Lec -2 Evolution And History of Urban Design.pptx

EVOLUTION AND HISTORY OF TOWN PLANNING
Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar
Mail: samirddu@gmail.com
Asst. Prof. Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Dharmasinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, INDIA
Lecture-2

Content of the presentation
1. Evolution of Fire & Wheel
2. Evolution of Agriculture
3. Ancient civilization and their town planning and famous monuments
4. Evolution of urban design
Prof. Samirsinh.P.Parmar, D.D.University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India

Historical evolution of mankind
Early men was living in CAVES
Advantages of caves:
• Protection from weather
• Protection from Wild animals
• Safe storage Space
• Some caves have inherent water resources
2

INVENTION OF FIRE
• After invention of fire mankind learnt cooking and making potteries.
• Decrease of fear of wild animals.
• Knowledge of metals evolved.
• Weapons (simple hand keep) and tools developed
3

EVOLUTION OF WHEEL
The invention of the wheel falls into the late
Neolithic, and may be seen in conjunction
with other technological advances that gave
rise to the early Bronze Age. This implies the
passage of several wheel-less millennia even
after the invention of agriculture and of
pottery, during the Aceramic Neolithic.
4500–3300 BCE: Copper Age, invention of the
potter's wheel; earliest wooden wheels (disks
with a hole for the axle); earliest wheeled
vehicles, domestication of the horse
3300–2200 BCE: Early Bronze Age
2200–1550 BCE: Middle Bronze Age, invention
of the spoked wheel and the chariot
4

Start of Agriculture Activity
EARLY START OF AGRICULTURE
Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer ancestors
began trying their hand at farming. First, they grew wild varieties of c
rops like peas, lentils and barley and herded wild animals like goats
and wild oxen. ... In other words, farming was long believed to have
been started by one group of ancestral humans.
5

Some Ancient Civilizations
Machu Picchu, Peru
• The Incas flattened the top of the 2430 meter high
mountain to accommodate 140 structures including
temples and houses.
• The city was divided into areas for royalty and the
lower classes.
• Lowest portion was used as furrow agriculture land.
6

The Maya Civilization- The Americas
The first appearance of a Mesoamerican culture on
this list. The Mayan culture began around the same
time as the Shang Dynasty in China.
The Maya were the only culture in the Americas to
create a writing system this early in history. Also r
enowned for their calendar and work in mathematic
s, the Mayan were truly the first real and lasting
culture in the Americas.
The Mayan people developed one of the most
accurate and well-known calendars in the ancient
world.
Gifted astronomers, the Mayans calculated dates
based on the movements of the heavens.
7

Mesa Verde ruins
The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the
"Anasazi" by the Navajo, are one of the most
famous examples of an ancient civilization that
collapsed due to climate change.
Once dominant across the Colorado Plateau in
places like Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde(pictured)
, the Ancestral Puebloans abandoned their
distinctive homes sometime in the 12th and 13th
centuries, and it's not completely understood why
they left.
8

Ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America
9

Mayan past in Guatemala
Early Maya, 1800 B.C. to A.D. 250
Cities of Stone: The Classic Maya, A.D. 250-900
10

Khmer Empire of ancient Cambodia
First established in the ninth century, Angkor
Wat was once the world's largest pre-industrial
urban center. As the pride and joy of the powerful
Khmer Empire, the city was famous for its immense
wealth, opulent legacy of art and architecture and
sophisticated network of waterways and reservoirs
or barays that were optimized for storing summer
monsoon waters.
However, by the 15th century, the marvelous city
had been laid to waste by ecological overexploitati
on and a devastating water crisis caused by severe
climatic fluctuations.
11

Ancient Babylon Civilization
According to legend, 6th-century
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar had
a colossal maze of waterfalls and
dense vegetation planted across his
palace for a wife, who missed her
lush homeland. Archaeologists still
debate the garden's existence.
Photo Credit: A 16th century depiction of the Hanging
Gardens of Babylon (by Martin Heemskerck)
12

