1. ewY;ekiukph lk/kus vkf.k ra=
Tools and techniques of Evaluation

2. lizek.krk @ oS/krk
• T;k xks’Vhps ekiu dj.;klkBh rh dlksVh vFkok lk/ku
r;kj dsys vkgs usedh rhp xks’V rs lk/ku ekstw
“kdr vlsy rj rs lk/ku lizek.k vkgs vls Eg.krkr- ^
vkf.k lk/kukP;k ;k fud’kkl lizek.krk vls Eg.krkr-
• rki ekst.;klkBh rkiekid gs lk/ku r;kj dsys] rs rkiekid
dsoG rkip ekstr vlsy o rksgh vpwdfjR;k ekstr vlsy
rj rkiekid gs lk/ku lizek.k vkgs vls vki.k Eg.kw
“kdrks-
• fo|kF;kZps fof”k’V fo’k;krhy izkfo.; ekst.;klkBh
izkfo.;dlksVh gs lk/ku vlsy o rh izkfo.; dlksVh
visf{kr rs izkfo.; ekstr vlsy rj izkfo.;dlksVh leizek.k

3. lizek.krsoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd %
• iz”ukph fDy’V Hkk’kk%
dlksVhe/khy Hkk’kk fDy’V vlsy rj ijh{kdkl useds
dk; visf{kr vkgs ;kpk fo|kF;kZauk vFkZcks/k u
>kY;kus mRrjs ;sr vlwugh fo|kF;kZapk laHkze
gksrks-
• ijh{ksps ek/;e %
ejkBh ek/;ekP;k fo|kF;kZalkBhgh baxzth
ek/;ekP;kp iz”uif=dk vlrhy rj fo|kF;kZauk iz”ukrhy
Hkk’kspk vpwd vFkZcks/k u >kY;kus iz”uif=dk
lksMfork ;sr ukgh- v”kk osGh T;k fo’k;kph
iz”uif=dk vkgs R;k fo’k;kps ewY;ekiu gksr ulwu

4. lizek.krsoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd %
• vfr”k; dBh.k fdaok vfr”k; lksis iz”u %
fo|kF;kZrhy lq{eHksn y{kkr u ?ksrk pkp.kh r;kj
dsyh vlsy rj rh loZ fo|kF;kZaP;k n`’Vhus lizek.k
Bjr ukgh- mnk- gq”kkj fo|kFkhZ ÚÚÚÚÚ lksis
iz”u] loZlkekU; fo|kFkhZÚÚÚÚÚ dBh.k iz”u vls
fojks/kkHkklh iz”u vlrkr-
• osGsph e;kZnk % ijh{kslkBh iwjslk osG fnyk
ukgh rj fo|kF;kZph dYiuk”kDrh] rdZ”kDrh]
vuwHko {kerk ;k ,soth dsoG R;kP;k osxkps ekiu
gksbZy vkf.k ;kmyV tj R;kP;k xf.kfrfdz;k oLrqfu’B
iz”u Lo#ikrhy ijh{kkauk vko”;drsis{kk vf/kd osG

5. lizek.krsoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd %
• mf|’Vkaoj vk/kkfjr ulysys iz”u %
Kku] vkdyu] mi;kstu] dkS”kY; v”kk fofo/k
mf|’VkaiSdh dsoG Kku ;k mf|’Vkaoj vk/kkfjr
iz”ukaoj Hkj fnyk vlsy rj R;k dlksVheqGs fo|
kF;kZaP;k dsoG Lej.k “kDrhps ekiu gksbZy brj
{kerkaps ukgh Eg.kwu R;k dlksVhr lizek.krk ulsy-
• deh ntkZps iz”u %
T;k iz”ukaph mRrjs <kscGekukus nsrk ;s.;klkj[kh
vlrkr – vankts mRrj ns.ks lgt “kD; vlsy rsOgk R;k
dlksVhph lizek.krk deh ntkZph vlrs-

6. lizek.krsoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd %
• vuko”;d dkj.kkapk izHkko % mRrjif=dsrhy
gLrk{kj] ys[ku”kSyh] mRrjkph ykach ;k ckchaP;k
izHkkokus tj ijh{kdkus ewY;ekiu dsys rj mRrjkP;k
ntkZdMs nqyZ{k gksrs R;kpk ifj.kkegh lizek.krsoj
fnlwu ;srks-
• iwoZxzgkapk ifj.kke % f”k{kdkaps fo|kF;kZac|yps
oS;fDrd er vuqdqy o izfrdqy vlsy rj lizek.krsoj
R;kpk ifj.kke gksrks- R;kpizek.ks fo|kF;kZauh
mRrjif=dsph lq#okr pkaxyh vxj okbZV dsY;kl R;k
n`’Vhdks.kkrwu ewY;ekiu dsY;kl lizek.krk deh
gksrs-

