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Architecture and Town Planning
Submittedto: Engr. AhmedIlyas
Submittedby: Salman Riaz
Roll no.: 41
Semester:6th

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Table of contents
Chapter 1...........................................................................................................................................5
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................5
1.1 What is town planning?........................................................................................................5
1.2 Evolution or planning:..........................................................................................................6
1.3 Objects of Town Planning:................................................................................................7
1.4 Principle of TownPlanning:........................................................................................................8
 Green Belt...........................................................................................................................8
 Housing ..............................................................................................................................8
 Public Building....................................................................................................................8
 Recreational Centers ............................................................................................................8
 Road System .......................................................................................................................8
 Transport Facilities ..............................................................................................................8
 Zoning ................................................................................................................................9
1.5 Why is Town planning important?..............................................................................................9
1. Defective road system resultingin the formation of narrow streets andlanes;............................9
2. Development of slums and squatter settlements;......................................................................9
3. Haphazard location of industries; .............................................................................................9
4. Heavy traffic congestion during the working hours of the day; ...................................................9
5. Inadequate open spaces for parks and playgrounds resultingin unhealthy living conditions;........9
6. Lack of essential amenitieslike electricity, water supply and drainage;.......................................9
7. Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;............................................................9
8. Uncontrolled development of the town; .................................................................................10
9. Unhealthy living conditions; etc..............................................................................................10
1.6 distribution of land uses: .........................................................................................................10
i. Town centre:.....................................................................................................................10
ii. Industrial area:..................................................................................................................10
iii. Residential area:................................................................................................................10
iv. Open spaces:.....................................................................................................................10
v. Town periphery:................................................................................................................10

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1.7 forms of town planning:...........................................................................................................11
i. Local planning:..................................................................................................................11
ii. Country planning:..............................................................................................................12
iii. Regional planning: .........................................................................................................12
iv. National planning:..........................................................................................................13
v. International planning: .......................................................................................................13
Chapter 2.........................................................................................................................................14
Zoning .............................................................................................................................................14
2.1 what is zoning? .......................................................................................................................14
2.2 distinction between zoning and other land areas: .......................................................................15
zoning ......................................................................................................................................15
Reservation...............................................................................................................................15
2.3 distinction between zoning regulation and structural regulations:................................................15
zoning regulation:......................................................................................................................15
structural regulations: ................................................................................................................15
2.4 uses of land:............................................................................................................................15
i. Profit making uses of land:.................................................................................................16
ii. Non- Profit-making uses of land: ........................................................................................16
2.5 objects of zoning:....................................................................................................................16
2.6 Principles of zoning:................................................................................................................17
b. Boundary ..............................................................................................................................17
c. Existing towns .......................................................................................................................17
d. Flexibility .............................................................................................................................17
e. New towns ............................................................................................................................17
2.7 advantages of zoning:..............................................................................................................18
i. Danger from fire:...............................................................................................................18
ii. Future development: ..........................................................................................................18
iii. General amenities:..........................................................................................................18
iv. Health of community:.....................................................................................................18
v. Population distribution:......................................................................................................18
vi. Public utility services:.....................................................................................................18
Chapter 3.........................................................................................................................................19
Public buildings................................................................................................................................19

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3.1 general:...................................................................................................................................19
3.2 what should be the location of a public building: .......................................................................19
i. Foreground:.......................................................................................................................19
ii. Grouping:..........................................................................................................................19
iii. Monumental buildings:...................................................................................................20
iv. Parking space:................................................................................................................20
v. Purpose:............................................................................................................................20
3.3 classification of public buildings: .............................................................................................21
i. Dependent buildings: .........................................................................................................21
ii. Independent buildings:.......................................................................................................21
iii. Institutional buildings:....................................................................................................21
iv. Miscellaneous buildings:.................................................................................................21
3.4 principles of design of public buildings:....................................................................................21
i. Adequate sites:..................................................................................................................21
ii. Approaches:......................................................................................................................21
iii. Business buildings:.........................................................................................................21
iv. Education: .....................................................................................................................21

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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Whatis town planning?
Town planning is the planning and design of all the new buildings, roads, and parks in a place in
order to make them attractive and convenient for the people who live there.
Or
Town Planning involves both control of existing and new development, and "strategic planning"
to ensure our resources are carefully managed to match our future needs and expectations.
It is a technical and political process concerned with the development and use of land, planning
permission, protection and use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of
the environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas,
such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.[1] town planning is also
referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, city planning, rural
planning or some combination in various areas worldwide.

