance Hygiene problems Disruption in some transportation and communications services Rising rates of malnutrition Shortage of clean water for drinking, cleaning and preparing food No electronic access to bank accounts/money Rising disease rates Increased reliance on battery-powered items for news, broadcasts, etc. Inoperable hospital electronic equipment Decreased Situational Awareness Increased requirement for night vision devices Some stoves/ovens non operable Decreased mobility Increased requirement for power generating equipment No refrigeration Greater logistics complexity Erosion of command and control capabilities No light after dark or in building interiors Third Order Effects Second Order Effects First Order Effects

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