7. lizek.krsoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd %
• lafnX/k@m[kk.;kP;k Lo#ikrhy iz”u %
mnk- ppkZ djk Ú 1½ N=irh f”kojk;kapk bfrgkl 2½
dsY;kus gksr vkgs rs vk/kh dsysph ikfgts- ;k
okD;kpk usedk vFkZ letyk rjp fo|kFkhZ mRrj
fygw “kdrhy ;keqGs used;k ekiukr vMp.kh ;sr
vlY;kus lizek.krk deh gksrs-
• lafnX/k lwpuk % iz”uif=dk lksMfo.;klaca/khP;k
lwpuk tj lgt lqyHk ulrhy rj fo|kF;kZapk xksa/kG
gks.;kph nkV “kD;rk vlY;kus dlksVhph lizek.krk
deh gksrs-
• iz”uif=dsph jpuk % lafo/kku rDR;kf”kok; pkp.kh

8. fo”olfu;rk
• ekiukrhy lR;rk Eg.kts fo”olfu;rk gks;-
dlksVhpk okij fujfujkG;k osGh dsyk rjh
ekiukr lqlaxrh goh- ,[kkn;k oLrwos otu 7Ú8
osGk ekstwugh R;k oLrwps otu dk;e rsp
jkghy ;ko#u rhP;k otukykgh fo”olfu; vkgs
vls Eg.krks-

9. fo”oluh;rk fuf”pr dj.;kph i/nrh %
• ,dp dlksVh nksu osGk ns.ks %
izFke dlksVh ns.;kpk xV fuf”pr djkok o R;k
xVkl dlksVh n;koh (Pre Test ) R;k
dlksVhe/;s fo|kF;kZauh izkIr dsysY;k
xq.kkaph ukasn djkoh- dkgh fnolkauarj gh
dlksVh R;kp oxkZyk iwUgk nsowu (Post
Test) rhpsgh izkIrkad uksanowu nksUgh
izkIrkadkrhy lglaca/k xq.kd fuf”pr d#u gk
xq.kd 0 rs 1 ,o<;k foLrkjke/;s xq.ks
vk<Gwu ;sbZy- ;k lglaca/k xq.kdkoj

10. lizek.krk o fo”oluh;rk ;ke/khy
ijLijlaca/k %• dks.kR;kgh dlksVhps lizek.krk o fo”oluh;rk gs
nksUghgh xq.k ,desdkauk iwjd vkgsr-
lizek.krseqGs dlksVhph lR;rk dGrs rj
fo”oluh;rseqGs dlksVhph fo”oluh;rk letrs-
• lizek.k dlksVh gh fo”oluh; vlrs ijarq fo”oluh;
dlksVh lizek.k vlsyp vls ukgh- mnk-
• 1- ys[ku {kerk rikl.kkjh dlksVh fo”oluh; vkgs ijarq
js[kkVu dkS”kY;klkBh rh lizek.k ukgh-
• 2- diMk ekst.;kP;k Vsius “kjhjkph maph ekstrk
;sbZy okjaokj gh ckc ekstY;kl fu’d’kZ rksp
vkY;kus gs lk/ku fo”oluh; vkgs vls vki.k Eg.kw
“kdrks- ijarq fo|kF;kZaP;k “kkjhfjd {kerkaps ekiu

11. lizek.krk o fo”oluh;rk ;ke/khy
ijLijlaca/k %• 3- ?kM;kG vpwd osG lkaxrs Eg.kwu rs lizek.k
vkgs ijarq rs tj deh vf/kd osG n”kZor vlsy rj rs
lk/ku fo”oluh; Bj.kkj ukgh-
• ,[kknh dlksVh fo”oluh; ulsy rj rh ;FkkFkZgh ulrs-
R;kpizek.ks lafnX/k iz”u vlysyh dlksVh fo”oluh;
ulrs dkj.k v”kk dlksVhP;k lgk¸¸kkus b’V R;k
xq.kkapsp ekiu gksbZy ;kph [kk=h nsrk ;sr ukgh-
Eg.kwu rh lizek.k Bjr ukgh-Eg.ktsp dlksVhus tj
b’V R;k xq.kkaps vpwdi.ks ekiu dsys rj rh lizek.k
o fo”oluh; vlrs gs nksu xq.k Eg.kts dlksVhP;k
dk;Z{kers#ih uk.;kP;k nksu cktw gksr- ,dkeqGs
dlksVhph lR;rk dGrs rj nqlÚ;keqGs fo”oklkgZrk
letrs-

