Module: Environmental lighting Lecturer: Sandra Draskovic Jun 2013

1. MODULE: ENVIRONMENTAL LIGHTING
TERM: JUN 2013
LECTURER: SANDRA DRASKOVIC

9.  Illuminance
Inverse Square Cosine Law
E =(I cosx)/D2
Where: I is the Luminous Intensity in Candelas
D is the distance between the source and the point
and the angle x between the normal or perpendicular to
surface A and the direction along the distance D
 Luminance
L = rE/
Where: r is the reflectance, and E is the illuminance in lux

11. 1. Luminaries
2. Light lamp
3. Light socket
4. Light switch
An assembly used to house one or more light
sources. Also called lighting fixture.

12.  Recessed
 Ceiling Mounted
 Track Mounted
 Wall mounted
 Suspended
 Architectural
 Portable
 Pole Mounted
 Bollard
 Outdoor

14.  Direct: 90 – 100% downward
 Semi direct: 60 – 90% downward
 General diffuse: 40 – 60% both downward
and upward
 Direct – indirect: little light is emitted in the
horizontal plane
 Semi – indirect: providing 60 – 90% of its
output upward
 Indirect: providing 90-100% of its luminous
output upward.

15. FOCUS ON OBJECT OR AREA
GREAT BRIGHTNESS CONTRAST
HIGHLIGHT, SPARKLE OR RHYTHM

16. GIVE DIRECTION, OUTLINE SHAPES
EMPHASIZE THE EDGES

17. SURFACE
REPETEAD LINEAR
DIFFUSED ILLUMINATION
OF AREA

18. LAMP HOLDER
CONNECT TO SUPPLY
LIGHT SOURCE
DESIGN OF LAMP
LIGHT AS VOLUMETRIC ILLUMINATION
EXPANDED THROUGH TREE-DIMENSIONAL
FORMS OF LAMPS

19.  General Lighting

20.  Accent Lighting

21.  Decorative Lighting

22.  Task Lighting

23.  Kinetic Lighting

24.  Incandescent Lamps
 Fluorescent Lamps
 High – Intensity Discharge
Lamps
 Mercury Lamps
 Metal Halide Lamps
 High Pressure Sodium Lamps
 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
 Electrodeless Lamps
 Compact arc xenon &Mercury
Lamps
 Electroluminescent Lamps
 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 Carbon arc Lamps
 Gaslights

25. WHAT?
HOTWIRE – FILAMENT SEALED IN A
GLASS JAR (BULB)
HOW?
ELECTRIC CURRENT PASSTHROUGH
THEWIRE HEATS ITTO INCADESCENCE,
ANDTHEWIRE EMITS LIGHT. USE
STANDARDVOLTAGE CIRCUIT.

26. Inside the glass is a gas such as argon
and/or nitrogen. At the center of the
lamp is a tungsten filament. Electricity
heats this filament up to about 2,500
degrees Celsius. Just like any hot
metal, the tungsten gets "white hot" at
that heat and emits a great deal of
visible light in a process called
incandescence

27. 1. GLASS BULB
2. VACUUM OR GAS FILLED
3. WIRE/FILAMENT
4. 5. LEAD-IN WIRES
6. SUPPORT WIRES
7. NECK
8. 11. ELECTRIC FUSE
9. BASE

28. ADVANTAGES:
1. LESS EXPENSIVE
2. EASIER TO DIM WITH
RHEOSTATS
3. WARMER COLOR THAN
FLUORESCENT AND
THUNGSTEN-HALOGEN LAMPS
4. LIGHT OUTPUT IS RELATIVELY
HIGH
5. EXCELENT COLOR RENDERING
6. CAN BE DIMMED
DISADVANTAGES:
1. ENERGY INEFFICIENT
2. SHORT LAMP LIFE TIME
3. WARM SOURCE

29. SHAPE OF LAMPS:
AROUND 100 COMBINATIONS OF GLASS AND QUARTZ
BULB SHAPES AND SIZES.
SYMBOLS:
1ST PART = ONE OR MORE LETTERS INDICATES THE
SHAPE OF BULB
2ND PART = NUMBER, INDICATES DIAMETER OF THE
BULB IN EIGHTS OF AN INCH
EXAMPLE: A19 = ARBITRARY SHAPED, 19/8 INCH
DIAMETER

