Lec-13 Garden City.pptx

Lec-13 Garden City.pptx
Samirsinh P. Parmar Dept. of Civil Engineering Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad Mail: spp.cl@ddu.ac.in, samirddu@gmail.com CL-410: Town Planning Lecture-13
• “A Garden City is a town designed for industry and healthy living; of a size that makes possible a full measure of social life, but not larger; surrounded by a permanent belt of rural land; the whole of the land being in public ownership or held in trust for the community.” -C.B. Purdom, 1919 CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 2
CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 3
Main components of Howard’s Garden city movement 1) Planned Dispersal : The organized outward migration of industries and people to towns of sufficient size to provide the services, variety of occupations and level of culture needed by a balanced cross – section of modern society. 2) Limit of Town Size: The growth of towns to be limited, in order that their inhabitants may live near work, shops, social centers and each other and also near open country. 3) Amenities : The internal texture of towns to be open enough to permit of houses with private gardens, adequate space for schools and other functional purposes, and pleasant parks and parkways. 4) Town and Country Relationship : The town area to be defined and a large area around it reserved permanently for agriculture; thus enabling the farm people to be assured of a nearby market and cultural center, and the town people to have the benefit of a country situation. 5) Planning Control : Pre – planning of the whole town framework, including the road – scheme and functional zoning; the fixing of maximum densities; the control of building as to quality and design, but allowing for individual variety; skillful planting and landscape garden design. 6) Neighborhoods : The town to be divided into wards, each to some extent a developmental and social entity. Two garden cities were built using Howard’s garden city movement concept are Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in Hertfordshire, England. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 4
• Strong vision, leadership and community engagement • Land value capture for the benefit of the community • Community ownership of land and long-term stewardship of assets • Mixed-tenure homes and housing types that are affordable for ordinary people • Beautifully and imaginatively designed homes with gardens in healthy communities • A strong local jobs offer in the Garden City itself and within easy commuting distance • Opportunities for residents to grow their own food, including allotments • Generous green space, including: surrounding belt of countryside to prevent unplanned sprawl; well connected and biodiversity-rich public parks; high quality gardens; tree-lines streets; and open spaces • Strong cultural, recreational and shopping facilities in walkable neighborhoods • Integrated and accessible transport systems CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 5
• The book ‘Garden cities of to-morrow’ by Howard offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity , amusement and good wages) and country (such as beauty , fresh air and low rents). • He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'T own', 'Country' or 'T own-Country'. • It proposed the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 6
• Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature. • The towns would be largely independent, managed by the citizens who had an economic interest in them, and financed by ground rents on the Georgist model. • The land on which they were to be built was to be owned by a group of trustees and leased to the citizens. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 7
• The dwellings for all classes of people should be distributed about a large central court in which public buildings would be located. • The Shopping Centre to be located on the edge of the town. • The employment facilities for all the people to be provided by starting a variety of industries. • The industries to be located on the outskirts of the town. • The city should have max. population of 30 to 35 thousand people in an are of 1000 acres. • The city should have the advantage of both rural life such as fresh air, gardens, playfields, cottages etc. and amenities of urban life such as schools, theaters, hospitals, recreational centers etc. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 8
• To eliminate the private ownership, whole of the land is to brought under co-operative basis or held in trust for the community in order to have the control on finance and the profit gained thereby be utilized for uplifting the community. • The city should be surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land of 3 to 5 thousand acres. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 9
• In trying to understand and represent the attraction of the city he compared each city to a magnet, with individuals represented as needles drawn to the city. • He set about comparing the ‘town and country magnets’ but decided that neither were suitable attractors for his utopian vision. • Instead he believed that “Human society and the beauty of nature are meant to be enjoyed together” – hence giving his solution “the two magnets must be made one.” • "Town and country must be united, and out of this joyous union, will spring a new hope, a new life, a new civilization." CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 10
The three magnets CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 11
COMBINA TION OF BOTH ASPECTS Beauty of nature- peace all-over the places. Social opportunity- cumulative growth. Fields and parks of easy access- equal chances. Low rents- high wages. Low rates- plenty to do. Low prices- no sweating. Field for enterprise- flow of capital. Pure air and water- good drainage. Bright homes & gardens- no smoke, no slums. Freedom- Co-operation. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 12
• Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern. • Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that radiated from the central park/garden. • Civic institutions (T own Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre, Museum etc. ) are placed around the central garden. • The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade for indoor shops and winter gardens. THE ORIGINAL GARDEN CITY CONCEPT BY EBENEZER HOWARD, 1902. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 13
• Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km . • A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the center of concentric rings , houses the schools and churches and acts as a continuous public park. • The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric ringed tree lined avenues. • All the industries, factories and warehouses were placed at the peripheral ring of the city. • The municipal railway was placed in another ring closer to the industrial ring , so that the pressure of excess transport on the city streets are reduced and the city is connected to the rest of the nation. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 14
