This paper details the fabrication and characterisation of Platinum Silicide Schottky Diodes that I developed at the University of York in October 2004. Platinum was deposited on top of a wafer and annealed into the Silicon such that the Metal-Silicon interface would lie beneath the surface of the wafer where an intermediate layer of impurities and oxide is unavoidable. As such the Metal-Silicon interface of these Platinum Silicide Schottky diodes was perfectly clean, and for the vast majority of diodes on the wafer yielded reverse breakdown voltages between -60 and -50 Volts, where the slope of the forward-bias asymptote was between 5 and 7 mA/V.

1. 1
Fabrication and Characterisation of Platinum Silicide (PtSi-Si)
Schottky Diodes with a reverse breakdown voltage of
-60 to -50 Volts.
Sandip Jassar
Abstract
This paper details the fabrication and characterisation of Platinum Silicide Schottky Diodes that
I developed at the University of York in October 2004. Platinum was deposited on top of a
wafer and annealed into the Silicon such that the Metal-Silicon interface would lie beneath the
surface of the wafer where an intermediate layer of impurities and oxide is unavoidable. As
such the Metal-Silicon interface of these Platinum Silicide Schottky diodes was perfectly clean,
and for the vast majority of diodes on the wafer yielded reverse breakdown voltages between
-60 and -50 Volts, where the slope of the forward-bias asymptote was between 5 and 7 mA/V.

2. 2
Contents
Section 1: Role of surface cleanliness
Section 2: Silicides, properties and formation
Section 3: The Fabrication process
3.1: Physical Vapour Deposition (evaporation)
3.2: Annealing
3.3: Photolithography
3.4: Depositing the Platinum
3.5: Photoresist lift off
3.6: Forming the Platinum Silicide
3.7: Use of Aluminium to contact the Silicide
Section 4: I-V Characteristics
References

3. 3
Section 1: Role of surface cleanliness
Silicon is a covalently bonded crystal. Since the surface atoms of a Silicon wafer (in its original
form) don’t have neighbour atoms on the vacuum side to bond with, each surface atom thus
has one broken covalent bond called a ‘dangling bond’. These dangling bonds give rise to
‘surface states’, which are energy states that lie between the Valence and Conduction bands
(called the ‘Forbidden energy gap’). The effect of surface states is to pin the Fermi level at the
surface, thus influencing the barrier height when a Schottky contact is formed. Even though
the Silicon wafer is chemically cleaned before metal is deposited on its surface, a 5 to 20 Å
thick insulating layer of oxide developing on its surface is unavoidable, as this grows very quickly
on Silicon whenever it’s exposed to atmospheric conditions. Research has shown that the
Schottky barrier potential ФB is given by:
ФB = C1(ФM – χ) + (1 – C1)(Eg/q – Фo) (eq 1)
C1 = εi / (εi + q²δDS)
Where δ is the thickness of the oxide layer, εi is its permittivity, DS is the density of surface
states per eV per unit area within the band gap, χ is the electron affinity potential, ФM is the
barrier potential of the Schottky metal, Eg is the energy band gap of Silicon, Фo is said to be the
neutral level of the surface states (all surface states below that potential are occupied and all
surface states above it are unoccupied). It can be seen from [equation 1] above that if the
density of surface states DS = 0 then C1 = 1, and thus ФB = (ФM – χ) which is theoretical
equation provided by Schottky-Mott theory. Although if DS is very large, then C1 tends to zero,
and ФB is said to approximate to (Eg - qФo)/(q). As can be seen above, C1 is not unique for a
particular metal-semiconductor combination, but it is dependent on the surface cleanliness of
the Silicon (which is very much related to δ).
As mentioned above, the surface states in the Silicon wafer act to pin its Fermi level at the
surface. However, when the metal-silicon contact is formed, electrons from the metal can
tunnel into the forbidden gap of the Silicon, due to the wave property of electrons. These
electrons have an exponential decay type wave function, and leave tail energy states in the
Silicon that can penetrate up to a depth of 10 Å. These tail states can significantly alter the
intrinsic surface states of the Silicon, and thus the collective ‘interface states’ play a significant
role in determining the Schottky barrier height. Although before the metal is evaporated onto
the Silicon, it’s more than likely that the surface of the Silicon wafer will have a layer of native
oxide. This creates interface states of a nature and density solely on the oxide-semiconductor
combination. This oxide layer acts to suppress electrons from the metal tunnelling into the
forbidden gap of the Silicon, and if the density of interface states at the oxide-semiconductor
interface is sufficiently large, then this can render the Schottky barrier height independent of
and insensitive to the work function of the metal. Therefore it is imperative that the Silicon
wafer’s surface is as clean (has as little oxide on it) as possible when the metal is deposited
onto it. However, with Silicide based Schottky contacts (introduced below in section 2), the
Silicide-Silicon interface is located inside the Silicon. Therefore the barrier height does not
depend on the surface condition, and this problem is removed. Studies have shown that ФB of
Silicide based Schottky diodes decreases approximately linearly with the eutectic (alloying)
temperature of the Metal with Silicon.

