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fhg;GWjp – Nfhl;ghLk;
      eilKiwAk;
            IBM 11013
Introduction to Islamic Economics
        Islamic Insurance
              RA.Sarjoon
           Lecturer in charge
              09.06.2011
cs;slf;fk;
•   fhg;GWjp – XH mwpKfk;
•   fhg;GWjp Vd; Njit (Kf;fpaj;Jtk;)
•   fhg;GwWapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;
•   fhg;GWjp tiffs;
•   fhg;GWjpr; nrad;Kiw
•   flw; fhg;GWjp
•   jPf; fhg;GWjp
•   MAl; fhg;GWjp
•   tpgj;Jf; fhg;GWjp
fhg;GWjp vd;why; vd;d?
• Fwpj;j egH my;yJ epWtdk;> jkJ
  nrhj;J my;yJ MAs; my;yJ
  nghWg;gpw;fhf VjhtJ rk;gtj;jhy;
  Vw;gLk; Nrjj;jpw;Nfh> el;lj;jpw;Nfh
  Fwpj;j gzj; njhifapy;> my;yJ mjw;Ff;
  fpl;ba njhifapy; el;laPL
  nrYj;Jtjw;fhf fhg;GWj;JNthDf;F jtiz
  Kiwapy; gzf; nfhLg;gdT nra;tjhf
  Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; XH cld;gbf;if
  fhg;GWjp vdg;gLk;.
fhg;Gwjpapd; Njhw;wKk;
         tsHr;rpAk;
• 1601 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lk;
  fhg;GWjp gw;wp njspTgLj;JfpwJ.
• kf;fs; VjhtJ Jzpfur; nraiy nra;tjw;F Kd;
  jk; nghUs;> fg;gYf;F gzk; nrYj;jp
  fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.
• flw; fhg;GWjpNa Kjd;ikahdJ. kpf ePz;l
  fhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ. 1Mk; vyprNgj;
  kfhuhzpahH fhyj;jpy; flw; fhg;GWjpNa
  kpfg; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
• gpupj;jhdpah ,f;fhg;GWjp Kiwia
  ,j;jhypauplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhz;lJ
• 1966 Mk; Mz;L 2Mk; rhy;]; kd;dd; fhyj;jpy;
  ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ngUk; jP Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisNt
  jPf; fhg;GWjp Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
  Rkhh; 100 Mz;LfSf;Fs; gy jPf; fhg;GWjpf;
  fk;gdpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd ,jidj; njhlHe;J
  rPtpaf; fhg;GWjp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
• 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; gytw;wpw;Fk;
  fhg;GWjp nra;a kdpjd; Kd; te;jhd;
• gpd; tpahghuj; JiwapypUe;J gpupf;f Kbahj
  xU gFjpahf mJ khw;wk; ngw;wJ
fhg;GWjp Vd; mtrpak;?
