17 session 2 fey - example sensitivity analysis
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7th PVPMC Energy Rating and Module Performance Modeling Workshop, 30-31 March, 2017 in Lugano, Switzerland
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17 session 2 fey - example sensitivity analysis
- 1. Thomas Fey 30.03.2017 Sensitivity analysis for energy rating: Linearity, T-coefficient and AOI dependence of a reference solar cell National Metrology Institute a
- 2. Standard Test Conditions (STC): Solar cell temperature, T = 25 °C• -2 Irradiance, E = 1000 W m• Reference solar spectrum AM 1.5• (IEC 60904-3) Laboratory Motivation Thomas Fey 1 Bruce W Forgan, WMO RAV Metrology Workshop Melbourne, November 2011 Australian Goverment Bureau of Meteorology
- 3. Standard Test Conditions (STC): Solar cell temperature, T = 25 °C• -2 Irradiance, E = 1000 W m• Reference solar spectrum AM 1.5• (IEC 60904-3) Laboratory Motivation Reality: Temperatures up to 75 °C• -2 Irradiance less than 1000 W m• AMx, direct + diffuse• IEC 61853 Application Thomas Fey 2 Bruce W Forgan, WMO RAV Metrology Workshop Melbourne, November 2011 Australian Goverment Bureau of Meteorology
- 4. State of the Art Thomas Fey 3 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 λ / nm -2-1 E/Wmnm AM1.5 spectra -1 s/mAWm² λ / nm 400 600 800 1000 1200 Spectral responsivity Spectral and integral measurement methods I = ∫ · ds(λ) E(λ) λ
- 5. Further parameters Thomas Fey 4 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 λ / nm -2-1 E/Wmnm AM1.5 spectra -1 s/mAWm² λ / nm 400 600 800 1000 1200 Spectral responsivity I = ∫ · ds(λ) E(λ) λ Spectral responsivity(λ): 1. Linearity 2. Temperature 3. AOI dependence Irradiance/Radiance (λ): 1. AMx 2. Direct, diffuse and albedo
- 6. New approach Thomas Fey 5 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 λ / nm -2-1 E/Wmnm AM1.5 spectra -1 s/mAWm² λ / nm 400 600 800 1000 1200 Spectral responsivity = λ λ λ λ λλ λ λ λI ∫ ∫ ( , , , ) · ( ( , ) + ( , ) + ( , )) d dSC , direct , diffuse , albedoΩ Ω Ω Ω ΩΩ s E L L LT Spectral responsivity(λ): 1. Linearity 2. Temperature 3. AOI dependence Irradiance/Radiance (λ): 1. AMx 2. Direct, diffuse and albedo
- 7. 1200400 600 800 1000 -12 s/mAWm Differential spectral responsivity λ /nm DSR-method Thomas Fey 6 Metzdorf, J.: Calibration of solar cells. The differential spectral responsivity method. Applied Optics, 26:1701–8, 1987. : Eb= 0 W/m² : Eb= -2 10 W m : Eb= -2 25 W m : Eb= -2 105 W m : Eb= -2 205 W m : Eb= -2 920 W m : Eb= -2 1130 W m
- 8. Spectral responsivity and Linearity Thomas Fey 7 1200400 600 800 1000 -12 s/mAWm Differential spectral responsivity λ /nm -2 E / W mb 100101 1000 Linearity -1.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 (s-ssSTCSTC)//% -2.0 1200400 600 800 1000 -12 s/mAWm Spectral responsivity λ /nm
- 9. : Pyranometer : c-Si reference s. c. Spectral mismatch correction Thomas Fey 8 400 600 800 1000 -12 s/mAWm Spectral responsivity λ /nm 400 600 800 1000 λ / nm Spectra REF - Reference solar cell DUT - Device under test STC - Standard test conditions M = = 1.00006 DUT ∫E ( )·s (λ)dλAM1.5 λ REF ∫E (λ)·s (λ)dλmeas. DUT ∫E (λ)·s (λ)dλmeas. REF ∫E (λ)·s (λ)dλAM1.5 I = · ·I DUT STC REF STC REF meas. DUT meas. I IM 1 IEC 60904-7 with “bandpass filters“ 300 nm < λ < 1200 nm WRONG! 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 -2-1 E/Wmnm ≙ 0.006 % : AM1.5G : Measured AM 1.5
- 10. Spectral mismatch correction Thomas Fey 9 REF - Reference solar cell DUT - Device under test STC - Standard test conditions M = = 0.986 DUT ∫E ( )·s (λ)dλAM1.5 λ REF ∫E (λ)·s (λ)dλmeas. DUT ∫E (λ)·s (λ)dλmeas. REF ∫E (λ)·s (λ)dλAM1.5 I = · ·I DUT STC REF STC REF meas. DUT meas. I IM 1 full spectral range 20001000 -12 s/mAWm Spectral responsivity λ /nm 1000 2000 3000 0.5 1.0 1.5 λ / nm -2-1 E/Wmnm Spectra : AM1.5G : Measured AM 1.5 IEC 60904-7 : Pyranometer : c-Si reference s. c. ≙ 1.4 % 3000
- 11. T-coefficient Thomas Fey 10 1200400 600 800 1000 -12 s/mAWm Differential spectral responsivity λ /nm : T = 20°C : T = 25°C : T = 30°C 1200400 600 800 1000 -1 T/%KC T-coefficient λ /nm : T-coefficient : s : EAM1.5 : weight. T-coef. AM1.5 weigthed T-coefficient : 900 ± 100 ppm/K
- 12. Linearity + T-coefficient Thomas Fey -2 E / W mb 100101 1000 Linearity -1.5 0 -0.5 -1.0 (s-ssSTCSTC)//% -2.0 Irradiance Temperature -2 W m 15 °C 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C 1100 (-0.8) 0.1 2.3 4.6 1000 -0.9 0 2.2 4.5 800 -1.1 -0.2 2.0 4.3 600 -1.3 -0.4 1.8 4.1 400 -1.5 -0.6 1.6 (3.9) 200 -1.9 -1.0 (1.2) (3.5) 100 -2.1 -1.2 (1.0) (3.3) 1200400 600 800 1000 -1 T/%KC T-coefficient λ /nm Relative change of short circuit current, ΔI / %SC 11 IEC 61853-1 : T-coefficient : s : EAM1.5 : weight. T-coef.