4. 4
Section 2: Silicides, properties and formation
Standard Schottky diodes use Aluminium as the metal to produce the Schottky contact. This
was especially true for the Schottky barriers used in conjunction with the early families of
Bipolar transistors, where the Schottky diode would be connected (or fabricated) across the
base and collector, so as to reduce the amount of charge build-up, and hence yield a faster
switching time for the device. However, with Aluminium-Silicon Schottky systems the atoms
which lie at the metallurgical interface of the Aluminium and Silicon (referred to as interface-
atoms) are susceptible to interdiffusion at temperatures below 400 ºC. As the defects and
traps created by modern day fabrication techniques such as electron-beam evaporation (for
deposition) and reactive ion etching (for etching) can only be repaired by annealing at
temperatures above 550 ºC. Another major reason why Aluminium is not the best metal to
form a Schottky contact on Silicon with is the high solubility of Silicon in Aluminium at relatively
low temperatures. This leads to a defect known as Spiking. As current is applied, the
Aluminium heats up, causing parts of the Silicon to dissolve into the Aluminium, thus creating
voids below the interface which are often filled by Aluminium atoms. Spiking is obviously a
major concern, as it can cause a short-circuit between the Schottky and Ohmic contacts, as
well as the two ends of any junction-device, depending on the junction depth, and one of the
main defects seen is a large leakage current.
Therefore an alternative contact material to Aluminium is desired, preferably with a low
resistivity (like Aluminium), as well as high-temperature stability. The criteria for a contact
material to have high-temperature stability on Silicon is for the system of the two materials two
have a high ‘Binary eutectic temperature’, which is the temperature at which the two materials
start mixing together and forming an alloy. The Binary eutectic temperature for an Aluminium-
Silicon system is only 577 ºC, and as mentioned above interdiffusion for that system happens at
below 400 ºC.
The best contact materials, in terms of providing a low resistivity and high-temperature stability
are ‘Metal Silicides’, which are metal-silicon compounds. The Silicides of most interest in the
industry are those formed using metals in the ‘Refractory metal family’ and the ‘Near-Noble
metal family’. Refractory metals are known to have extremely high evaporation temperatures,
and so are not well suited at all to Chemical Vapour Deposition, which was the reason none of
these metals were chosen to form the Silicide for the Schottky contact. Platinum (a Near-
Noble metal) was chosen instead, as its evaporation temperature (1700 ºC) is just about
achievable using CVD techniques. Silicide Schottky contacts are typically formed by
evaporating the metal onto the Silicon wafer, and then maintaining the wafer at the reaction
temperature of the metal so that the alloy can form. The formation of the Silicide consumes
some of the Silicon, and thus the Silicide-Silicon interface will lie within the bulk of the ‘original’
Silicon. Hence any contaminations or impurities, such as surface oxide (which grows very
quickly on the surface of Silicon when it is not under vacuum conditions) are left behind, and so
do not deteriorate the interface properties as is the case with standard non-Silicide Schottky
contacts.

5. 5
Section 3: The Fabrication process
The wafer used was a 3-inch (75 mm) wafer, and it was first cleaned in a mixture of sulphuric
acid and hydrogen peroxide (1:1) for 10 minutes and then rinsed off using deionised water. The
wafer was then put through the same process a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and deionised
water (1:6) for a short instant, and then blow-dried using a nitrogen air gun. The final step to
make the wafer suitable for use was to bake it at 150 ºC for a period of 1 hour.
The material used to make the Ohmic contact on the back of the wafer was Gold/Antimony
1% (Au/Sb). This was done via the method of Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD), using the
evaporation technique (as apposed to sputtering).
3.1: Physical Vapour Deposition (evaporation)
The primary apparatus used for the PVD process was the ‘Evaporation Chamber’ shown below
in (fig 1 & 2).
Baffle Valve
Air Admittance Valve
Backing Valve
Roughing Valve
Shutter Slider
Penning Gauge
Pirani
Rate Meter
Bell Jar
Variac Voltage Control
Variac Source Selector
Variac Current Indicator
Figure 1 : The Evaporation Chamber (shown with the Bell Jar on) used for Physical Vapour Deposition