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1.2 Evolutionor planning:
Over the last few centuries urban planning has evolved radically. The building of cities and
towns has a complex and multifaceted history. Although urban planning has only been
recognized as a distinct profession for less than a century, cities worldwide reflect the
different elements of conscious design in everything from their layout to their functionality.
In early times, cities provided a safe haven from outside forces and have been always been
the center of government. With the introduction of modern aerial warfare, cities have become
key targets for destruction rather than safe zones.
The work of an archaeologist shows how the ancient cities were planned. the location of the town
was also selected by giving some consideration, such as ease of defense, climate conditions,
businesses facilities etc. The town of modern time have to be designed for the problems which
were not existing in the ancient times, such conditions may be enumerated as air pollution, water
pollution, telephones, electricity etc. So, the study of ancient towns helps considerably in solving
the complicated problems of town planning. The two illustrations of the ancient town are worth
mentioning. Kahn in Egypt was conceived and build for the specific purpose before 2500BC. It
was designed to accommodate workmen and officials engaged in the construction of the pyramid
at Dillahunt. The other notable example is from ancient India in the valley of river Indus in Sindh,
now in Pakistan. Mohan-jo-Dare an ancient city discovered by British archaeologist and he found
that the city was most developed and planned city with an important trading centre in the
Indus valley.
A possible reconstruction of the town of Kahun. Oxford UniversityPress.

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1.3 Objectsof Town Planning:
The four essential objects of any town planning scheme are:
a) Beauty:
The object of beauty can be achieved by taking the advantages of natural conditions surrounding
the town, and also by giving architectural finishes to various components of town.
b) Convenience:
The object of convenience can be achieved by providing the various economic, social, and
recreational amenities to the public. The amenities include cheap power and electricity, adequate
water supply, transport facilities etc.
c) Environment:
The environment should be molded in such a way that man can go about his normal activities with
the least amount of strain. The complex problems of society such as tiresome travel to work, long
hour of work. Led toward serious mad-adjustment between the human and type of life he had to
live. This can be adjusted by bringing better relation between man and his environment.
Harappan city sites, including Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, and Surkotada were having
large gateways at various entry points .

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d) Health:
The object of health is accommodated in a town planning scheme by making a right use of land
for the right purpose, by providing parks and play grounds for the public, by maintaining the
pollution of various forms to the lowest possible degree etc.
1.4 Principleof Town Planning:
Town Planning requires different profession especially those of Engineering, Architecture and Surveying.
The town not only designed for the needs of the future generation, but the probable growth of town should
be suitably considered by town planning.
Some of the guiding principles of Town Planning are given as;
1. Green Built
2. Housing
3. Public Building
4. Recreation Centers
5. Road systems
6. Transport Facilities
7. Zoning
 Green Belt
Provision of green built on the periphery of town results in the limitation of its size, and hence final size
can be well anticipated.
 Housing
Extreme care should be taken by providing accommodation to different categories of people. It should be
observed that there will be no Slums development further and if Slums are existing they are cleared by
providing some alternative arrangements.
 Public Building
There should be proper distribution of various public building throughout the town. The
unnecessary building at town should be avoided.
 Recreational Centers
Depending upon the size of town enough space should be reserved for the development of recreational
centers for general public.
 Road System
The efficiency of town is measured by the layout of the road in the town. If nicely designed road system
put a good impression in the mind of people and especially the visitors.
 Transport Facilities
The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is the minimum loss of time
from place to work to the place of residence.