12. oLrqfu’Brk
• oLrqfu’Brk gk dlksVhpk frljk xq.k/keZ vkgs-
mRrjs riklrkauk tsOgk ijh{kdkP;k eukpk
dks.krkgh izHkko iMr ukgh rsOgk rh
dlksVh oLrqfu’B vkgs vls Eg.krkr-
Eg.ktsp ,dp dlksVh dks.khgh riklyh vlrk
tsOgk xq.kkae/;s Qjd iMr ukgh rsOgk rh
dlksVh oLrqfu’B vlrs-

13. i;kZIrrk %
• T;k dlksVhe/;s fo|kF;kZP;k fofo/k {kersaps
izfrfcac igko;kl feGsy vls iz”u r;kj dsys vlrhy rj rh
dlksVh Ik;kZIr vlrs- mnk- b- uoohrhy Hkwferh
fo’k;krhy Kku] vkdyu] mi;kstu] dkS”kY; bR;knh
ckchaps ewY;ekiu djko;kps vlsy rj ;k fo’k;krhy loZ
lw{e] vfrlw{e eq|s ?ksowu R;koj vk/kkjhr dlksVh
r;kj djkoh ykxsy-
• ;k dlksVhe/;s 100 iz”u vkgsr vls ekuw ijarq
izR;sd fo’k;klkBh v”kh dlksVh r;kj dj.ks O;ogk;Z
Bj.kkj ukgh Eg.kwu vki.k rMtksM djrks- o 100
,soth 10 iz”u ?ksrys tkrkr ijarq gs dsoG 10 iz”u
loZ vk”k;kps izfrfuf/kRo d# “kdr ukgh R;keqGs gh
dlksVh i;kZIr vkgs vls Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- vkf.k

14. mi;qDrrk @ O;ogk;Zrk %
• dlksVhe/;s lizek.krk] fo”oluh;rk o oLrqfu’Brk o
i;kZIrrk gs xq.k vlqugh tj rh okijyh xsyh ukgh rj
rhpk dk; mi;ksx dlksVhph mi;sDrrk [kkyhy ?
kVdkaoj vk/kkjhr vlrs-
• lqyHkrk % dlksVh nsrkauk fo|kF;kZauk ns.;kr
;s.kkÚ;klwpuk lqyHk] Li’V o lqVlqVhr vlkO;kr-
• lqyHk rikl.kh % iz”uif=dsP;k Lo#ikoj rikl.khph
lqyHkrk voyacwu vlrs-
• vFkZfuoZpu % dlksVh laiY;kuarj ts xq.k ;srkr
R;kapk vFkZ yko.ks gs ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gks;-
fo|kF;kZauh izkIr dsysY;k xq.kkaps #ikarj.k fDy’V
vlsy rj dlksVhph mi;qDrrk deh gksbZy-
• [kpZ % iz”uif=dsph fufeZrh] NikbZ] ijh{ksps

15. HksnHkko {kerk %
• T;k dlksVheqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k {kersrhy
lq{eHksn vksG[krk ;srks R;k dlksVhP;k
Bhdk.kh HksnHkko {kerk vkgs vls Eg.krkr-
HksnHkko {kerseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k
xq.kkaps ekiu djrkauk O;DrhfHkUurk vf/kd
Li’V gksbZy- R;keqGs O;DrheRokuqlkj
ekxZn”kZu dj.ks lks;hLdj Bjsy-

16. lkrR;iw.kZloZad’k ewY;ekiu
• vW;kldzekrhy mf|’Vs v/;;u v/;kiukP;k
ek/;ekrwu fdrir o d”kkizdkjs lk/; gksr vkgsr
gs vkSipkfjd o vukSipkjhd i/nrhus lrr vkf.k
lokZaxkus iMrkGwu igk.ks Eg.ktsp
lkrR;iw.kZloZad’k ewY;ekiu gks;-
• v”kk ewY;ekiukeqGs v/;kiukrhy =`Vh o
mf.kokacjkscj v/;kiukrhy cyLFkkusgh Li’V
gksrkr vkf.k f”k{kdkauk vkiY;k v/;kiukrhy
mf.kok nwj d#u cyLFkkus cGdV dj.;kph
la/kh feGrs-