6. 6
Shutter
Common Electrode
Source Electrodes
Crystal
Sample Support Frame
Figure 2 : The Evaporation Chamber (shown without the Bell Jar on) used for Physical Vapour Deposition
The first step was to load an Aluminium boat (shown in fig 3) with 0.1g of Au/Sb, and clamp the
two ends of the boat to one of the source electrodes (chosen arbitrarily) and the common
electrode. The weight 0.1g of Au/Sb was designed to yield a thickness of the deposited layer of
40 nm.
Tungsten wire coil
Aluminium boat
Figure 3 : The Aluminium boat and Tungsten coil used in Physical Vapour Deposition
The wafer was then placed on the Sample Support Frame, (with the back of the wafer face-
down). The Shutter was then swivelled across so as to cover the boat and the (Bell Jar and
Safety cover) were put on as shown in figure 1. The Vacuum Chamber (Evaporation Chamber)
was then pumped down from atmospheric pressure to below 0.2 Torr (20 Pa), taking the
reading from the Pirani. This was done using the Roughing Valve, which was kept open whilst
the Air Admittance, Backing and Baffle Valves were kept closed. This was followed by high
vacuum pumping down to a pressure of 4 x 10^-7 Torr (4 x 10^-5 Pa), this time taking the
reading from the Penning Gauge and using the Backing and Baffle Valves which were kept
open whilst the Air Admittance and Roughing Valves were kept closed. The power to the
Variac was then switched on, and the correct source electrode was selected. The Variac
voltage was then slowly increased, so as not to heat up the Aluminium boat too quickly and its

7. 7
resistance. When the boat was hot enough the Au/Sb could be seen through the Bell Jar to
be glowing, which showed it to be melting. The Variac voltage was further increased so that
the glow was brighter and evaporation of the Au/Sb occurred. At this point the Shutter was
swivelled away from the wafer to allow the Au/Sb vapour to reach the back of the wafer,
condense and (bond) with the Silicon (Si). The amount of Au/Sb being deposited on the wafer
was measured in nm by the Rate Meter via its crystal (as seen in figure 2). The Rate meter
had previously been calibrated by entering into it the Acoustic impedance and density of Au/Sb.
Once a thickness of about 40 nm had been achieved, the Shutter was swivelled back across to
cover the boat and prevent further deposition. The Variac voltage was zeroed, the Baffle valve
was closed and then Air Admittance valve opened to slowly bring the Vacuum Chamber back
up to atmospheric pressure, after which the wafer was removed.
3.2: Annealing
The next step was to diffuse (anneal) the Au/Sb into the Silicon so as to make an n+ layer in
the Silicon using the Furnace shown below in figure 4. The effect of annealing is to alloy the
two materials together (if it is done at or above their eutectic temperature). This is a standard
technique used to improve the Ohmic contact of a Schottky diode. It is the Antimony that acts
as the dopant, although on its own it can not withstand a temperature as high as 400 ºC, at
which the annealing procedure was done for a period of 3 mins in nitrogen (which is an inert
gas and so is non-reactive).
Furnace Quartz tube
Quartz wafer rack
Temperature reading Temperature settings
Figure 4 : The Furnace used for the Annealing process

8. 8
3.3: Photolithography
The first step was to coat the polished side of the wafer with S1813 Photoresist (which is a
‘positive’ Photoresist) using a pipette. Photoresist (also referred to as Photoemulsion) is an
organic liquid which is sensitive to Ultraviolet light. The wafer was held down to a metal plate
by a vacuum seal and then span at 3000 rpm for 40 sec, to yield a uniform coating across the
polished surface of the wafer (of thickness ~ 0.5 µm at that rpm and for that time). The wafer
was then soft-baked on a hot-plate (polished side face-up) for 1 min at a temperature of 115 ºC,
to harden the Photoresist in order to maintain the uniform coating (whilst handling the wafer,
etc). The wafer was then soaked in a beaker of Chlorobenzene for 1 min, which would aid lift-off
of the Photoresist when the time came.
Photolithography involves the use of a mask (also referred to as a reticle), which is a quartz
plate, which has on its surface the pattern that is to be transferred onto the wafer. Opaque
regions of the mask pattern must be transparent to ultraviolet light, whilst dark regions must
not be.
The mask used was the ‘large area Schottky mask’, and its pattern was transferred to the
wafer using the Photolithography stage shown in figure 5.
Mercury lamp
Mask aligner
Mask aligner x-y controls
Microscope
Mask
Wafer pad
Primitives user interface
display
Figure 5 : The Photolithography stage used for the Photolithography process
The light in the room was switched to yellow (monotone), which is done to protect the
photoresist, as normal light contains some UV. The first step was to blow-dry the wafer using
a nitrogen gun (nitrogen is an inert gas and thus is not reactive), and then place it on the wafer
pad (photoresist-coated side up) shown above in figure 5. The Photolithography stage was
then used to slide the wafer underneath the mask and auto-align the two. The contact force
and exposure time were set to 300 g and 7 sec respectively using the keypad. The Mercury
lamp was switched on for 7 sec thus exposing the wafer through the mask to Ultraviolet light.
The regions of the photoresist that were exposed to the Ultraviolet light became acidified. The
wafer was subsequently developed in MF319 developer for a time of 45 sec, causing the
exposed resist to etch away. Thus the mask pattern had been transferred onto the wafer, as
is the effect when using positive photoresist as apposed to negative which transfers the
inverse pattern to that on the mask.

