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Social Learning
Theory
Introduction
The social learning theory of Bandura
focuses on the learning that occurs within a
social context.
It considers that people learn from one
another, including such concepts as
observational learning, imitation, and
modeling (Abbott)
Introduction
Social learning theory
emphasizes the importance of
observing and modeling the
behaviors, attitudes, and
emotional reactions of others
Basic social learning concepts
1. Observational
Learning:
People can
learn through
observation
Observational Learning
In a famous and influential experiment known as
the Bobo doll experiment, Albert Bandura and his
colleagues were able to demonstrate one of the
ways in which children learn aggression.
The experiment involved exposing children to two
different adult models; an aggressive model and a
non-aggressive one.
After witnessing the adult's behavior, the children
would then be placed in a room without the
model and were observed to see if they would
imitate the behavior they had witnessed earlier.
Method
 The participants were 36 boys and 36 girls
 The children ranged in age between 3 and almost 6
years
 Out of the participants, 24 were assigned to a control
group that received no treatment, 24 participants
were exposed to aggressive models, while the other 24
children were exposed to non-aggressive models.
 Finally, these groups were divided again into groups of
boys and girls. Each of these groups was then divided
so that half of the participants were exposed to a
same-sex adult model and the other half was exposed
to an opposite-sex adult model.
Results
 Children exposed to the violent model tended to
imitate the exact behavior they had observed when
the adult was no longer present.
 Bandura and his colleagues had also predicted that
children in the non-aggressive group would behave
less aggressively than those in the control group.
 The researchers were also correct in their prediction
that boys would behave more aggressively than girls.
Boys engaged in more than twice as many acts of
aggression than the girls.
Results
Boys who observed an adult male behaving
violently were more influenced than those
who had observed a female model behavior
aggressively.
Interestingly, the experimenters found in the
same-sex aggressive groups, boys were more
likely to imitate physical acts of violence
while girls were more likely to imitate verbal
aggression.
The Bobo Doll experiment
 Bandura and his colleagues
believed that the experiment
demonstrates how specific
behaviors can be learned
through observation and
imitation.
 In a follow-up study conducted
in 1965, Bandura found that
children were more likely to
imitate aggressive behavior if
the adult model was
rewarded for his or her
actions
 They were far less likely to
imitate if they saw the adult
model being punished or
reprimanded for their
hostile behavior.
 Several studies involving
television commercials and
videos containing violent
scenes have supported this
theory of modeling.
 Albert Bandura believed
television was a source of
behavior modeling.
Basic social learning concepts
2. Intrinsic
Reinforcement:
Mental states
are important
to learning
.
Basic social learning concepts
3. The Modelling
Process:
Learning does not
necessarily lead to
a change in
behaviour.
.
Models of observational learning
• A live model, which involves
an actual individual
demonstrating or acting out a
behaviour.
Models of observational learning
• A verbal instructional model,
which involves descriptions
and explanations of a
behaviour.
Models of observational learning
• A symbolic model, which
involves real or fictional
characters displaying
behaviours in books, films,
television programs, or online
media.
Elements of Observational
Learning
1. Attention
 In order to learn through observation, we
have to pay attention.
 In teaching, you will have to ensure students’
attention to the critical features of the
lesson by making clear presentations and
highlighting important points.
Elements of Observational
Learning
2. Retention
 In order to imitate the behavior of a model,
you have to remember it.
 Retention can be improved by mental
rehearsal or by actual practice.
Elements of Observational
Learning
3. Reproduction
Once we “know” how a behavior should look
and remember the elements or steps, we still
may not perform it smoothly.
In the production phase, practice makes the
behavior smoother and more expert.
Elements of Observational
Learning
4. Motivation and Reinforcement
 We may acquire a new skill or behavior
through observation, but we may not perform
that behavior until there is some motivation
or incentive to do so.
If we anticipate being reinforced for imitating
the actions of a model, we may be more
motivated to pay attention, remember, and
reproduce the behaviors.
Thought for the day

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Social learning theory. chand s.

  • 2. Introduction The social learning theory of Bandura focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling (Abbott)
  • 3. Introduction Social learning theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others
  • 4. Basic social learning concepts 1. Observational Learning: People can learn through observation
  • 5. Observational Learning In a famous and influential experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, Albert Bandura and his colleagues were able to demonstrate one of the ways in which children learn aggression. The experiment involved exposing children to two different adult models; an aggressive model and a non-aggressive one. After witnessing the adult's behavior, the children would then be placed in a room without the model and were observed to see if they would imitate the behavior they had witnessed earlier.
  • 6. Method  The participants were 36 boys and 36 girls  The children ranged in age between 3 and almost 6 years  Out of the participants, 24 were assigned to a control group that received no treatment, 24 participants were exposed to aggressive models, while the other 24 children were exposed to non-aggressive models.  Finally, these groups were divided again into groups of boys and girls. Each of these groups was then divided so that half of the participants were exposed to a same-sex adult model and the other half was exposed to an opposite-sex adult model.
  • 7. Results  Children exposed to the violent model tended to imitate the exact behavior they had observed when the adult was no longer present.  Bandura and his colleagues had also predicted that children in the non-aggressive group would behave less aggressively than those in the control group.  The researchers were also correct in their prediction that boys would behave more aggressively than girls. Boys engaged in more than twice as many acts of aggression than the girls.
  • 8. Results Boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model behavior aggressively. Interestingly, the experimenters found in the same-sex aggressive groups, boys were more likely to imitate physical acts of violence while girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression.
  • 9. The Bobo Doll experiment  Bandura and his colleagues believed that the experiment demonstrates how specific behaviors can be learned through observation and imitation.  In a follow-up study conducted in 1965, Bandura found that children were more likely to imitate aggressive behavior if the adult model was rewarded for his or her actions  They were far less likely to imitate if they saw the adult model being punished or reprimanded for their hostile behavior.  Several studies involving television commercials and videos containing violent scenes have supported this theory of modeling.  Albert Bandura believed television was a source of behavior modeling.
  • 10. Basic social learning concepts 2. Intrinsic Reinforcement: Mental states are important to learning .
  • 11. Basic social learning concepts 3. The Modelling Process: Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behaviour. .
  • 12. Models of observational learning • A live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting out a behaviour.
  • 13. Models of observational learning • A verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and explanations of a behaviour.
  • 14. Models of observational learning • A symbolic model, which involves real or fictional characters displaying behaviours in books, films, television programs, or online media.
  • 15. Elements of Observational Learning 1. Attention  In order to learn through observation, we have to pay attention.  In teaching, you will have to ensure students’ attention to the critical features of the lesson by making clear presentations and highlighting important points.
  • 16. Elements of Observational Learning 2. Retention  In order to imitate the behavior of a model, you have to remember it.  Retention can be improved by mental rehearsal or by actual practice.
  • 17. Elements of Observational Learning 3. Reproduction Once we “know” how a behavior should look and remember the elements or steps, we still may not perform it smoothly. In the production phase, practice makes the behavior smoother and more expert.
  • 18. Elements of Observational Learning 4. Motivation and Reinforcement  We may acquire a new skill or behavior through observation, but we may not perform that behavior until there is some motivation or incentive to do so. If we anticipate being reinforced for imitating the actions of a model, we may be more motivated to pay attention, remember, and reproduce the behaviors.