• Welwyn – It was the second Garden City founded by Sir Ebenzer Howard and designed by Louis De Soissions in 1920 and was located 20 miles from Kings Cross. It was designed for a 4000 population in 2400 acres. It was a town visually pleasing and was efficient technically and was human in scale. • It started with area of 2400 acres and 4000 population • Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall • Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo Georgian town center • Every road had a wide grass verge CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 15
Louis de Soissons, Welwyn Garden City is arguably one of the most beautiful and certainly the best planned towns in England. The man responsible for the much of what we see in the City was Louis de Soissons, its Chief Architect and Town Planner for 42 years – from its inception in 1920 till his death in 1962. Ref: https://www.wgc100.org/news/welwyn-garden-citys-famous-town-plan/ CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 16
Commercial Area CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 20
Green Zone- Recreational Area CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 21
Residential Area CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 22
Letchworth Garden City CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 23
• Letchworth is the world’s first Garden City, created as a solution to the slum and poverty of urban life in Britain in the late 19th Century. Based on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard as published in his book of 1898 “T omorrow: A Peaceful Path to Reform” . Letchworth Garden City inspired town planning across the globe. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 25
• Howard’s company- First Garden City Ltd began construction in 1903. • The company appointed architects Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin to design the masterplan for the new community. • This Garden City is located in North Hertfordshire, 35 miles north of London which is spread over an area of approx. 5000 acres. • Designed for a population of 35,000 people. • Having reserved green belt of 1,300 acres. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 27
• The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin after having won the competition to build the first garden city. • It is 34 miles away from London. • It has an area of 5000 acres with 3000 acres of green belt. • It had an agricultural strip at its periphery to check the invasion of urban areas i.e. the sprawling. • It showed Howard’s general principles, including the communal ownership of the land and the permanent green belt has been carried through. • It was a town of homes and gardens with ample open spaces and a spirited community life. • A great attention was paid to landscaping and planting. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 28
• Its plan was based on a population of 30000 with a living area of 1250 acres and 2500 acres of rural green belt. • Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which required no vehicular transportation. • Industries were connected to the central city by rapid transportation. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 29
• London (and other cities) in the 19th century were in the throws of industrialization, and the cities were exerting massive forces on the labour markets of the time. • Massive immigration from the countryside to the cities was taking place with London. • This situation was unsustainable and political commentators of all parties sought “how best to provide the proper antidote against the greatest danger of modern existence” (St. Jame’s Gazette, 1892) • T o Howard the cure was simple - to reintegrate people with the countryside. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 30
• Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more space. • Despite Howard’s best efforts, the home prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for workers to live in. • Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the next line of garden cities. • In frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the second garden city in 1919. • The Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London. • Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing garden cities. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 31
Indian Scenario CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 33
Cities - Scenario Abroad CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 34
Glimpse of garden City CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 35
Examples of Garden Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 37
Examples of Green Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 38
Examples of Sustainable Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 39
Examples of Eco Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 40
Examples of Resilient Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 41
The priority actions in many action Plans enabled by the Low Emissions Development Strategy (Urban-LEDS), project include  Developing bicycle lanes  A Bus Rapid Transit system  An electric car sharing system  Bus fleet fueled by renewable energy  Green building certification scheme  Accelerating light emitting diode lighting  Renewable energy for public installations  Recycling  Waste-to-energy schemes  Energy efficiency  Transport, including strategies to reduce emissions from the municipal fleet. CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 42
Examples of Livable Cities around the world, Source: [The researchers] CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 43
Examples of Low & Zero carbon Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] Several NZE strategies appeared to be the best to pursue for urban climate, economics, and regional context, including:  Reduce the percentage of energy load  Ensure that the homes are all electric  Integrate neighborhood scale PV arrays  Install smart meters and real time energy consumption displays CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 44
Examples of Zero energy Cities around the globe, Source: [The researchers] Zero energy community has several fundamental elements should be contained as follow: 1. Sustainable site 2. Sustainable building 3. Site planning 4. Materials 5. Health & well-being 6. Energy 7. Water 8. Waste 9. Mobility 10. Management CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 45
Reference: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332159023_U rbanism_as_it_should_be_An_overview_of_Environmen tal_Urban_Movements_and_Initiatives_towards_Sustai nability/figures?lo=1 Urbanism as it should be: An overview of Environmental Urban Movements and Initiatives towards Sustainability March 2019 Conference: Second International Conference (Tenth Conference of Sustainable Environmental Development) 16-20 March 2019At: Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt Walaa A. YakoubWalaa A. YakoubMahmoud F. MahmoudMahmoud F. MahmoudOsama Mahmoud Abo EleinenOsama Mahmoud Abo EleinenGhada Mohammad ElrayiesGhada Mohammad Elrayies CL-410, Town Planning, CL-SPP, DoCL, DDU, Nadiad. 46 https://www.gardencitiesinstitute.com/gallery/gar den-cities-around-the-world

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