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 Zoning
The town should be divided into suitable zones. Such as commercial zone, Residential zone, industrial zone
etc. And suitable rules should be formed for the development of each zone.
1.5 Why is Townplanning important?
It is evident that a small house if well-arranged and planned, looks far more better than a disordered
big palace. In a similar way, a town which is properly planned provide people with more comfort
and convenience.
The necessity of town planning can very well be appreciated by mentioning the evil situations
which a town has to face in the absence of town planning. They are as follows:
1. Defective roadsystem resulting in the formation of narrow streets and lanes;
Defective road system is a problem in most countries. It is due to the fact that towns and cities
were never planned. They gradually grew with the help of the developers which resulted in bad
road network giving rise to bad transportation network.
2. Development of slums and squatter settlements;
If land use is not regulated efficiently, it will result in the formation of slums and squatter
settlements which will eventually degrade the quality of the life of the citizens.
3. Haphazard location of industries;
Industries are generally located away from towns and cities. Hence, industrial zones have to be
allotted so that haphazard springing up of industries on unsuitable locations can be avoided.
4. Heavy trafficcongestion during the working hours of the day;
If the road network is not efficient, it will lead to heavy traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is
linked to a lot of other problems.
5. Inadequate open spaces for parks and playgrounds resulting in unhealthy living conditions;
This is one big problem in cities. It is very hard to find open spaces in cities. If there are open
spaces, they are later on used up for designing more houses and constructing more buildings. This
is more common in metropolitan cities and mega cities across the world.
6. Lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage;
If planning is not done and towns and cities are left to grow on their own, it results in lack of
efficient network of amenities like electricity, water supply, sewerage and drainage systems. This
results into degraded quality of life.
7. Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;
When designing towns and cities, population density is taken into consideration. If the population
increases beyond the city’s catering capacity, it becomes impossible to maintain good lifestyle

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standards. Too population gives rise to too much traffic and noise making the city dwellers
uncomfortable.
8. Uncontrolled development of the town;
Development of town can be controlled if it is zoned efficiently. Uncontrolled town development
is bad news for all of us. For an important and obvious reason that we are all aware of; population
is growing whereas we have limited land supply. If we don’t make optimum use of land, the
resources are bound to get exhausted and we would reach a stage of no return.
9. Unhealthy living conditions; etc.
All the above factors mentioned lead to unhealthy living conditions which can be avoided if we
give enough emphasis to planning.
1.6 distributionof land uses:
Any town possess the following five distinct parts:
i. Town centre.
ii. Industrial area.
iii. Residential area.
iv. Open space.
v. Town periphery.
i. Town centre:
It indicates the central are containing commercial and administrative blocks, theatres, big
temples, principal library, museum etc.
ii. Industrial area:
In this part, the manufacturing industries of different goods are located.
iii. Residential area:
This part is mainly used for providing residential accommodation to the inhabitants of the
town. But it also contains small shops, primary schools, gardens, small service industries, etc.
iv. Open spaces:
This part of town is allotted the network of roads, parks, and playgrounds and it also indicates
land which is substantially left in its natural state for the benefit of people.
v. Town periphery:
This term indicates the land which is located on the boundary of the town and which is directly
influenced by town. It cannot be considered as a part of town. It includes markets, gardens,
nurseries, golf courses, etc.

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1.7 formsof townplanning:
To maintain the continuity in the planning process, the following five forms of planning are to be
considered:
i. Local planning.
ii. Country planning.
iii. Regional planning.
iv. National planning.
v. International planning.
i. Localplanning:
The planning which is done by keeping in view the local conditions. It means the development
of town on the basis of local conditions. The aims of local planning are:
i. Proper distribution of population density.
ii. Traffic regulations.
iii. Shopping and recreational centers.
iv. Provision of green belt.
Local planning is influenced by economic conditions and finance available for development
of town.

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ii. Country planning:
The area surrounding a town cannot be allowed to develop in a haphazard way. If a town is
surrounded by villages, then the rural planning becomes necessary for the proper functioning of
the town. For this purpose, the surrounding villages should be linked up with suitable transport
facilities. The encouragement should be given for the growth of various village industries such as,
dairy, poultry farming, basket and rope making etc.
A proper balance between agriculture and industry should be maintained without disturbing the
character of rural area. It should be remembered that country and town planning are interrelated,
they cannot be treated as two different entities.
iii. Regionalplanning:
This sort of planning is used to include proposals in a region for the distribution of followings:
a) Population.
b) Industries.
c) Transport facilities.
d) Rural services.
e) Village industries.
f) Region benefits etc.
A town or city cannot be isolated from its surrounding. That’s why regional planning helps in
the growth controlling and reshaping the major town of regions.
Region is not on the basis of natural boundaries, but is on the basis of political and administrative
boundaries. A region maybe defined as: An area within which interactions are more intense than
other areas and the modern practice is to embrace the following in regional planning:
1. Agricultural regions.
2. Industrial areas.
3. Large hydro-electric power stations.
4. Resort and recreational areas.
5. Suburban zones of large cities.
The regional planning is necessary for the following reasons;
a) It avoids wastage and duplication of facilities. For example, the local planning cannot take
care of highways and trunk routes.
b) It ensures the most profitable utilization of resources at minimum expense for the
maximum benefit of both the individual and communities in the region.
c) It gives the information about economic functions which are to be performed by
surrounding areas.
d) It gives mutual control over areas, and give planner the knowledge about the relation
between areas.
e) For developing countries, it shows uniform development.