• tpahghupapd; KjyPl;Lj; njhiff;fhd ghJfhg;ig
  cj;juthjg;gLj;JfpwJ
• tHj;jfj;jpd; kPJs;s KjyPl;lhsdpd;
  epr;rakpd;ikia ePf;fp> mtDf;F ce;J
  rf;jpaspf;fpwJ
• KjyPLfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd
• tpahghup mr;rkpd;wp jdJ gzj;ij KjyPL
  nra;fpd;w NghJ Jupj nghUshjhu tsHr;rp
  Vw;gLfpd;wJ
• fg;gy; tHj;jf eilKiw fzprkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L
  rHtNjr tpahghuj;jpy; mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLfpd;wJ
  (fhg;GWjp ,d;wp fg;;;;;;gw; Nrit ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ)
• nghpa njhopw;rhiyfs; Njhd;w tha;g;G
  Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
• tq;fpfspd; cjtpAld; ,aq;Fk; Vw;Wkjp>
  ,wf;Fkjp mYty;fspy; Vw;gLk; Fiwghl;il ePf;FtJ
  fhg;GWjpahFk;
• mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w kpfg; gykhd
  tug;gpurhjk; my;yJ KjyPL nra;Nthupd; ,U
  fuq;fs; vdyhk;
• jPf; fhg;GKiw ,y;iyNay; fl;llk; Mfpad
  ehrkilAk; NghJ me;el;lj;ijj; jhNd nghWf;f
  NeUk;
• fsQ;rpaj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l gz;lq;fs;
  jPg;gw;Wk; NghJ> my;yJ fsthlg;gLk; NghJ
  fhg;GWjpapdhNyNajhd; mjid <L nra;a
  KbAk;
• tpgj;Jf; fhg;GWjp Kiw ,y;iyNay; thfd
  tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk; jpUj;j mYty;fis
  Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ NghFk;
• tpkhdf; fhg;GWjp Kiw xd;W ,y;iyNay;
  ehk; tpkhdj;jpy; gazpf;f khl;Nlhk;
• Njrpa r%ff; fhg;GWjp %yk; kdpjd;
  kdepk;kjp milfpd;whd;
• nrsf;fpaf; fhg;GWjp %yk; kUe;J> gupfhuk;
  vd;gtw;wpw;F gzk; nrytpl Ntz;bajpy;iy
• $ypcupikahf;F Kiwapy;
  ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tPL> tPl;Lg;
  nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;glf;$ba
  el;lk; my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;F etPd fhg;GWjp
  Kiw ,lkspf;fpwJ
• FLk;gj; jiytd; ,isg;ghwpa gpd; my;yJ
  mtdJ mfhy kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtidr;
  rhHe;jtHfs; rhjhuz tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L
  nry;y fhg;GWjp Jiznra;fpwJ
• fhg;GWjp Kiw r%fj;jpd; nghUshjhu
  mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mr;rhzpahf
  tpsq;FfpwJ
fhg;GWjp tiffs;
1   jdpahs; fhg;GWjp – Insurance of Person
    c-k;: MAl; fhg;GWjp> nrsf;fpa eyd; fhg;GWjp
2   nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp - Insurance of Property
    c-k;: Nkhl;lhH thfdf; fhg;GWjp
3   nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp – Insurance of Liabilities
    fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l xUtUf;F vjpHghuhj tpjj;jpy; jkJ
    ifahs; ,d;ndhUtUf;Nfh gyUf;Nfh el;laPL nrYj;Jk;
    nghWg;G Vw;gly;
    c-k;: XH CopaUf;F Nritf; fhyj;jpy; cz;lhFk; jpBH tpgj;J>
    Ngupog;G> Mgj;J vd;gtw;wpw;F rl;luPjpahd
    nghWg;ghsH njhopw;riy cupikahsHfNs
    nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk; xd;Nw nghWg;Gf;
    fhg;GWjpahFk;
gpwHgha;f; fhg;GWjp – Third
          Party Insurance
• gpwHgha;f; fhg;GWjp nghWg;Gf; fhg;Gwjpap;y;