Mesopotamian Civilization- Iraq
Dates back to 10,000 B.C., Mesopotamia was the shining example of early civilization.
Settled between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers, the
area is known as the “land
between the rivers” saw
many of the first recorded
instances of writing,
literature, and use of
essential tools such as the
wheel.
13

Ancient Egypt- Northern and Central Africa
Organized civilization boomed in this African Empire around 3,000 B.C.
The first dynasty of Egypt
was led by Narmer, who
united the Kingdoms of
Lower and Upper Egypt
into a cohesive, political
force.
14

Indus Valley Civilization- India and Pakistan
Also known as the Harappan Civilizati
on, this Bronze Age society once boas
ted a population of more than 5 milli
on and was notable for its highly deta
iled urban planning and water system
s. Two major cities that belonged to t
his civilization — Mohenjo-Daro (pict
ured) and Harappa — were first disco
vered and excavated in the 19th cent
ury.
15

Minoan Civilization- Crete
Believed by many historians and archeologists
as the first Greek Culture, the Minoans of Crete
were lost to history until the 20th century.
British archeologist Arthur Evans uncovered the
palace of Minos and many other key sites of
the Minoans. Flourishing throughout the
Bronze Age, the Minoans were creators of a
written language that is still indecipherable.
The most important legacy of the Minoans is
their gift for architecture. It was on Crete that
some of the earliest examples of Greek
columns had been unearthed.
It was also the island of Crete and the Minoan
culture that gave Greek mythology one of its
most lasting stories, the tale of the Minotaur.
16

The Olmec- The Americas
Developing in and around present-day
Guatemala and Mexico, the Olmec
flourished around 1500 B.C.
The Olmec did not leave much to the
written record but are fondly remembered
for their unique and outlandish artwork
and architecture.
17

The Kingdom of Israel- Israel, and Jordan
Founded around 1050 B.C., the tale of the
Israelite Kingdom has been told for generations
through the Christian and Jewish Bibles and other
religious texts.
The story of the Israelites weaves throughout the
Egyptian Empire with their exodus from slavery
led by Moses.
The cultural significance of the Israelites can not
be overstated, the Israelite tale has been told and
re-told throughout the generations through
different religious texts.
18

TURKEY , CAVE CITY
Derinkuyu, Turkey
• The largest and deepest of 200 underground cities in the Cappadocia region, this eerie location was
home to approximately 20,000 people (plus livestock, a church, school and kitchen).
• The inhabitants dug tunnels and rooms beneath their homes in the soft volcanic rock.
• The city reportedly grew to 85 meters and 11 levels deep. It is believed to date back to the early
Byzantine Empire, as early as the 7th-8th centuries.
19

Pompeii, Italy
• One of the most famous ancient sites, Pompeii is a city frozen in time.
• Believed to have been founded in the 6th or 7th century BC, it was almost obliterated when
Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79AD.
• Estimates vary, but more than 1000 people were killed instantly, and the town was buried and
forgotten. That is, until it was rediscovered 1800 years later.
20

Ancient Egyptian house
• The ancient Egyptian houses were small and cramped,
measuring approximately five by ten meters.
• The narrow streets were cluttered with water jars and
tethering posts for animals, and animals seem also have
been sheltered in the entrance rooms of the dwellings.
• Beyond the entrance was the main living and sleeping room
, which was divided into tiny chambers, one a kitchen, the
other a second bedroom or store, in the kitchen area was a
stairway to the roof.
21

Different Purposes of Dwellings
Early humans led a nomadic existence, relying on hunting and gathering for sustenance.
Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, systematic cultivation of plants and the domestication of
animals allowed for more permanent settlements.
22

Beginning of Settlements
 River V
alley Civilizations
 Struggle for Survival, Safety & Society
 Transportation, Trade & Commerce
 Farming, Hunting
 Fortification
23