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iv. Nationalplanning:
This sort of planning is done at national level and it take into consideration the potentialities in
various fields of a nation as a whole. The national planning can b visualizes in different ways as
follows:
a) Development of a nation in terms of administrative and political systems.
b) Development at various levels i.e. from top to bottom levels or from international to local
level.
c) Development in various economic sectors i.e. agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining etc.
d) Development in terms of various social sectors i.e. housing, clothing, food, education,
health, etc.
v. International planning:
With the establishment of UNO, the international planning has come to existence and efforts are
made at international level to promote goodwill and co-operation between different countries of
the world. The UNO carryout surveys in different fields of human life such as housing, clothing,
food, education, etc. and try to find out remedies to solve these issues.

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Chapter 2
Zoning
2.1 what is zoning?
Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are
permitted. Thus, zoning is a technique of land-use planning as a tool of urban planning used by
local governments in most developed countries.
There are two aspects of zones as follow:
i. Allocation of land for specific purpose.
ii. Control of the use, height, and construction of buildings.
The zoning may also be defined as, the regulation by law of the use of land and building s and of
the height and density of buildings in specific areas for the purpose of the following:
i. Convenience.
ii. Health.
iii. Safety.
iv. General welfare of community.

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2.2 distinction betweenzoning and other land areas:
zoning
Zoning is applied on certain type of general use:
i. Commercial.
ii. Social.
iii. Educational.
iv. Recreational.
Reservation
Reservation is applied on specific natures such as:
i. Gardens.
ii. Schools.
iii. Markets.
iv. Police stations.
v. Fire stations.
vi. Mosque.
2.3 distinction betweenzoning regulation and structural regulations:
zoning regulation:
i. Height of buildings.
ii. Density of buildings.
iii. How each piece of land in any community is used.
structural regulations:
i. Imposed on building material.
ii. Workman ship.
iii. Specifications of works.
2.4 uses of land:
In town planning, the uses of land can be classified into two categories:
i. Profit making uses of land.
ii. Non- Profit-making uses of land.

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i. Profit making uses of land:
This sort of land is used for profit making purposes:
a) Offices.
b) Commercial residences.
c) Industries etc.
All these are privately controlled.
ii. Non- Profit-making uses of land:
If a land is developed without any motive of profit making, then it is called Non- Profit-making
uses of land. It includes:
a) Roads.
b) Parks.
c) Playgrounds.
d) Government offices.
e) Government banks.
f) Residential houses.
2.5 objects of zoning:
i. zoning is to protect or maintain property values. Zoning can protect the value of
property by assuring that incompatible uses will be kept apart. Zoning can keep
factories out of residential areas (which could lower the value of homes in the
immediate vicinity), as well as keep residential developments from locating in
industrial areas.
ii. Zoning also provides for more orderly development. Regulations pertaining to lot size,
set back lines, building height, and population density can make areas more attractive.
With zoning local residents can ensure that poor development will not occur.
iii. Zoning can also promote the public health and safety by requiring that lots be large
enough to allow for the safe disposal of septic tank effluent, and by requiring that homes
be spaced far enough apart that fires will not spread easily. The promotion of public
health and safety are the two basic purposes for which counties and townships are
authorized to enact zoning.
iv. zoning can be important in attracting business and industry to an area. Sufficient good
land should be zoned for business and industry that is uniquely suited for business and
industry and has adequate access and public facilities.