17. lkrR;iw.kZ ewY;ekiukps
Qk;ns %
• fo|kFkhZ “kkys; ijh{kkacjkscjp vH;kliqjd o lg”kkys;
midzekae/;s lgHkkx ?ksrhy vkf.k vkikiys izkfo.;
fuf”pr djrhy-
• fo|kF;kZaP;k vkoMhfuoMh] vfHk#ph] dy y{kkr
;sbZy-
• fo|kF;kZaP;k rdZ{kersr] fu.kZ; {kersr o dk;Z{kersr
ok< gksbZy-
• cks/kkRed] HkkokRed o fdz;kRed {ks=krhy
mf|’VkaP;k lk/;rsps ekiu djrk ;sbZy-
• f”k{kd Ú fo|kFkhZ ;karhy fofo/k izdkjP;k
varjfdz;kae/;s ok< gksbZy-

18. lkrR;iw.kZ o loZd’k
ewY;ekiukr
;s.kkÚ;kvMp.kh• lkrR;kpk vHkko % fu;kstukizek.ks lkrR; jk[kys tkr
ukgh- ewY;ekiu i/nrhph vaeyctko.kh gksr ukgh-
• v|;kor uksanhpk vHkko % osGksoGh dsysY;k
ewY;ekiukP;k uksanh osGhp u BsoY;kus vankts uksanh
uksanohY;k tkrkr- R;keqGs fo|kF;kZaps Li’V fp= feGr
ukgh-
• oLrqfu’B ewY;ekiukpk vHkko % f”k{kdkaP;k
iwoZxzg nks’kkaP;k dkj.kkeqGs vxj brj dkgh dkj.kkaeqGs
ewY;ekiukr O;fDrfu’BrseqGs =`Vh fuekZ.k gksrkr- tj
oLrqfu’B ewY;ekiu >kys ukgh rj fo|kF;kZae/;s lq/kkj.kk ?
kMowu vk.krk ;sr ukgh-
• ewY;ekiu lk/kukaP;k mf.kok % lk/kukaph derjrk o
miyC/k lk/kus okijkckcrP;k vKkukeqGs R;kapk ;ksX; okij
u >kY;kus ewY;ekiukr vMp.kh laHkorkr- dks.krs mf|’V lk/;

19. vdkjhd o ldkjhd ewY;ekiu Qjd
Qjdkps
eq|s
vdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Formative Evaluation
Lkdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Summative
Evaluation
m|s”k vH;kldzekrhy
dkgh”kk Hkkxke/;s
nw#Lrh dj.ks] v/;;u
v/;kiukl izR;kHkj.k-
v/;;u v/;kiukr nw#Lrh
dj.;kl enr gksrs-
laiw.kZ vH;kldzekr
cny o uohu
vH;kldzekl fn”kk- tj
visf{kr fo|kF;kZar
cny fnlwu u vkY;kl
vH;kldze jpusps
mf|’V ;ksX; ukgh
fdaok rks jkcfor

20. vdkjhd o ldkjhd ewY;ekiu Qjd
Qjdkps
eq|s
vdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Formative Evaluation
Lkdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Summative
Evaluation
dkyko/kh ,[kknk vH;kldze
jkcfoyk tkr vlrkaukp
v”kkp izdkjps
ewY;ekiu lrr dsys
tkrs-
,[kknk vH;kldze
jkcfoY;kuarj
“ksoVh ewY;ekiu
dsys tkrs-
R;keqGs
vH;kldzekrhy =`Vh
y{kkr ;srkr o

21. vdkjhd o ldkjhd ewY;ekiu Qjd
Qjdkps
eq|s
vdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Formative Evaluation
Lkdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Summative
Evaluation
ewY;ekiu
dj.kkjh
O;Drh
fo’k; f”k{kd] eq[;k/;kid
vxj la”kks/kdkdMwu
ewY;ekiu dsys tkrs
R;keqGs ikB;ka”k
fdrir vkRelkr dsyk gs
dG.;kl enr gksrs-
fo’k; rK] cksMZ]
Lok;Rr laLFkk
vH;kldze fodlu
lnL;kadMwu
ewY;ekiu dsys
tkrs-

22. vdkjhd o ldkjhd ewY;ekiu Qjd
Qjdkps
eq|s
vdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Formative Evaluation
Lkdkjhd
ewY;ekiu
Summative
Evaluation
{ks=@O;k
Irh
;k ewY;ekiuke/;s
vH;kldzekrhy dkgh
Hkkxkpkp lekos”k
gksrks-
Lkdkjhd
ewY;ekiuke/;s
laiw.kZ xq.kkRed
o la[;kRed
ewY;ekiukpk
lekos”k gksrks-

23. ewY;ekiukph ra=s o lk/kus
• fo|kF;kZaP;k vaxh vlysY;k fofo/k vaxkaps
ewY;ekiu dj.;klkBh la[;kRed ra=kcjkscjp
xq.kkRed lk/kukapkgh okij djkok ykxrks-
• ra= Eg.kts fof”k’V iz.kkyh gks;- ;k ra=ke/;s
vusd lk/kukapk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks-