  mlq;Fk; xU tifahFk;
• fl;lhar; rl;lj;jpd; gb jkJ ghJfhg;gpw;F Nkyhf
  gpwupd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk;> ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; %d;whk;
  jug;gpudu;> mtHfsJ nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nghWg;Gr;
  nrhy;Yk; fhg;GWjp gpwHgha;f; fhg;GWjpahFk;

4   rk;gtk; njhlHGf; fhg;GWjp/ cupik gw;wpa fhg;GWjp -
    Insurance of Interest or Rights
    el;lk; my;yJ Nrjk; Vw;glf;$ba NtW gy re;jHg;gq;fSld;
    rk;ge;jg;gLj;jf;$ba rk;gtq;fSld; njhlh;Gila fhg;GWjp
    ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ghJfhg;G cWjpia ePl;b mfd;w
    fhg;GWjpahf khw;Wtjid ,t;thW Fwpg;gplyhk;
• c-k;: jPf;fhg;GWjp ngWNthH mj;Jld; nts;sj;jhy; Vw;gLk;
  Nrjj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
• jPf;fhg;GWjp + gapHtiff; fhg;GWjp

5   cupik epjpf; fhg;GWjp
    tpisT el;lk; (Consequential Loss) ,jpy; mlq;Fk;
    c-k;: Copah;fspd; Vkhw;W
    tpRthrkw;w nray;fs;
    mwtpl Kbahf; fld;
    tpahghur; nrhj;Jf;fs; ehrkile;j gpd; Vw;gLk; el;lk;
    ,irf; fr;Nrup xd;W jpl;lkplg;gl;l jpdj;jpy; kionga;J
    el;lk; cz;lhfy; Nghd;wd
fhg;GWjpapd; mbg;gilfs;
1. Utmost Good Faith – cr;r ek;gpf;if
   nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd; NghJ
   fhg;GWj;JNthd;> fhg;GWjp ngWNthd;
   vDk; ,U gFjpapdUk; cr;r ek;gpf;ifNahL
   vy;yh re;jHg;gq;fspYk; flik nra;jy;
   mtrpakhFk;
2. Insurable Insurance - fhg;GWjp cupik
    fhg;GWjp cupikapd;wp vtUk;
    fhg;Gwjpiag; ngw KbahJ. Fwpj;j
    nghUSf;F fhg;GupkAila xUtH kl;LNk
    fhg;Gwjpiag; ngwyhk;
3. Indemnity – Nrj G+uzk;
    Nrj el;laPL nfhLj;jy; njhiff;F Vwf;
    Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. khwhf mJ $Ljyhd
    njhifahf mikahJ
4. Contribution - cjT njhif
   G+uz el;lk; my;yJ Nrjk; my;yJ Ngupog;G
   vd;gtw;wpw;F Nkyhf fhg;GWj;JNthdplk;
   Nrjel;laPL ngw KbahJ. cjT njhif xg;ge;jk;
   rpy fhg;GWjpfspy; tpNrlkhf
   Fwpg;gplg;gLk; xd;whFk;
5. Subrogation - jj;Jtk;
   gjpYf;F itj;jy; my;yJ jj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy; vd;gJ
   ,jd; nghUshFk;. Nrjk; cz;lhf;fpa
   ntspg;gFjpapduplkUe;J el;laPL ngWk; cupik
   cz;L. Mdhy; tpgj;Jf;fhf fhg;GWjp
   ngw;wpUe;jhy; ntspahH gFjpapdupkpUe;J
   el;laPL ngw KbahJ
6. Proximate Cause – mz;ikf; fhuzk;
  fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l tpgj;jpy;
  Vw;gl;l Nrjkhff; nfhs;sf;$ba
  fhuzpahf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk (my;yJ
  fhuzpapUe;jhy; kl;LNk) cupik
  tpz;zg;gk; Nfhuf; fhg;GWjp ngw;Nwhd;
  Kay;thd;
fhg;GWjpg; gpNuuizg; gj;jpuKk;
            cWjpAk;
fhgGWjp ngWtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTg;gj;jpuk;:
1. Kd;nkhopNthdpd; ngaH
2. Kftup
3. njhopy;
4. ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cWjp my;yJ fhg;GWjp gw;wpa tpguk;
5. cupik Nfl;lypd; tuyhW – fhg;GWjp ngWNthupd; cupik tuyhW>
    fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopag;gl;l tplaq;fs; gw;wp NkYk;
    Kf;fpakhd tpguq;fs;
