Childhood immunization presentation done by fifth year medicine and surgery students at the university of Science and Technology (UST), Sana'a, Yemen

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By: 5th year Medicine and surgery students,
UST Sana’a, Republic of Yemen

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* Prevention of infectious disease spread worldwide
* A key to public health maintenance
* Protection for one self and the surrounding in contact
* To eradicate diseases (e.g. Smallpox)
* Enhancement of the immune system response by
“letting it learn something new”

3. *
* Maternal Antibodies against certain disease do not
offer a life long immunity to the baby
* Many fatal childhood diseases can be prevented
through vaccination (e.g. Whooping cough)
* Protection of those with weak immune system from
disease (e.g. Leukemia)
* To maintain healthy, active and productive
community members

4. *
* Vaccines are weakened or killed forms of disease causing
micro organisms
* When the antigen is injected into the body → this allows
the immune system to deal with and neutralize the
invader.
* Next time the same micro organism enters the body, the
body has already preformed antibodies to destroy the
invader

5. *

6. *
* Causative MO: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
* Disease transmitter: Droplet
* Type: Live attenuated bacilli
* Age of vaccine administration: As soon as possible after birth
* Route of administration: ID
* Doses: 1
* Interval between each dose: -
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: Those of low immunity should be excluded
from vaccination (HIV etc)
* Adverse reactions: If administered SC instead of ID, this may cause
lymphadenitis.
* C/I: In those with compromised immune system

7. *
* Causative MO: Hepatitis B virus (dsDNA)
* Disease transmitter: Blood transfusion, sexually, through the birth canal
* Type: Subunit
* Age of vaccine administration: After birth
* Route of administration: IM
* Doses: 3
* Interval between each dose: →1st to 2nd: 4 weeks
→2nd to 3rd: 4 weeks
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations:
-Premature infants’ 1st dose after 1 month of age
-Infants to infected mother receive hepatitis B immunoglobulins with the initial
dose.
* Adverse effects: Those of importance which require prompt treatment
included: anaphylaxis; Tachycardia; Numbness.
* C/I: Infants weighing less than 2 kgs

8. *
* Causative MO: Poliovirus (Enteroviruses of the family Picorna viridae)
* Disease transmission: Droplet
* Type:
Salk: Killed vaccine
Sabine: Live attenuated vaccine,
* Route of administration:
OPV: Orally
IPV: IM in arm or leg
* Age of vaccine administration:
6th week for OPV
8th week for IPV
* Doses: 3 (4)
* Interval between each dose: At least 4 weeks between each vaccine
* Booster dose: IPV booster dose 6 months after the 3rd dose
* Special considerations: -
* Adverse effects: Anaphylaxis, tachycardia, pyrexia
* C/I: Immunosuppressed individuals should not receive the vaccine

9. *
* Causative MO: Diphteria, Tetanus, Pertussis
* Disease transmission: Droplet, contaminated wound, droplet
* Type: Diphteria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis
* Age of vaccine administration: Minimum age is 2 months
* Route of administration: IM
* Doses: 3
* Interval between each dose: 1-2 months between each dose
* Booster dose: 1-6 years of age
* Special considerations: Patients older than 7 years whom did not
get vaccinated, receives toxoids of 3 doses (1, 4w, 6-12m)
* Adverse effects: Excessive crying, encephalopathy (usually
occurring with pertussis)
* C/I: Hypersensitivity to any vaccine component

10. *
* Causative MO: Haemophilus influenza type B
* Disease transmitter: Droplet/aerosol
* Type: Conjugate vaccine
* Age of vaccine administration: 6 weeks of age
* Route of administration: IM (Part of pentavalent)
* Doses: 3
* Interval between each dose: 4 weeks
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: Those older than 12 months who did not
receive the vaccine should receive a single dose
* Adverse reactions: rare, but if occurring, are in the form of
redness, pain and hotness at site of injection.
* C/I: Severe allergic reaction to any component

11. *
* Causative MO: Paramyxovirus
* Disease transmitter: Droplet/aerosol
* Type: Chicken embryo cell culture (attenuated)
* Age of vaccine administration: 9 or 12 months of age
* Route of administration: SC
* Doses: 2
* Interval between each dose: Minimum 1 month between the 1st and
2nd
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: Early to HIV (sufficient CD4+ count).
* Adverse effects: Idiopathic epilepsy, febrile seizures
* C/I: Allergy to any vaccine component.