24. ewY;ekiukph ra=s o lk/kus

26. fuca/kotk ijh{kk %
• fn?kkZsRrjh iz”u %
T;k iz”ukaph mRrjs ia/kjk rs ohl
vksGhais{kkgh vf/kd vlkos v”kh vis{kk vlrs]
rlsp T;k iz”ukP;k mRrjke/;s ,dkis{kk tkLr
mRrjs ;srkr v”kk iz”ukauk fn?kkZsRrjh iz”u
vls Eg.krkr- ewY;ekiukP;k fud’kkapk fopkj
djrk fuca/kotk iz”u fuEu ntkZps letys tkrkr
rjhgh v/;kiukph dkgh mf|’Vs lk/; dj.;klkBh ;k
iz”ukauk egRo fnys tkrs-
mnk- 1857 pk mBko v;”kLoh gks.;kph
dkj.ks dks.krh ;klkBh vki.kkl foLr`r dkj.ks

27. fuca/kotk ijh{kk %
• Qk;ns %
• vkiys fopkj ekaM.;klkBh] etdqjkpk vFkZ Li’V
dj.;klkBh] fo|kF;kZaps dkS”kY; vteko.;klkBh
mi;qDrvls gs lk/ku gks;-
• iz”u r;kj dj.ks lks;hps vlrs rlsp fo|kF;kZauk
O;kid n`’Vhus vH;kl dj.;kph lo; ykork ;srs-
• fo|kF;kZauk vkiyh ers O;Dr dj.;kph la/kh
feGrs-
• ;ksX; v/;;u i/nrhauk mRrstu feGrs-

28. fuca/kotk ijh{kk %
• e;kZnk %
• egkRek xka/khthaP;k dk;kZph ppkZ djk- V”kk
iz”ukaP;k mRrjkr usedh dk; visf{kr vkgs ;kpk
vankt fo|kF;kZauk vpwdfjR;k ?ksrk ;sr ukgh-
• pkp.kh r;kj djrkauk laiw.kZ vH;kldzekpk lekos”k
djrk ;sr ukgh-
• ijh{k.k djrkauk oLrqfu’Brs,soth brj ckg;?
kVdkapkgh ifj.kke gksrks- mnk- iwoZxzg] fo|
kF;kZaph mRrj fygh.;kph i/nrh] gLrk{kj bR;knh-
• fo”oluh;rk deh vlrs-

29. y?kqRrjh iz”u
• fuca/kotk iz”ukaph lq/kkjhr vko`Rrh Eg.ktsp
y?kqRrjh iz”u gks;- ;k iz”ukP;k mRrjklkBh
fo|kF;kZauk fuf”pr v”kh “kCne;kZnk fnysyh
vlrs- fo|kF;kZadMwu fuf”pr Lo#ikr mRrjsgh
feGfork ;srkr-
• Yk?kqRrjh iz”ukaeqGs fuca/kotk iz”ukaps
Qk;nsgh feGrkr- mnk- FkksMD;kr mRrjs
n;k- iz”u- 1½ vlgdkj Eg.kts dk; eokG
eroknh o tgky eroknh ;krhy Qjd Li’V djk-

30. oLrqfu’B ijh{kk
• dlksVhae/khy T;k iz”ukps mRrj fuf”pr vlrs o
ts mRrj riklrkauk O;fDrae/;s fHkUurk
fnlwu ;sr ukgh v”kk iz”ukauk ^ oLrqfu’B
iz”u^ vls Eg.krkr- ehBkP;k lR;kxzgkps
usr`Ro dks.kh dsys

31. oLrqfu’B ijh{kk
• Qk;ns %
• ;k iz”ukaph mRrjs vxnh FkksMD;kr vlrkr- mnk- ,d
nksu “kCnkr mRrjs] ,dk okD;kr mRrjs] fjdkE;k
tkxk Hkjk] tksM;k ykok bR;knh-
• Ikz”ukaph mRrjs fuf”pr vkY;kus rh dlksVh
dq.khgh dsOgkgh riklyh rjh xq.kkae/;s Qjd iMr
ukgh-
• fo”oluh;rk vf/kd vlrs-
• fo|kFkhZ o ijh{kdkauk vkikiys dk;Z deh dkyko/khr
djrk ;srs-
• fo|kF;kZauh fnysY;k mRrjkf”kok; brj ckchapk