Cities in History
Greek Cities(500 BC)
• Athens / Priene /Miletus
• Grid Iron Pattern of Streets
• Public Places
• Agora ,Acropolis, Theatre ,Stadia
• Democratic Way of Life
24

Indus Valley Civilization (3000BC)
 Mohenjo-Daro
 Harappa
 Advanced T
own Planning Features
 Road Pattern
 Drainage
 Building Construction
 Public Bath & Monastry
25

Bejing – China 11th Cent A.D.
Chinese city
 Forbidden City - Centre
 Imperial City- The palace / Tiananmen -
 Square
 Inner City- Home for artisans, craftsman, artists & shops
-
26

Town Planning For Modern Cities
 Environment
 Transportation - Linkages
 Industrial Segregation
 High-rise Blocks
1. Commercial + Residential
2. Work – Commerce – Residence
 Master Plan
1. Long Term Comprehensive Planning
2. Focus on Social & Physical Infrastructure Besides Land use Planning.
27

Ebenezer Howard - (1902)
Garden City Concept
Three Magnets: -
1. Town :- Central Park
2. Country:- Bright Homes & Gardens No smoke No slum
3. People:- Grand Arenues & Boul Evards.
28

Garden City: By Ebenezer Howard
Typical Sketch of Garden city
29

Tony Garnier - (1904)
Industrial City Concept:
The city of Labor divided city into Four main Functions :-
1. Work :- Functionalism
2. Housing :- Space
3. Health :- High Sun’s hire exposure
4. Leisure :- Greenery
30

Radburn - (1923)
 The new Motor age:- Social Planning
 Mechanical means to be planned to facilitate Human life & Civilization.
 Comprehensive planning
 Ample sites for community use
 Industries to be close to transportation nodes
 Services to be well planned
 Private public partnership for convenience of public – group of building be planned.
31

EVOLUTION OF URBAN DESIGN
32

Origins and Development
Settlement design has existed since prehistorical times…what has changed is:
 Needs of the epoch
 Consciousness in approach
 Development of settlement design as a professional discipline with its own tools
and concepts
33

Pre-Industrial vs Post-Industrial
(Unself-conscious) vs (self-conscious)
The history of urban design can broadly be categorized into pre-industrial and post industrial …with
the Renaissance period forming the interphase.
Un-self-conscious approach: This is created by people who do not think of themselves as designers
, but who do affect the form of the urban environment. Such a design is based upon intuitions that are
not clearly stated …e.g response to cosmic order or spontaneity
Self-conscious Approach: This is created by people who think of themselves as designers. Their int
erest is in using their design skills to create a pleasing urban setting. A self-conscious approach is usu
ally based upon a set of clearly stated design ideas or principles.
34

Pre-Industrial (Unconscious)
(Period prior to the 19th Century)
Most of the urban development consequences were not considered in detail
Cities were structured in a comprehensible and legible manner….reflecting the cul
tures that created them
Layout of cities was mainly based on ritual and cosmological symbols….. ordered
around ceremonial procession routes, or military, religious, and civic landmarks.
35

Pre-Industrial (Unconscious) – cont’d
• Inhabitants adapted to wider social,
physical, and spiritual order
• Communication was face-to-face
• Public life took place in public places
(ref. classical Forum)
36

 Public realm included:
 Public thoroughfares
 Commercial avenues and market places
(ref. islamic suqs)
 Social promenades
 Meeting places (ref. agoras)
A traditional Islamic town
37

 Cities as centers of civilization were
always complex and dynamic, of lar
ger cultural dimensions and housin
g grand public ceremonies.
 Most towns did not follow predeter
mined plans but intuitively respond
ed to ecological choice, land owner
ship structures and evolution of roa
d and urban infrastructure.
38