32. BASE IDENTIFICATION:
1. SMALL BASE: BAYONET, BIPIN, CANDELABRA,
INTERMEDIATE, MINIATURE, MINI-CANDELABRA,
TWIST-AND-LOCK, TWO-PIN
2. MEDIUM BASE
3. LARGE BASE: MOGUL SCREW, MOGUL BIPOST

36. LAMP LIFE TIME:
1. STANDARD-LIFE LAMP: high temperature for the filament to
operates, emits more light, shorter life time – “burns out”
2. LONG-LIFE LAMP: given wattage produces less light, designed
for longer life
LAMP EFFICIENCY = ______________________________
LIGHT OUTPUT: INSERT GAS (ARGON, NITROGEN, KRYPTON)
SLOWS BULB BLACKENING CAUSED BY CONDENSATION
ON THE BULB WALL
LIGHT PRODUCED (LUMENS, lm)
ELECTRICITY CONSUMED (WATTS W)

37. BULBS ARE SOLD BY WATTS – MEASURE OF POWER
CONSUMED
LUMENS TELLS HOW MUCH LIGHT LAMP EMITS
HOURS OF OPERATION IS PRODUCED LIFE-TIME (750 –
1000H, UP TO 2500H FOR EXTENDED SERVICE
LAMPS)
ENERGY SAVING LAMPS – REDUCED WATTAGE,
REDUCED LIGHT OUTPUT

38. LAMP TYPES:
1. NON DIRECTIONAL (emits light in all directions - A,
C, G, P, PS, S and T shapes, requires additional
external elements for brightness, glare and
distribution control)
2. SEMI DIRECTIONAL (silver bowl or white bowl
lamps, coating on inner side of bulb, reduce filament
glare)
3. DIRECTIONAL (complete optical systems: source,
reflector, lens or filament shield, R, AR, MR, PAR
built-in beam control)

39. WHITE BOWL
LAMP
SILVER BOWL
LAMP
PAR LAMP
AR LAMP

40. SEMI DIRECTIONAL

41. Left: R reflector lamp
with soft glass bulb
and ellipsoid
reflector with
moderate focusing
power.
Right: PAR reflector
lamp with pressed
glass bulb and
powerful parabolic
reflectorPAR LAMPR LAMP
DIRECTIONAL

43. WHAT?
SELECTED GAS OFTHE HALOGEN
FAMILY
HOW?
HALOGEN GAS COMBINES WITH
TUNGSTEN MOLECULESTHAT SPUTTER
OFTHE FILAMENT DEPOSITSTUNGSTEN
BACK ONTHE FILAMENT AND
EMITSCONSTANT LEVEL OF LIGHT

44. A halogen bulb has a filament made of
Tungsten, which glows when electricity
is applied, same as a regular
incandescent bulb.
The halogen gas removes the carbon
deposits on the inside of the bulb,
caused by the burning of the tungsten
filament, and redeposits it back on to
the filament, resulting in a light bulb
which can be burned at a higher

45. HIGH
OPERATING
TEMPERATURE
(500C), HIGH
COLOR
TEMPERATURE
QUARTZ
INSTEAD OF
GLASS
EQUIPED WITH
OUTER BULB,
GLASS COVER,
MESH SCREEN

46. ADVANTAGES:
1. HIGH COLOR TEMPERATURE MAKE THEM
“WHITER” THAN STANDARD INCADESCENT
LAMPS
2. LONGER LIFE TIME
3. GREAT EFFICIENCY
4. COMPACT IN SHAPE AND SIZE
They come in many shapes and sizes, some
directional others not, some quite small others the size
of regular bulbs, some fit into normal sockets other
require special sockets and voltages to work.

47. There are many different types of (single ended) TH lamp,
the most common ones are the G9 capsule lamp, GU10
spot lamp and linear halogen lamps which are all
domestic mains voltage, and G4 capsule lamp,(integral
reflector) MR16, MR11 spot lamps which are low voltage
lamps.

48. There are many different types of (single ended) TH lamp,
the most common ones are the G9 capsule lamp, GU10
spot lamp and linear halogen lamps which are all
domestic mains voltage, and G4 capsule lamp,(integral
reflector) MR16, MR11 spot lamps which are low voltage
lamps.