32. oLrqfu’B ijh{kk
• e;kZnk %
• f}Ik;kZ;h iz”u rlsp gks; fdaok ukgh v”kk izdkjph
mRrjs tsOgk n;ko;kph vlrkr rsOgk fo|kFkhZ
iz”ukaph mRrjs vanktkus nsrkr-
• fuca/kotk iz”ukaP;k lgk¸¸kkus fo|kF;kZaP;k fofo/k
{kerkauk oko fnyk tkrks- oLrqfu’B iz”ukaP;k
ckcrhr rls gksr ukgh- mnk- ys[ku “kSyh] rdZ”kq/n
ekaM.kh] Hkk’ksojhy izHkqRo] fopkjkrhy lqlaxrh]
js[kkVu dkS”kY;bR;knhauk oko fnyk tkr ukgh-
• iz”uif=dk r;kj dj.ks gs dBh.k dke vkgs dkj.k
iz”ula[;k vf/kd vlrs loZ vk”k;kpk fopkj dsyk tkrks-
• fo|kF;kZauk Kkr vlysY;k ekfgrhpsp ekiu oLrqfu’B

33. rksaMh ijh{kk
• rksaMh ijh{kk gk ewY;ekiukpk izkphure
izdkj gks;- mnk- osn]#pk ;kps iBu vkf.k
vktgh cÚ;kp”kk “kkGkae/kwu Hkk’kk
fo’k;kps ewY;ekiu dj.;klkBh ;k lk/kukapk
okij dsyk tkrks- ;k ijh{kakeeqGs fo|
kF;kZaps laizs’k.k dkS”kY; o
vkRefo”oklke/;s ok< fnlwu ;srs-

34. rksaMh ijh{kk
• Qk;ns %
• ys[kh ijh{ks}kjs T;k xks’Vhaps ewY;ekiu lgtklgth
djrk ;sr ukgh] v”kkgh ?kVdkaps ewY;ekiu rksaMh
ijh{kseqGs gksow “kdrs-
• fofo/k ladYiukrhy lkE;] Hksn vpwdfjR;k lkaxq
“kdrks dk udk”kkps okpu ;ksX; fjrhus djrk ;srs dk
• fo|kF;kZph Lej.k”kDrhph iMrkG.kh dj.;klkBh
mi;qDr mnk- lukoG;k] LFkGs] O;Drh] ;kps
ikBkarjkyk mi;qDr Bjrs-
• fo|kF;kZaph laisz’k.k dkS”kY; iMrkGwu igkrk
;srs-
• fo|kF;kZyk ikBkarj fdrh ;sr vkgs gs iMrkGwu igkrk

35. rksaMh ijh{kk• e;kZnk %
• ,dk osGh ,dkp fo|kF;kZph ijh{kk ?ksryh tkr vlY;kus
dkyko/kh vf/kd ykxrks- deh dkyko/khr deh iz”u
fopkjys xsY;kl dlksVhph ;FkkrZrk deh gksrs-
• fo|kF;kZauh fnysY;k mRrjkapk ys[kh iqjkok jgkr
ukgh R;keqGs xq.kkaph Qsjrikl.kh dj.ks “kD; gksr
ukgh-
• izR;sd fo|kF;kZauk lkj[ksp iz”u fopkjys tkr ulY;kus
iz”ukaP;k dkBh.;ikrGhckcr O;fDrfu’Brk ;sow “kdrs-
• ijh{kdkP;k O;fDreRokpk izHkko rksaMh ijh{ksr
eksB;k izek.kkoj vlY;kus oLrqfu’Brs ,soth
O;fDrfu’Brspk izHkko vf/kd vlrks-
• ijh{kk ?ks.kkÚ;kO;fDrpk izHkko ;k ijh{kse/;s fnlwu

36. izkR;f{kd ijh{kk
• fo|kF;kZph rdZ{kerk o fdz;k dkS”kY;kauk
oko ns.;klkBh izkR;f{kd ijh{kk gs lk/ku
vR;ar mi;qDr vkgs- mnk- ys[ku”kSyh]
js[kkVu] izfrd`rh b- ;k lk/kukaeqGs izR;{k
d`rh pkyw vlrkauk fdaok d`rh iw.kZ
>kY;kuarjgh dk;kZps ewY;ekiu djrk ;srs- ^
T;kosGh ys[kh fdaok rksaMh ijh{kk ,[kkn;k
mf|’Vkps ekiu d# “kdr ukgh rsOgk izkR;f{kd
ijh{kk ;k lk/kukpk mi;ksx gksrks-^ fo|
kF;kZaps dkS”kY; ekst.;klkBh izkR;f{kd