6. fhg;GWjp tplak; - tplak;> nrhj;J> nghWg;G
7. Kd;nkhopNthdpd; taJ> gpwe;j jpdk;
8. kWj;jy;> Nkyjpf gzk; nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ xg;ge;jk;
9. fhg;GWjpg; gzk;
10. ifnahg;gk;
11. jpfjp
12. Kftupd; mwpf;if
13. Gpurpj;jg;gLj;jy; - KbT ngwy;
• Kd;nkhopTg; gj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;glf;$ba
  kw;Wk; gy tplaq;fs; :
1. fhg;GWjp
2. nry;Ygbahfhjhf;fy; - Cancellation
3. eLj;jPh;g;G – Arbitration
4. gl;Nlhiy – Shedule
   fhg;GWjp ,yf;fk;
   fhg;GWj;JNthdpd; ngaH
   tplak;> nrhj;J gw;wpa tpguk;
   fl;lz msT
   nry;YgbahFk; fhyk;
Thank You

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Islamic insurance

  • 1. fhg;GWjp – Nfhl;ghLk; eilKiwAk; IBM 11013 Introduction to Islamic Economics Islamic Insurance RA.Sarjoon Lecturer in charge 09.06.2011
  • 2. cs;slf;fk; • fhg;GWjp – XH mwpKfk; • fhg;GWjp Vd; Njit (Kf;fpaj;Jtk;) • fhg;GwWapd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; • fhg;GWjp tiffs; • fhg;GWjpr; nrad;Kiw • flw; fhg;GWjp • jPf; fhg;GWjp • MAl; fhg;GWjp • tpgj;Jf; fhg;GWjp
  • 3. fhg;GWjp vd;why; vd;d? • Fwpj;j egH my;yJ epWtdk;> jkJ nrhj;J my;yJ MAs; my;yJ nghWg;gpw;fhf VjhtJ rk;gtj;jhy; Vw;gLk; Nrjj;jpw;Nfh> el;lj;jpw;Nfh Fwpj;j gzj; njhifapy;> my;yJ mjw;Ff; fpl;ba njhifapy; el;laPL nrYj;Jtjw;fhf fhg;GWj;JNthDf;F jtiz Kiwapy; gzf; nfhLg;gdT nra;tjhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; XH cld;gbf;if fhg;GWjp vdg;gLk;.
  • 4. fhg;Gwjpapd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk; • 1601 ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lk; fhg;GWjp gw;wp njspTgLj;JfpwJ. • kf;fs; VjhtJ Jzpfur; nraiy nra;tjw;F Kd; jk; nghUs;> fg;gYf;F gzk; nrYj;jp fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; gof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. • flw; fhg;GWjpNa Kjd;ikahdJ. kpf ePz;l fhy tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ. 1Mk; vyprNgj; kfhuhzpahH fhyj;jpy; flw; fhg;GWjpNa kpfg; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
  • 5. • gpupj;jhdpah ,f;fhg;GWjp Kiwia ,j;jhypauplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhz;lJ • 1966 Mk; Mz;L 2Mk; rhy;]; kd;dd; fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ngUk; jP Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisNt jPf; fhg;GWjp Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Rkhh; 100 Mz;LfSf;Fs; gy jPf; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd ,jidj; njhlHe;J rPtpaf; fhg;GWjp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ • 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; gytw;wpw;Fk; fhg;GWjp nra;a kdpjd; Kd; te;jhd; • gpd; tpahghuj; JiwapypUe;J gpupf;f Kbahj xU gFjpahf mJ khw;wk; ngw;wJ