12. *
* Causative MO: Pneumococcus pneumonia
* Disease transmitter: Droplet
* Type: Conjugate
* Age of vaccine administration: 1,5 months of age (minimum)
* Route of administration: IM
* Doses: 2 or 3
* Interval between each dose: 4 weeks between each of the 2nd and 3rd
doses (for the 3 dosed variety) and at 8th week interval for the 2 dosed
variety)
* Booster dose: For the 2 dosed type given a booster at 9-15th month
later
* Special considerations: Use the same type of product vaccine when
giving the other doses
* Adverse effects: Redness, swelling, tenderness (at site of injection)
* C/I: Any kind of hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)

13. *
* Causative MO: Rotavirus
* Disease transmitter: Contaminated water
* Type: Attenuated virus
* Age of vaccine administration: Rotarix (at 6 weeks of age)
RotaTeq (at 6 weeks of age)
* Route of administration: RotaTeq (oral), Rotarix (Oral)
* Doses: Rotarix (2), RotaTeq (3)
* Interval between each dose: Rotarix (4 weeks), RotaTeq (4 weeks
between the 2nd and 3rd doses)
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: -
* Adverse effects: Intussusception
* C/I: Anaphylaxis due to vaccine component; Intussusception (especially
in patients with previous history of intussusception)

14. *
* Causative MO: Rubella virus
* Disease transmitter: Droplet/aerosol
* Type: Live attenuated
* Age of vaccine administration: 9 or 12 months with measles
* Route of administration: SC
* Doses: 1
* Interval between each dose: -
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: Has a coverage of more than 80% of the
population when vaccinated
* Adverse effects: Thrombocytopenia, arthritis, febrile seizures,
anaphylaxis
* C/I: Allergy, thrombocytopenia, immunosuppression

15. *
* Causative MO: Human Papilloma virus (dsDNA)
* Route of transmission: Sexual transmission
* Type: Protein subunit
* Route of administration: IM (deltoid)
* Age of vaccine administration:
-Quadrivalent (HPV types 6,11,16 and 18):
Females 9-13 years of age
-Bivalent vaccine: Females 10-13 years of age

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* Doses: 3
* Interval between each dose:
→1st to 2nd :
-Quadrivalent - 2 months (min 4 weeks)
-Bivalent - 1 months (max 2.5 months)
→2nd to 3rd:
-Quadrivalent - 4 months (min 12 weeks)
-Bivalent - 5 months
* Booster dose: No need for a booster dose
* Considerations: The vaccination has not been recommended for
males yet.
* Adverse effects: Allergy (due to wheat component)
* C/I: Pregnant women, Immunosuppressed individuals

17. *
* Causative MO: Japanese encephalopathy virus (Flavivirus- a
ssRNA)
* Disease transmitter: Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito
* Type of vaccine: Brain mouse derived or Live attenuated
* Route of administration: IM (deltoid muscle)
* Age of vaccine administration:
- Brain mouse derived: 1 year of age
- Live attenuated: 9-12 months of age
* Doses:
-Mouse brain derived: 2 doses
-Live attenuated: 1 dose

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* Interval between each dose:
-Mouse brain derived: 1st to 2nd dose: 4 weeks
-Live attenuated: no second dose
* Booster dose:
* -Mouse brain derived: After 1 year and every 3
years up to 10-15 years of age
-Live attenuated: After 1 year
* Special considerations: WHO recommends these
two types of vaccines
* Adverse effects: Headache, myalgia, local pain
and tenderness, multiple sclerosis
* C/I: Anaphylaxis due to any component

19. *
* Causative MO: A flaviviridae (ssRNA virus)
* Disease transmitter: The Yellow fever mosquito, Aedes Aegypti
* Type of vaccine: Attenuated virus
* Route of administration: SC
* Age of vaccine administration: 9-12 months with measles
* Doses: 1
* Interval between each dose: -
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: Children of endemic areas
* Adverse effects: Fever, headache, anaphylaxis, swelling at the
injection site
* C/I: Immunosuppressed individuals, patients younger than 6 months
of age

20. *
* Causative MO: Tick-borne encephalitis virus (a flavivididae
ssRNA)
* Disease transmitter: Ixodes mite
* Type: Inactivated
* Route of administration: IM (deltoid)
* Age of vaccine administration: ≥ 1 yr FSME-Immun and
Encepur
* ≥ 3 yrs TBE_Moscow and EnceVir
* Doses: 3