37. izkR;f{kd ijh{kk
• Qk;ns %
• fo|kFkhZ izkIr dsysY;k Kkukps mi;kstu fdrh
izek.kkr vkf.k fdrh dq”kkxzrsus d# “drks
;kps ekiu djrk ;srs- mnk- ,[kknk ,sfrgkfld
izdYi fnyk vlrk rks gkrkG.ks-
• Hkk’ksph vMp.k vl.kkÚ;kfo|kF;kZauk
izkR;f{kd ijh{kseqGs vkiys dkS”kY;
nk[kfo.;kph la/kh izkIr gksrs-
• T;k dkS”kY;kps ekiu ys[kh vFkok rksaMh
ijh{ksP;k ek/;ekrwu djrk ;sr ukgh v”kk
dkS”kY;kaps ekiu ;k ijh{kseqGs gksrs-

38. izkR;f{kd ijh{kk
• e;kZnk %
• ;k ijh{kkalkBh ys[kh o rksaMh ijh{ksP;k
rqyusr vf/kd dkyko/kh ykxrks-
• ;k ijh{kk vfFkZd n`’V;k [kphZd vkgsr-
R;keqGs ijoMr ukghr-
• izkR;f{kd ijh{kkapk okij Qkj e;kZfnr {ks=kr
gksrks- o Qkj osG tkrks-
• Kku] vfHk#ph] n`’Vhdksu bR;knhaps
ekiu ;k ijh{kkaeqGs lgtklgth gksow “kdr
ukgh-

39. fujh{k.kkRed ra=
• fo|kF;kZaps osxosxG;k ifjfLFkrhe/;s
osxosxG;k osGh izR;{k fujh{k.k d#u
R;kaps orZu] dk;Zi/nrh] LoHkkoxq.k]
dk;Z{kerk vkf.k ;k fujh{k.kko#u vfHkizk;
O;Dr djrk ;srkr- Eg.kwu ;k ra=kl
fujh{k.kkRed ra= vls Eg.krkr-

40. iMrkGk lwph % ( Check List )
• fo|kF;kZaph ekfgrh ?ks.;klkBh fof”k’V
xq.kkapk vFkok o`Rrhapk fdrir fodkl >kyk
gs tk.kwu ?ks.;klkBh vH;kliwoZd r;kj
dsysyh fo/kkukaph ;knh Eg.kts iMrkGklqph
gks;-

41. fujh{k.k djko;kps ?kVd %
gtsjh
dzekad
fo|
kF;kZps
uko
lwpukaps
ikyu
djrks-
y{kiwoZd
v/;;u
djrks-
lqokP;@
“kq/n
fyghrks-
1
sanjay √ √ x
2
Rahul x x √
3
Raju √ √ √

42. iMrkGk lwph Qk;ns
• ;k lk/kukph fufeZrh dj.ks lqyHk o deh [kphZd vlrs-
• deh [kpkZr tkLrhr tkLr ekfgrh feGfork ;srs-
• dkS”kY; iw.kZ orZukpk iMrkGk ?ks.;klkBh vaR;ar
mi;qDr mnk- xk;u] oknu] u`R;] [ksG
• fo”oklgZrk vf/kd vlrs- dkj.k ekiu gs izR;{k
fujh{k.kk}kjs dsys tkrs-
• uksanh >kViV ?ksrk ;srkr- fu’d’kkZl osG tkr ukgh-

43. iMrkGk lwph e;kZnk
• fujh{k.k dj.kkjh O;fDr rK o vH;klw vlsy rjp
uksanhe/;s vpwdrk vlrs-
• fo|kF;kZe/khy fofo/k xq.kkapk iMrkGk ?ksrk ;srks
ijarq dks.k fdrh ljl ;kph rqyuk dj.ks dBh.k vlrs-
• l[kksy ekfgrh ,soth ojojph vxj fn[kkm ekfgrh
feG.;kpk laHko vf/kd vl.ks-

44. infu”p;u Js.kh Rating Scale
• infu”p;u Js.kh Eg.kts ,[kknh ?kVuk]
ifjfLFkrh] dkS”kY;] xq.koSf”k’V;s ;kaph
Js.kh fuf”pr dj.ks gks;-
• ,[kkn;k O;fDrP;k fBdk.kh vlysY;k xq.kkaps
ewY;ekiu dj.;klkBh ;k lk/kukpk mi;ksx vusd
fBdk.kh dsyk tkrks-

45. ,[kknk fo|kFkhZ xVppZse/;s Hkkx ?ksrks dk
vkf.k ?ksr vlY;kl rks fdrir ?ksrks-
fo|kF;kZpk
lgHkkx
d/khp
ukgh
Dofp
r
d/kh
d/kh
cjspn
k
√
fdrir ppkZ
djrks-
d/khp
ukgh
Dofp
r
d/kh
d/kh
cjspn
k
√