The axis and the point had sacred connotations in settlement design
39

Articulation of the center
40

Design features of different pre-industrial civilizations
Prehistorical (6000 BC):
the concept of the centre, the cardinal orientation, scale, the axis, and the wall
Classical (3500 BC):
scale, proportion, lines of movement, focal points, and visual linkage.
Islamic (400 AD):
clusters, cul-de-sacs, building heights, visual linkage, privacy, labyrinth street for
m (including the cul-de-sac), and focal points (nodes)
Medieval (900 AD):
Hierarchy of buildings, visual link, perimeter wall design
41

Renaissance Civilization (1500 AD)
 Cosmic forces were displaced by scientific theories and observations
 urban design ceased to be a natural expression of community life and
became a much more conscious artistic self-expression
 renaissance urban design was mainly on aesthetics as perceived by t
he user of public places
 Thus, it has been argued that mainstream urban design was born in t
he renaissance age
42

Design features of the Renaissance
 regular geometric spaces (entire cities
or parts of)
 the primary streets
 the public places / squares/piazzas
with sculptures and fountains
 sequence and perspective.
Ideal cities of regular geometry
43

Design features of the Renaissance (cont’d)
Public places and primary streets showing sequence and perspective
44

Industrial-Modern (Conscious) Age
(1900 AD)
• Industrial Age was characterized by capitalism and rapid urbanization that broke down pre-industrial
order
• With introduction of machinery and factory system, the great mass of workforce was separated from
the land, nature, and social life
• As a living environment, the 19th century city was conspicuous in its omissions:
• ………….its gross under-provision of public open space, educational facilities, community buildings, and all those
aspects that did not attract economic profit, but which were central to good citizen life.
Thus, it has been argued that “urban design was murdered in the industrial age”.
However, the dark side of industrial cities was enough to trigger a whole system of reforms based on p
ublic responsibility and enterprises.
Minimal standards of all kinds (roads, housing, gardens, building heights, e.t.c) were slowly evol
ved leading to improved living standards.
45

Industrial-Modern (Conscious) Age
(1900 AD)
 Mainstream Urban design originated in the late 19th century at the heart of city planning,
as civic or town design in a social context
 These were attempts (of planners and engineers, architects, and social reformers) to come to
grips with the problems created by rapid industrialization and urbanization of the late 19th
century
 When planning first became institutionalized in the west in the early 20th century, Urban
design was largely seen as part of a wider structure of comprehensive planning
 Its existence became more relevant in the 1960s to fill the gap between town planning and
architecture.
 Since the 1950s, planning has significantly broadened its scope to include many socio-
economic facets of the city, Consequently, transforming (sometimes shrinking) the portfolio of
urban design in the urban planning activities, many of which are no longer exclusively
concerned with the physical environment.
46

Design features of the Industrial Age
Some of the concepts tested included:
• Suburban decentralization (William Morris);
• Garden city (Ebenezer Howard),
• Neighbourhood (Henrietta Barnett & Raymond Unwin),
• Conservation & the park movement (Fredrick Law Olmsted),
• Artistic City Planning (Camillo sitte)
• Linear city (Soria Y Matta),
• Ideal industrial city (Tony Garnier)
47

Design features of the Industrial Age (continued)
Industrial City (T.Garnier)
Linear City (Soria Y Mata)
Floating City (K. Kikutake)
48
Stalingrad, Russia

Design features of the Industrial Age (continued)
Howard’s garden City
Above: concepts
Left: Model town of Welwyn
49

Modern Age Urban Design
• Modernist (“second generation”) ideals began to take shape in the 1950s after the World War II.
• These built on the pre-war experiments such as Howard’s Garden City.
• They expressed a romantic fusion of machine-age modernism with the picturesque aesthetics of tradition
al, high-density pre-industrial towns.
• As being part of the wider structure of comprehensive planning, urban design alluded to the process of “S
urvey-Analysis-Plan” which was the forerunner to the rational decision model articulated by the founding
fathers such as Patrick Geddes (1914, 1949)
• Designs were to be served by a sophisticated public transport system
• Urban renewal, slum clearance, and new housing took center stage
• Modern designers attempted to assimilate the massive technological and societal changes that so affecte
d life at that time
• Thus, it can be said that “mainstream urban design was resurrected in the modern age”
50

