School homework of S.Sc.

1. Made by Hiteshi.
Class - VIII
Section - C
Roll no. – 12
Subject - S.Sc. Submitted to Mrs. Ahlawat

2. Safe drinking water and sanitation services are common issues in most
rapidly growing developing cities. Varanasi is no exception; however, the
situation in Varanasi is different compared to the ones of other cities at a
similar development stage. Varanasi’s water supply is highly dependent on
the Ganga, which is considered to be sacred and purifying by the Hindus.
Immersion and ablution in its water are daily procedures for the
inhabitants as well for the numerous pilgrims. Every day, around 60,000
people take a holy dip in the Ganga in Varanasi. Furthermore, religious
practices, such as burning of corpses, aggravate the pollution of the river.
This extreme focus of daily life along the river makes Varanasi’s water
situation more unique but also more urgent than in other cities (Mishra
2005).

4. During the last century the city spread in a rather unpleaanned way. The lack
of a strong coordinating body resulted in serious deficits in the field of large
infrastructures such as drainage and sewerage systems. Consequently, the
capacity of the old sewers exceeded and the city’s sewage and industrial waste
flow into the Ganga, polluting the river heavily. Today, the largest part of the
sewage, industrial effluent, run-off from chemical fertilizers and pesticides
used in agriculture and huge quantities of solid waste are dumped in the
Ganga untreated. Even thousands of animal carcasses and hundreds of
human corpses are thrown into the river every day contributing to the
pollution (cf. e.g. Jaiswal 2007; Mishra 2005). The problem of pollution is
further intensified by over-extraction and diversion of the river water (Jaiswal
2007).

5. The pollution of the Ganga presents a severe
health hazard, in particular for those who bathe in
the river and drink its water. In their study, Pandey
et al. (2005) found out that the Ganga water
pollution has a very significant effect on
occurrence of enteric diseases in Varanasi city. In
particular the concentration of Nitrate, Chloride
and Faecal coliforms in the river water has a major
effect on water-borne diseases. The result of this
study indicates that the drinking water may cause
enteric diseases even if the raw Ganga water is
treated properly. One possible explanation is that
contamination could take place due to seepage of
old supply pipelines (Pandey et al. 2005).

6. Many efforts to clean-up the holy Ganga were undertaken during the last decades.
The most comprehensive was The Ganga Action Plan (GAP). The GAP was an
ambitious program, prepared by the Department of Environment and approved by
the Cabinet in 1985, in order to reduce the pollution of the Ganga. It was launched at
Varanasi in June 1986 (Jaiswal 2007). The objectives of the GAP were to abate
pollution and to improve the river water quality by interception, diversion and
treatment of domestic sewage and control of non-point, non-measurable pollution
from human defecation, dumping of dead bodies etc. (CAG 2000). To achieve these
objectives the GAP took up core and non-core schemes. Actions addressed to major,
direct causes of pollution were identified as core sector schemes, consisting of
interception, and diversion schemes of domestic wastewater and sewage treatment
plants. Non-core sector schemes consisted of actions such as implementation of low
cost sanitation systems, installation of crematoria and riverfront development (CAG
2000). In Varanasi five sewage pumps were installed to intercept sewage flowing into
the Ganga from 30 point sources (Mishra 2005).
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7. A 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single
most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water
in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment
of domestic waste water in India. The problem is not only that
India lacks sufficient treatment capacity
but also that the sewage treatment plants
that exist do not operate and are not
maintained

8. The majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants
remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor
maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the
plants, together with absentee employees and poor management.
The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in
the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the
urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants
that leaches to surface and groundwater.[1]
A 1992 World Health Organization study is claimed to have
reported that out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have
partial sewage treatment facilities, and only 8 have full
wastewater treatment facilities.[2] Downstream, the untreated
water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing. A 1995 report
claimed 114 Indian cities were dumping untreatedsewage and
partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges
River.[3] Open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of
India.[4][5] This situation is typical of India as well as other
developing countries.

9. It has also led to the spread of diseases in such away that when wastes like
broken bottles and these are dumped anywhere, they collect water in them
(when it rains) and this may become a breeding ground for mosquitoes.
Wastes like human stool cause diseases when poorly dumped, as the flies
will carry the germ from the stool.
It can also lead to human injury. For example, when a person is walking and
steps on the broken bottles or nails or even pins (shape objects), he can get
injured which may lead to bleeding. (normal these waste shape objects are
infected with germs)
Uncontrolled damping of solid waste can lead to wastage of land where we
find lots of land being used as damping sites for wastes. These same pieces
of land are later on neglected by the inhabitants of the area.
Poor waste management can be a source of under development around the
societies surrounding that particular area. This ca cause harm to tourist

11. Not only humans but the water pollution have a big effect on
animals and other life on earth. Water which is most important
resources for every one including animals should be keep like
something rely precious but no one do like this That is why it is
not hard to see any river, lake or other water body which is not
polluted And thus animals who can not get pure water like us
through filters and clean water facility from storage tanks Have
to drink it even it is good or not so they got ill and some rely
serious deceases Normally they can not get proper health
facility so they die .The aquatic life on earth is also suffering
because of this as when oil or other waste got mistakenly
aflowed on water the life in seas die due to lack of o2 .