46. infu”p;u Js.kh Rating Scale
• mi;ksx %
• fo|kF;kZaP;k vaxh vlysY;k fofo/k
xq.koSf”k’V;kaps ewY;ekiu djrk ;srs-
• “kkGsapk o f”k{kdkapk ntkZ Bjfo.;klkBh
mi;qDr vkgs-
• fo|kF;kZae/khy fofo/k dykxq.kkauk oko
ns.;klkBh-
• fo|kFkhZ o lacaf/krkaph fofo/k fo’k;kojhy er
vkteo.;klkBh-

47. infu”p;u Js.kh Rating Scale
• e;kZnk %
• infu”p;u Js.kh uksanorkauk R;koj
fujh{kdkaP;k iwoZxzgkapk O;fDrfu’Brspk
ifj.kke gksrks- R;keqGs ekiukrhy
oLrqfu’Brk deh gksrs-
• ljkljhP;k toGikl uksan dj.;kph loZlkekU;
izo`Rrh vlrs- R;kpcjkscj vxnh VksdkdMP;k
fcanwoj uksan u dj.;kph izo`Rrh ns[khy
fnlwu ;srs-
• fujh{k.kdR;kZl fujh{k.kkph iqjs”kh la/kh

48. izklafxd uksanh % Anecdotal
Records
fo|kF;kZps uko % fdj.k
b;Rrk Ú vkBoh
fnukad % 26 tkusokjh 2016
f”kf{kdk Ú lqeu
LFkG % “kkGsps izkax.k
vkt 26 tkusokjh iztklRrkd fnukfufeRr
“kkGsr ns”kHkDrhij xhrkapk dk;Zdze pkyw
vlrkauk ,d fo|kFkhZ pDdj ;sowu iMY;kus R;kyk
nok[kkU;kr nk[ky djkos ykxys- fdj.kus iq<kdkj ?
ksowu xkMh ekxfoyh] R;kP;k ukrsokbZdkauk
dGfoys rs ;sbZi;Zar eqykph dkGth ?ksryh-
f”kf{kdsps er % fdj.ktoG usr`Ro xq.k fnlwu ;srks-
ladVkr lkiMysY;kauk enr dj.;kph r;kjh o

49. izklafxd uksanh % Anecdotal
Records
izklafxd uksanhaps mi;ksx %
• izkekf.kdi.kk] lgn;rk] gtjtckchi.kk] lgdk;Z] /keZ] ns”k
bR;knh ckcrpk n`’Vhdksu ;kaps oLrqfu’B ewY;ekiu
izklafxd uksanh}kjs gkow “kdrs-
• vYio;hu ckyds rlsp fuj{kj O;fDr T;kaps ys[kh o rksaMh
ijh{ks}kjs ewY;ekiu dj.ks “kD; ulrs R;kaP;k ckcrhr vf/kd
mi;qDr Bjrs-
• uSlxhZd ?kVukaP;k ek/;ekrwu fo|kF;kZP;k orZukc|yph
ekfgrh izkIr gksrs R;keqGs ewY;ekiukph lizek.krk
ok<rs-
• Rojhr uksan dsY;k tkr vlY;kus foLej.k gksr ukgh
lanHkZ ?ks.ks lqyHk gksrs-

50. izklafxd uksanh % Anecdotal
Records
e;kZnk %
• oxkZrhy loZ fo|kF;kZaP;k v”kk uksanh
Bso.;klkBh f”k{kdkauk eksB;k izek.kkoj Je
o osG [kpZ djkok ykxsy-
• fo|kF;kZaps orZu osxosxG;k izlaxh
osxosxG;k Lo#ikps vlY;kus R;kaP;k
O;fDreRokpk fuf”pr vankt ?ksrk ;s.kkj
ukgh-
• ;k uksanhe/;s O;fDrfu’Brk ;s.;kph “kD;rk
vf/kd vlrs-

51. vkRefujh{k.kkRed ra= %
Introspective Tools .
• vfHk#ph pkp.kh %
• fo|kF;kZauk dks.krs Nan ] R;kyk dks.kR;k
fo’k;kr xksMh vkgs b- laca/khph ekfgrh
v”kk iz”ukoyho#u feGfork ;srs- mnk- v”kk
fo|kF;kZauk dkgh iz”u nsowu
R;klaca/khP;k fofo/k d`rh fopkj.ks

52. vkRefujh{k.kkRed ra= %
Introspective Tools .
rqEgkyk dk;
djkosls okVrs
gks; ukgh Lkaxrk ;sr
ukgh-
“kkGsr tk.ks √
eSnkukoj [ksG.ks √
Vh- Ogh- igk.ks √
fp= dk<.ks o
jaxfo.ks
√
vH;kl dj.ks √