9. 9
3.4: Depositing the Platinum
The Platinum was then evaporated onto the side of the wafer that had the ‘large area Schottky
mask’ pattern on. Exactly the same procedure as that described in section 3.1 above, except
this time a Tungsten wire coil had to be used to melt the Platinum because of its excessive
evaporation temperature of 1700 ºC. Tungsten is a Refractory metal and thus has a huge
melting temperature. A thickness of 12 nm of Platinum was achieved.
3.5: Photoresist lift off
The wafer was then left in Acetone over night for the Photoresist to lift off. Because the PVD
for the Platinum layer was done at such a high temperature, the Photoresist became quite
hard, and so in addition to the Acetone, cotton buds were used to wipe off the Photoresist, as
well as an Ultra-sonic bath used to break up the structure of the Photoresist. All of the
Photoresist (including the Platinum on top of it came off to leave a pattern of Platinum dots.
The lift off process is shown below in figure 6.
Acetone
Photoresist (purple)
Platinum (silver)
Figure 6 : Showing the lift off of Photoresist.
3.6: Forming the Platinum Silicide
The wafer was then annealed using the same procedure outlined in section 3.2, this time at a
temperature of 300 ºC (the eutectic temperature of Platinum and Silicon) for a period of 3
mins. The annealing formed Platinum Silicide (PtSi), which consumed a section of the Silicon at
the top of the wafer.
3.7: Use of Aluminium to contact the Silicide
The Photolithography (with the mask aligned in the same position), PVD and Photoresist lift off
steps were repeated, although this time using Aluminium (which would provide a contact to the
PtSi. The thickness of Aluminium deposited was 450 nm.

10. 10
Section 4: I-V Characteristics
The I-V characteristics of numerous diodes on the wafer were measured using the Probe
Station and Curve tracer (shown below in fig 7). There were two adjacent gold-plated glass
plates on the stage, and the wafer was placed on these with the Ohmic contact touching the
gold on the glass plates. The ground probe was then made to touch the gold on the glass
plates, so as to make an electrical connection with the Ohmic contact. The signal probe was
then positioned over and lowered onto the Schottky diode under test. This was done by getting
the Schottky contact (dot) in focus with the Microscope, and then lowering the signal probe
until it too was in focus. A voltage was then applied to the Schottky diode using the signal
control on the Curve tracer, and the resultant I-V curve appeared on the screen. A co-ordinate
system was devised for the wafer (as shown in fig 9) in order to identify each diode. Table 1
below gives the results obtained for the diodes tested.
Curve tracer
Ground probe
Signal probe
Gold covered glass plate
Microscope
Figure 8 : The Curve Tracer and Probe Station used for the I-V characterisation
0 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
0
1
3
-1-2
-3
2
Big flat
Figure 9 : Showing the coordinate system used to identify diodes on the wafer

11. 11
Diode co-
ordinates (x,
y)
VON : turn-
on voltage
(V)
Slope of
asymptote in
forward bias
direction
(µA/V)
IO :
reverse
saturation
current
(µA)
VB : reverse
breakdown
voltage (V)
Picture
-1, -6 0.05 5555.6 -28 -56
+1, -6 0.06 7142.9 -16 -52 Figure 10
-2, -6 0.055 5555.6 -50 -56 Figure 11
-4, -6 0.06 5000.0 -60 -40 Figure 12
-5, -5 0.045 2000 -30 -40 Figure 13
-1, +6 0.06 4166.7 -10 -55
+1, +5 0.06 4166.7 -10 -58
Table 1 : Showing the I-V characteristics for the Schottky diodes tested
These results may be verified with Jonathan Cremer of the Electronics Department Clean
room staff at the University of York.
Reverse bias
characteristic
Forward bias characteristic
Slope of asymptote in
forward biased direction
VON turn-on voltage
IO Reverse saturation
current
VB Reverse breakdown
voltage
Figure 10 : I-V curve for the diode at +1, -6

12. 12
Figure 11 : I-V curve for the diode at -2, -6
Figure 12 : I-V curve for the diode at -4, -6
Figure 13 : I-V curve for the diode at -5, -5

13. 13
References
 “Semiconductors” R.A. Smith 2nd
Edition
 “Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology” S.M. Sze
 “Solid State Electron Devices” Ben Streetman 5th
Edition
 “Refractory Metal Silicides; Semiconductor International” David McLachlan 1984
 “Crystal Structure and Linear Thermal Expansivities of Platinum Silicide and Platinum Germanide” E.J.
Graeber
 “Subthreshold and scaling of PtSi Schottky barrier MOSFETs” L.E. Calvet