  • 6. fhg;GWjp Vd; mtrpak;? • tpahghupapd; KjyPl;Lj; njhiff;fhd ghJfhg;ig cj;juthjg;gLj;JfpwJ • tHj;jfj;jpd; kPJs;s KjyPl;lhsdpd; epr;rakpd;ikia ePf;fp> mtDf;F ce;J rf;jpaspf;fpwJ • KjyPLfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd • tpahghup mr;rkpd;wp jdJ gzj;ij KjyPL nra;fpd;w NghJ Jupj nghUshjhu tsHr;rp Vw;gLfpd;wJ • fg;gy; tHj;jf eilKiw fzprkhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L rHtNjr tpahghuj;jpy; mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLfpd;wJ (fhg;GWjp ,d;wp fg;;;;;;gw; Nrit ,Ue;jpUf;f KbahJ)
  • 7. • nghpa njhopw;rhiyfs; Njhd;w tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ • tq;fpfspd; cjtpAld; ,aq;Fk; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp mYty;fspy; Vw;gLk; Fiwghl;il ePf;FtJ fhg;GWjpahFk; • mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w kpfg; gykhd tug;gpurhjk; my;yJ KjyPL nra;Nthupd; ,U fuq;fs; vdyhk; • jPf; fhg;GKiw ,y;iyNay; fl;llk; Mfpad ehrkilAk; NghJ me;el;lj;ijj; jhNd nghWf;f NeUk;
  • 8. • fsQ;rpaj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l gz;lq;fs; jPg;gw;Wk; NghJ> my;yJ fsthlg;gLk; NghJ fhg;GWjpapdhNyNajhd; mjid <L nra;a KbAk; • tpgj;Jf; fhg;GWjp Kiw ,y;iyNay; thfd tpgj;Jf;fshy; Vw;gLk; jpUj;j mYty;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ NghFk; • tpkhdf; fhg;GWjp Kiw xd;W ,y;iyNay; ehk; tpkhdj;jpy; gazpf;f khl;Nlhk; • Njrpa r%ff; fhg;GWjp %yk; kdpjd; kdepk;kjp milfpd;whd; • nrsf;fpaf; fhg;GWjp %yk; kUe;J> gupfhuk; vd;gtw;wpw;F gzk; nrytpl Ntz;bajpy;iy
  • 9. • $ypcupikahf;F Kiwapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tPL> tPl;Lg; nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;glf;$ba el;lk; my;yJ Nrjj;jpw;F etPd fhg;GWjp Kiw ,lkspf;fpwJ • FLk;gj; jiytd; ,isg;ghwpa gpd; my;yJ mtdJ mfhy kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtidr; rhHe;jtHfs; rhjhuz tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L nry;y fhg;GWjp Jiznra;fpwJ • fhg;GWjp Kiw r%fj;jpd; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mr;rhzpahf tpsq;FfpwJ
  • 10. fhg;GWjp tiffs; 1 jdpahs; fhg;GWjp – Insurance of Person c-k;: MAl; fhg;GWjp> nrsf;fpa eyd; fhg;GWjp 2 nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp - Insurance of Property c-k;: Nkhl;lhH thfdf; fhg;GWjp 3 nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp – Insurance of Liabilities fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l xUtUf;F vjpHghuhj tpjj;jpy; jkJ ifahs; ,d;ndhUtUf;Nfh gyUf;Nfh el;laPL nrYj;Jk; nghWg;G Vw;gly; c-k;: XH CopaUf;F Nritf; fhyj;jpy; cz;lhFk; jpBH tpgj;J> Ngupog;G> Mgj;J vd;gtw;wpw;F rl;luPjpahd nghWg;ghsH njhopw;riy cupikahsHfNs nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tUk; xd;Nw nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjpahFk;
  • 11. gpwHgha;f; fhg;GWjp – Third Party Insurance • gpwHgha;f; fhg;GWjp nghWg;Gf; fhg;Gwjpap;y; mlq;Fk; xU tifahFk; • fl;lhar; rl;lj;jpd; gb jkJ ghJfhg;gpw;F Nkyhf gpwupd; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk;> ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; %d;whk; jug;gpudu;> mtHfsJ nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; nghWg;Gr; nrhy;Yk; fhg;GWjp gpwHgha;f; fhg;GWjpahFk; 4 rk;gtk; njhlHGf; fhg;GWjp/ cupik gw;wpa fhg;GWjp - Insurance of Interest or Rights el;lk; my;yJ Nrjk; Vw;glf;$ba NtW gy re;jHg;gq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gLj;jf;$ba rk;gtq;fSld; njhlh;Gila fhg;GWjp ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ghJfhg;G cWjpia ePl;b mfd;w fhg;GWjpahf khw;Wtjid ,t;thW Fwpg;gplyhk;