- 13. Efficiency Thomas Fey 12 -2 E / W mb 1005010 1000 Open circuit voltage -20 0 -10 ΔU/U/%OCOC,STC -30 Irradiance Temperature -2 W m 15 °C 25 °C 50 °C 75 °C 1100 (2.8) 0 -8 -16 1000 3 0 -8 -16 800 3 0 -8 -16 600 2 -1 -9 -18.5 400 0.6 -2.5 -10.5 (-19.5) 200 -2.7 -5.5 (-14) (-22.5) 100 -5.5 -8.5 (-17) (-25.5) Fill factor Relative change of efficiency, Δη / % 500 0 -5 -10 -2 E / W mb 1005010 1000500 ΔFF/FF/%STC T / °C 20 30 40 50 60 T / °C 20 30 40 50 60 IEC 61853-1
- 14. Thomas Fey 13 φ, θ - Goniometer φ θ Reference solar cell φ, θ - Goniometer A 300 nm < λ < 1200 nm
- 15. Thomas Fey Spectral angular response 0 20 60 80 θ / ° 40 Deviationfromcosine/% 0 -5 -15 -20 -10 0 20 60 80 θ / ° 40 Deviationfromcosine/% 0 -5 -15 -20 -10 5 -25 -30 AM1.5 + s weighted spectral angular responseSpectral angular response λ / nm 400 600 800 1000 -25 -30 14
- 16. Thomas Fey 15 Summary Calculation of I (/P ):SC max Consideration of , ,linearity temperature AOI dependence and spectral distribution • : 1.4 % at “AM1.5“ conditionsSpectral mismatch -2 -2 Energy rating matrix (15°C < < 75 °C, 100 Wm < < 1100 Wm )T E • Isc: -2.1 % to 4.6% • η: -18.5 % to 3 % Spectral and integral shownAOI dependence = λ λ λ λ λλ λ λ λI ∫ ∫ ( , , , ) · ( ( , ) + ( , ) + ( , )) d dSC , direct , diffuse , albedoΩ Ω Ω Ω ΩΩ s E L L LT
- 17. UV+VIS spectrometer Wavelength range: 220 - 1020 nm Bandwidth : 3.7 nm Sampling interval : 0.8 nm Infrared spectrometer Wavelength range: 780 - 1650 nm Bandwidth: 9 nm Sampling interval: 2.1 nm Extended IR spectrometer Wavelength range: 1500 - 2150 nm Bandwidth: 15 nm Sampling interval: 4 nm Entrance optics Field of View: 5° FWHM Stray light reduced design Digital camera Field of View: 120° For quality control and documentation purposes Dual axis tracking unit Range zenith: -42.5° - 105° Range azimuth: Recent activities:Outdoor measurements Thomas Fey 16 Solar cells -10° - 370°
- 18. λ = 400 nm λ = 1000 nm ...clear sky (exemplary) λ = 1000 nm λ = 400 nm Diffuse radiance... ...cloudy sky (exemplary) Thomas Fey 17 Recent activities:Diffuse spectral distribution
- 19. Thomas Fey 18 Recent activities:Diffuse spectral distribution -2-1-1 L/Wmsrnm 1200400 600 800 1000 λ / nm 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°90°100° 110° 120° 130° 140° 150° 160° 170° 180° 190° 200° 210° 220° 230° 240° 250° 260° 270° 280° 290° 300° 310° 320° 330° 340° 350°
- 20. Recent activities:Spectral angular correction Thomas Fey 19 0 20 60 80 ϑ / ° 40 Deviationfromcosine/% 0 -5 -15 -20 -10 5 -25 -30 Spectral angular response λ / nm 400 600 800 1000 λ = 1000 nm will be published soon