Modern Age Urban Design (cont’d)
Some of the prominent works included:
• The city beautiful movement (Camillo Sitte)
• New Communities Movement (Clarence stein, Lewis Mumford)
• City of 3 million and plan voisin for rebuilding Paris (Le Corbusier)
• Broad acre city (frank Lloyd Wright)
• Circulation models (Louis Khan’s Philadelphia & Kenzo Tange’s Tokyo).
51

Clockwise: MARS plan of London (1938); Radburn (cul-de-sac); Chandigarh; City of 3 million people
52

53
Plan for Tokyo- Kenzo Tange
Broad Acre City– Llyod Wright

Examples of Neo-modernist work
Parc de la Villette (Bernard Tschumi)
Cardiff opera house (Zaha Hadid)
Office for Metropolitan Architecture (Rem Koolhaas)
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (Frank Gherry)
54
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (Frank Gherry)

Parc de la Villette (Bernard Tschumi)

Tschumi’s Neo-modernist work
Above: Lausanne business park
Right: Parc de la Villette
55

New Urbanism
(21st Century???)
• Ushered in the 21st century; emphasizes urbanism by its diversity, pedestrian scale, public space,
and structure.
• This is a re-interpretation of traditional thinking into new solutions while trying to embrace the oppo
rtunities offered by new technology.
• Alludes to land-efficient planning methods and sustainable neighbourhoods: adequate size; compact f
orm; appropriate urban density; varied mix of uses and tenure; a range of employment, leisure and community facil
ities; ready access to public transport; and a pedestrian-friendly environment.
Ref: Urban Villages Concept
56

Contextual applications
Through space and time, urban design has been explored in the following areas with different levels of
success:
• Visioning/utopia (1800s): towards desirable urban futures…(ref. cities of imagination)
• Slum upgrading (1800s): reactions to the slum cities…(ref. city of the dreadful night; city of the
permanent underclass)
• Equity (1890s): in search of autonomous urban communities (ref. City of Sweat Equity)
• Mass transit (1900s): connecting cities to suburbs through public transport systems (ref.the mass
transit suburb).
• Garden Cities (1900s): ideal Urban community design (ref. the city in the garden)
• Metropolitan design (1900s): concern with cities in the regional sense (ref. city in the region)
• Civic Design and public aesthetics (1900s): Concern with city beauty…city beautiful movement…
(ref. city of monuments)
57

Contextual applications (cont’d)
Densification (1920s): In search of ultra-dense development (ref. city of towers)
Automobile suburb (1930s): linking suburbs with private transport (ref. city on the highway)
Academia and research (1950s): design as an academic endeavor to propel knowledge (ref. city of t
heory)
Urban economy (1970s): concerned with city enterprise (ref. city of enterprise)
Virtual cities (1980s): In search of ICT opportunities in city design(ref. infocities/telecities/cybercities)
58

Declaration:
 The presentation made from Google Images, copyrights may be violated for Academic purpose.
 Some of the slides are re-arranged and re-planned for betterment of the subject.
 If copyrights are violated , kindly wave it for academic purpose.
 If thinking @ COPYRIGHT, think @ the things we are using without copyright.
 Thank You !

Thank you !
Ref: https://historymonk.com/oldest-ancient-civilizations/
Thanks to Google images

Lec -2 Evolution And History of Urban Design.pptx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Lec -2 Evolution And History of Urban Design.pptx

Similar to Lec -2 Evolution And History of Urban Design.pptx (20)

More from Samirsinh Parmar

More from Samirsinh Parmar (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Lec -2 Evolution And History of Urban Design.pptx