  • 12. • c-k;: jPf;fhg;GWjp ngWNthH mj;Jld; nts;sj;jhy; Vw;gLk; Nrjj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpf; nfhs;sy; • jPf;fhg;GWjp + gapHtiff; fhg;GWjp 5 cupik epjpf; fhg;GWjp tpisT el;lk; (Consequential Loss) ,jpy; mlq;Fk; c-k;: Copah;fspd; Vkhw;W tpRthrkw;w nray;fs; mwtpl Kbahf; fld; tpahghur; nrhj;Jf;fs; ehrkile;j gpd; Vw;gLk; el;lk; ,irf; fr;Nrup xd;W jpl;lkplg;gl;l jpdj;jpy; kionga;J el;lk; cz;lhfy; Nghd;wd
  • 13. fhg;GWjpapd; mbg;gilfs; 1. Utmost Good Faith – cr;r ek;gpf;if nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd; NghJ fhg;GWj;JNthd;> fhg;GWjp ngWNthd; vDk; ,U gFjpapdUk; cr;r ek;gpf;ifNahL vy;yh re;jHg;gq;fspYk; flik nra;jy; mtrpakhFk;
  • 14. 2. Insurable Insurance - fhg;GWjp cupik fhg;GWjp cupikapd;wp vtUk; fhg;Gwjpiag; ngw KbahJ. Fwpj;j nghUSf;F fhg;GupkAila xUtH kl;LNk fhg;Gwjpiag; ngwyhk; 3. Indemnity – Nrj G+uzk; Nrj el;laPL nfhLj;jy; njhiff;F Vwf; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. khwhf mJ $Ljyhd njhifahf mikahJ
  • 15. 4. Contribution - cjT njhif G+uz el;lk; my;yJ Nrjk; my;yJ Ngupog;G vd;gtw;wpw;F Nkyhf fhg;GWj;JNthdplk; Nrjel;laPL ngw KbahJ. cjT njhif xg;ge;jk; rpy fhg;GWjpfspy; tpNrlkhf Fwpg;gplg;gLk; xd;whFk; 5. Subrogation - jj;Jtk; gjpYf;F itj;jy; my;yJ jj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. Nrjk; cz;lhf;fpa ntspg;gFjpapduplkUe;J el;laPL ngWk; cupik cz;L. Mdhy; tpgj;Jf;fhf fhg;GWjp ngw;wpUe;jhy; ntspahH gFjpapdupkpUe;J el;laPL ngw KbahJ
  • 16. 6. Proximate Cause – mz;ikf; fhuzk; fhg;GWjp nra;ag;gl;l tpgj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Nrjkhff; nfhs;sf;$ba fhuzpahf ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk (my;yJ fhuzpapUe;jhy; kl;LNk) cupik tpz;zg;gk; Nfhuf; fhg;GWjp ngw;Nwhd; Kay;thd;
  • 17. fhg;GWjpg; gpNuuizg; gj;jpuKk; cWjpAk; fhgGWjp ngWtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTg;gj;jpuk;: 1. Kd;nkhopNthdpd; ngaH 2. Kftup 3. njhopy; 4. ngw;Wf; nfhz;l cWjp my;yJ fhg;GWjp gw;wpa tpguk; 5. cupik Nfl;lypd; tuyhW – fhg;GWjp ngWNthupd; cupik tuyhW> fhg;GWjp Kd;nkhopag;gl;l tplaq;fs; gw;wp NkYk; Kf;fpakhd tpguq;fs; 6. fhg;GWjp tplak; - tplak;> nrhj;J> nghWg;G 7. Kd;nkhopNthdpd; taJ> gpwe;j jpdk; 8. kWj;jy;> Nkyjpf gzk; nrYj;Jjy; my;yJ xg;ge;jk; 9. fhg;GWjpg; gzk; 10. ifnahg;gk; 11. jpfjp 12. Kftupd; mwpf;if 13. Gpurpj;jg;gLj;jy; - KbT ngwy;
  • 18. • Kd;nkhopTg; gj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;glf;$ba kw;Wk; gy tplaq;fs; : 1. fhg;GWjp 2. nry;Ygbahfhjhf;fy; - Cancellation 3. eLj;jPh;g;G – Arbitration 4. gl;Nlhiy – Shedule fhg;GWjp ,yf;fk; fhg;GWj;JNthdpd; ngaH tplak;> nrhj;J gw;wpa tpguk; fl;lz msT nry;YgbahFk; fhyk;