50. •LOW-VOLTAGE LAMPS – incandescent and tungsten-
halogen lamps that operate between 6V and 75 V.
•Standard building current of 115 V-125V must be
stepped down by the use of transformer.
•Low-voltage luminaries with integrated transformers are
larger in size and bulkier.
•Practical system is line-voltage equipment.

51. LOW VOLTAGE PAR56
(halogen lamp)
LOW VOLTAGE MULTIFACETED
MIRROR REFLECTOR
(halogen lamp)

52. Colored ceramic enamel

53. HUE(quality in red or green),
SATURATION (strength or depth of color)
BRIGHTNESS (quantity of light)

54. Thin transparent colored plastic sheet in vide variety of
colors, as well as multicolored and diffused sheets.
Short service life – color fades rapidly.

55. One or more layers of ultrathin film coating on clear glass
that reflects rather than absorb unwanted wavelength.
They transmit one color, and reflect the complementary
color.

56. What?
Gas, phosphor, catode, discharge
How?
Light is produced by passage of
an electric current through a
vapor or gas, rather than
through a tungsten wire as in
incandescent lamp.

58. The classic fluorescent lamp design, which has fallen
mostly by the wayside, used a special starter switch
mechanism to light up the tube.
The conventional starter switch is a small discharge
bulb, containing neon or some other gas. The bulb has
two electrodes positioned right next to each other.
When electricity is initially passed through the bypass
circuit, an electrical arc jumps between these
electrodes to make a connection. This arc lights the
bulb in the same way a larger arc lights a fluorescent
bulb.

60. ADVANTAGES:
• Heat is relatively low
• Energy efficient
• Range from low grade to high
grade
• Long lamp life
• Usually Cool source
• Control gears
DISADVANTAGE:
• Color temperature
• Require ballast: preheat, instant-
start, rapid-start
• Requires controlling elements for
glare control

61. TYPES:
1. COLD CATHODE
2. HOT CATHODE
SHAPE:
1. U-BENT SHAPE
2. CIRCULINE SHAPE
3. COMPACT FLUO-
LAMPS

63. Magnetic
Ballast
(Traditional)
Electronic
Ballast
Integrated
Ballast (CFL)
• Equipment required to control the starting and
operating voltages of electrical gas discharge lights.

64. • Type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which
produces light by means of an electric arc between
tungsten electrodes housed inside a translucent or
transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
• This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts. The
gas facilitates the arc's initial strike. Once the arc is
started, it heats and evaporates the metal salts
forming a plasma, which greatly increases the
intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its
power consumption. High-intensity discharge lamps
are a type of arc lamp.

68. When energy efficiency and/or
light intensity are desired.
These areas include
gymnasiums, large public areas,
warehouses, movie theaters,
football stadiums, outdoor
activity areas, roadways,
parking lots, and pathways.
Ultra-High Performance (UHP)
HID lamps are used in LCD or
DLP projection TV sets or
projection displays as well.

70. Red and Infrared LEDs are made with gallium arsenide
Bright Blue is made with GaN -gallium nitride
White LEDs are made with yttrium aluminum garnet
There are also orange, green, blue, violet, purple, ultraviolet LEDs.

72.  Benefits Of LED lighting

77. LEDs are just tiny light bulbs
that fit easily into an electrical
circuit. But unlike ordinary
incandescent bulbs, they don't
have a filament that will burn
out, and they don't get
especially hot. They are
illuminated solely by the
movement of electrons in a
semiconductor material, and
they last just as long as a
standard transistor. The
lifespan of an LED surpasses
the short life of an
incandescent bulb by
thousands of hours.

79. Halogen
MR16
GU5.3
Incandescent Standard
E27

80. Halogen
QR111
G53
Halogen
PAR
E27

81. PLC
Compact fluorescent lamps
CFL
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
E27

82. Fluorescent
CFL Spiral
E27
Fluoresen
Megaman Liliput
E27

83. Fluoresen
TL (Tubular Lamp)
T5
Fluoresen
TL (Tubular Lamp)
T8

84. LED
MR16
GU5.3
LED
Tubular Lamp

85. LED
LED Strip
LED Strip

86. LED/Pijar
Flexi Light
LED
LED Strip (Plat)

87. LED
Linestra
LED
LEDTape

88.  FiberOptics

89.  Cold Cathode

90. Any Question?