chapter 4

Prepared by Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A.,[object Object],1,[object Object],Part I,[object Object],Prenatal Development and Birth,[object Object],Chapter Four,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],Risk Reduction,[object Object],The Birth Process,[object Object]

2,[object Object],Prenatal Development and Birth,[object Object],The majority of newborns are male (52%), and more are Chinese (30%)… yet every baby is unique… every area of development is directly relevant to the 150 million babies born in the world every year… there are generalities and variation… but expect to be awed by the miracle of birth.,[object Object]

3,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],Prenatal development is divided into three main periods,[object Object],germinal Period (0-2 weeks),[object Object],embryonic Period (3-8 weeks),[object Object],fetal Period (9 weeks-birth),[object Object]

4,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],Germinal: The First 14 Days,[object Object],Conception occurs in fallopian tubes,[object Object],Cell differentiation and multiplication,[object Object],42% of conceptions successfully implant in uterus ,[object Object],blastocyst,[object Object],when cells take on distinct characteristics and gravitate toward particular positions, the entire cell mass (still very fragile and tiny),[object Object],placenta,[object Object],the organ that surrounds the developing embryo and fetus, sustaining life via the umbilical cord…attached to the wall of the uterus,[object Object],Implantation,[object Object],the process, beginning about 10 days after conception, which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develop.,[object Object]

5,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],Embryo: from the third through the eighth week,[object Object],embryonic period (3-8 weeks),[object Object],major organs develop,[object Object],at eight weeks, organism is less than 2˝ long,[object Object]

6,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object]

7,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],Fetus: From the Ninth Week Until Birth,[object Object],Fetal Period (9 weeks-birth),[object Object],Sex organs develop,[object Object],Brain development is significant,[object Object],Age of viability occurs around 22 weeks,[object Object],fetus,[object Object],a developing organism from the ninth week after conception until birth,[object Object]

8,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],The Third Month,[object Object],the fetus has all its body parts,[object Object],weighs approximately 3 ounces, about 3 inches long,[object Object],growth is rapid ,[object Object],fetus is too small survive outside of the womb,[object Object]

9,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],[object Object],in the fourth, fifth and sixth months the heartbeat becomes stronger,[object Object],the cardiovascular system more active,[object Object],the brain increases about six times in size,[object Object],age of viability,[object Object],twenty-two weeks after conception a fetus can survive outside the mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available,[object Object]

10,[object Object],From Zygote to Newborn,[object Object],The Final Three Months: From Viability to Full Term,[object Object],Viability ,[object Object],life outside the womb is possible,[object Object],born in the seventh month requires intensive hospital care and life-support systems,[object Object],difference between preterm and newborn is the maturation of neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular systems,[object Object]

11,[object Object],Risk Reduction,[object Object],toxins, illnesses and experiences can harm a developing person before birth,[object Object],teratology,[object Object],a science of risk analysis, the study of birth defects,[object Object],teratogens,[object Object],Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning,[object Object],behavioral teratogens,[object Object],Agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning,[object Object]

12,[object Object],Risk Reduction,[object Object],Determining Risk,[object Object],risk analysis,[object Object],the science of weighting the potential effects of a particular event, substance, or experience to determine the likelihood of harm ,[object Object],Timing of Exposure,[object Object],critical period,[object Object],In prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other body part of the embryo or fetus is most susceptible to damage by teratogens,[object Object]

13,[object Object],Risk Reduction,[object Object],Amount of Exposure,[object Object],Threshold effect,[object Object],a situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level (the threshold),[object Object],Interaction effect,[object Object],the result of a combination of teratogens. Sometimes risk is greatly magnified when an embryo or fetus is exposed to more than one teratogen at the same time,[object Object]

14,[object Object],Genetic Vulnerability,[object Object]

15,[object Object],Risk Reduction,[object Object],Protective Measures,[object Object],Benefits of Prenatal Care,[object Object]

16,[object Object],The Birth Process,[object Object],The Newborn’s First Minutes,[object Object]

17,[object Object],The Birth Process,[object Object],The Newborn’s First Minutes,[object Object],Apgar scale,[object Object],a quick assessment of a newborn’s body functioning.,[object Object],color,[object Object],heart rate,[object Object],reflexes,[object Object],muscle tone,[object Object],respiratory effort,[object Object]

18,[object Object],The Birth Process,[object Object],Variations,[object Object],medical Intervention,[object Object],cesarean section,[object Object],fetus is removed through incisions in the mother’s abdomen and uterus,[object Object],birth complications,[object Object],includes anything in the newborn, the mother, or the birth process itself that requires special medical attention,[object Object],anoxia,[object Object],a lack of oxygen that, if prolonged during birth, can cause brain damage or death to the baby,[object Object]

19,[object Object],The Birth Process,[object Object],Low Birthweight (LBW),[object Object],the average weight of a newborn is 7½ lbs. ,[object Object],LBW is considered less than 5½ lbs.,[object Object],preterm is less than 35 weeks,[object Object],lifestyle choices,[object Object],e.g., cigarette smoking accounts for 25% of LBW births worldwide!,[object Object],maternal malnutrition,[object Object],multiple births,[object Object],prescription drugs,[object Object],unknown causes,[object Object]

20,[object Object],The Birth Process,[object Object],Social Support,[object Object],Mother, Father, and a Good Start,[object Object],Help from fathers,[object Object],parental alliance – cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual communication to their children… the parents agree to support each other in their shared parental roles,[object Object],Postpartum Depression,[object Object],8-15% of women experience postpartum depression, a sense of inadequacy and sadness after birth.,[object Object],includes irritability, sleep and eating disruptions, sadness, feeling overwhelmed and inadequate as a mom, no interest or overly worried about baby.,[object Object]

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