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* Interval between each dose:
* -FSME-Immun and Encepur:1st to 2nd: 1-3 months
2nd to 3rd: 5-12 months
* TBE_Moscow and EnceVir: 1st to 2nd: 1-7 months
2nd to 3rd: 23 months
* Booster dose: Atleast 1 every 3 years
* Special considerations: Vaccination is recommended for high
risk areas
* Adverse effects: Loss of appetite, headache, allergic
reaction, visual disturbances
* C/I: Patients with severe egg allergy, Any autoimmune
disease, RA, MS, Pregnancy, immunosuppressed

22. *
* Causative MO: Salmonella enterica typhi
* Disease transmitter: Contaminated food items with the bacteria
* Type: Ty21a: a live attenuated vaccine
* Age of vaccine administration: Minimum 5 years of age
* Route of administration: Oral
* Doses: 3 or 4
* Interval between each dose: 2 day between each dose
* Booster dose: every 3-7 years
* Special considerations: Preschool and school children of high risk
areas of the disease
* Adverse effects: Anaphylaxis, fever, headache, nausea
* C/I: Recent illness with fever, immunosuppressed individuals

23. *
* Causative MO: Vibrio cholera
* Disease transmitter: Contaminated drinking water
* Type: Killed/inactivated
* Route of administration: Oral, IM, ID
* Age of vaccine administration: Dukoral: 2 years at minimum
Shanchol And mORCVAX: 1 year minimum
* Doses: Dukoral: 3
Shanchol And mORCVAX: 2
* Interval between each dose: Dukoral: between 1 and 6 weeks between each other dose
Shanchol And mORCVAX: 14 days
* Booster dose: Dukoral: every 6 months
Shanchol And mORCVAX: After 2 years
* Special considerations:The vaccine (dukoral) is not licensed for children below the age of
2 years
* Advese effects: Erythema, pain, malaise, headache
* C/I: IV infusion of the vaccine; Pregnants (category C)

24. *
* Causative MO: Neisseria meningitidis
* Disease transmitter: Saliva, close contact
* Type: -MenA conjugate
-MenC conjugate
-Quadrivalent conjugate
* Route of administration: IM
* Age of vaccine administration:
-MenA conjugate: 1-29 years
-MenC conjugate: 2-11 months
-Quadrivalent conjugate: at about the age of 2 years

25. *
* Doses: -MenA conjugate: 1
-MenC conjugate: 2
-Quadrivalent conjugate: 1
* Interval between each dose:
-MenC conjugate: 1st to 2nd: 8 weeks
* Booster dose: After 1 year
* Special considerations:-
* Adverse effects: Pain at the site of injection, redness
* C/I: Currently ill patient, immunocompromised

26. *
* Causative MO: Rhabdoviridae
* Disease transmitter: Through animal byte
* Type: Purified chicken embryo cell vaccine
* Age of vaccine administration: Any age requiring protection
* Route of administration: IM
* Doses: 3
* Interval between each dose: 1st to 2nd: 7 days
2nd to 3rd: 14-21 days
* Booster dose: Only if rabies-virus neutralizing antibody titers fall to
<0.5 IU/ml.
* Special considerations: Antibody testing should be done every 6 months
for people at risk
* Adverse effects: Stomach pain, dizziness, headache
* C/I: Any allergy to: Chicken protein, neomycin, amphotericin, bovine
gelatin, as these can cause anaphylaxis

27. *
* Causative MO: Paramyxovirus (ssRNA)
* Disease transmitter: Droplet
* Type: Live attenuated
* Age of vaccine administration: 12-18 months with measles
* Route of administration: IM
* Doses: 2
* Interval between each dose: 1st to 2nd: at least 1 month between
* Booster dose: -
* Special considerations: The vaccine has a coverage of more than
80%
* Adverse effects: Parotitis, fever, rash
* C/I: Pregnancy, Low immunity (e.g. Leukemia)

28. *
* Causative MO: Orthomyxoviridiae (RNA)
* Disease transmitter: Droplet
* Type: Avian (H5N1) or Swine (H1N1)- Live attenuated
* Age of vaccine administration: Minimum age is 6 months
* Route of administration: IM
* Doses: 1(>9 years) or 2 (<9 years)
* Interval between each dose: -
* Booster dose: Annual dose (as strains mutate)
* Special considerations: Prioritization of those at risk (children and
elderly)
* Adverse effects: Pain and redness at site of injection, narcolepsy
has been noted in some patients receiving the vaccine
* C/I: Allergy to any drug component or egg allergy.

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