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2.6 Principles of zoning:
The principles of zoning include the following elements which are given importance while
zoning an area.
1. Concentric growth
2. Boundary
3. Existing towns
4. Flexibility
5. New towns
a. Concentricgrowth
The growth of buildings which spread from a center in all directions is called concentric growth.
These types of buildings usually for a ring and consists of residential buildings surrounded by
commercial areas. This type of growth is natural and totally unplanned. When the population goes
on increase, the concentric circles are again surrounded by people - these areas are called the
suburbs of the city.
b. Boundary
Boundaries are the important element in zoning. Usually the boundaries between two zones can
be road, railway line, river, a wall or a green belt. Green belt is preferred to all others. The
existence of boundaries depends on the rule of law. Sometimes boundaries are broken and two
zones seem to mix. This type of area is then called transition zone.
c. Existing towns
While zoning and planning new towns, the planner must keep in mind the convenience of existing
towns. Zoning should be done in such a way so as not to disturb the ecosystem of the already
existing towns.
d. Flexibility
The zoning of an area should be as such so as to provide maximum comfort and convenience to
people. Zoning should also be done in such a way that in future new towns can be made and there
is room for expansion of the zone.
e. New towns
New towns should be provided room for in zoning of site.

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2.7 advantages ofzoning:
Following are the advantages of zoning:
i. Danger from fire:
The zoning results into minimum chances of fire occurrence, the damages due to fire are brought
down to the minimum level.
ii. Future development:
Zoning controls future development of the town with proper regard to the community welfare as
main criteria.
iii. General amenities:
The zoning provides general amenities such as:
i. Parks,
ii. Playgrounds,
iii. Cinemas,
iv. Shopping centers,
v. Schools etc.
In their proper surroundings and it avoids undue wastage of time, money and space.
iv. Health of community:
Zoning results in considerable improvement of health of community as a whole. The zoning
prevents the attacking of undesirable industries on residential areas. Thus, the harmful gases and
odors are prevented from entering and attacking the residential area by the force of wind.
v. Population distribution:
The zoning regulates the density of population and there is no undue concentration of population
in any part of the town.
vi. Publicutilityservices:
The zoning permits the economic use of various public utilities such as:
i. Water supply,
ii. Drainage line,
iii. Telephones etc.
In general, the zoning promotes the followings:
i. Health,
ii. Safety,
iii. Prosperity,
iv. Orderly development,
v. Overall welfare of the community.

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Chapter 3
Public buildings
3.1 general:
In ancient times, the royal palaces and temples were built at great expense and on impressive scale
as they were symbol of power and dignity of the state. Today their place is taken by public
buildings such as:
i. Libraries,
ii. Museums,
iii. Town halls,
iv. Public markets,
v. Civic centers etc.
These buildings must be provided in the city, and also be planned beautifully. These buildings
must serve for needs of people.
3.2 what should be the locationof a public building:
The planner should carefully design the location of public building. Factors needed to be
considered while site selection for the public building are:
i. Foreground.
ii. Grouping.
iii. Monumental buildings.
iv. Parking space.
v. Purpose.
i. Foreground:
The site of public buildings should have sufficient foreground so that a full view may obtained so
it can be seen to its best advantage. The foreground should be almost twice of height of the
building.
ii. Grouping:
The public buildings whose functions are interrelated, should be located very near to each other.
It is more desirable to form a group of such buildings on a common site.

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iii. Monumental buildings:
A Monumental building should, if possible, be located at highest point in hilly area so it can be
seen with advantage from avenues approaching it.
iv. Parkingspace:
Public buildings like town hall, hospital etc. should have ample or adequate space for parking
around them.
v. Purpose:
The site should be of easy access and best suited to the purpose for which the public building is
intended.

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3.3 classificationof public buildings:
i. Dependent buildings.
ii. Independent buildings.
iii. Institutional buildings.
iv. Miscellaneous buildings.
i. Dependent buildings:
The buildings whose functions are related to each other owing to which they can be grouped
together.
ii. Independentbuildings:
The buildings which have to stand alone such as monumental building.
iii. Institutional buildings:
These buildings are in the form of institutions, mostly educational building, they include schools,
colleges etc.
iv. Miscellaneousbuildings:
These building s provide services and amenities to the town, and they include power houses,
pumping stations, etc.
3.4 principles of designof public buildings:
On the basis of site and size, following are the principles of design of public buildings:
i. Adequatesites:
The site must be adequate to full fill the prospective needs of the public building.
ii. Approaches:
The approaches to public buildings must be designed according to the importance of the building.
iii. Businessbuildings:
The public buildings must not be mixed up with business buildings. These buildings must be kept
at some distance from public buildings to prevent the traffic congestion.
iv. Education:
The educational buildings must not be placed directly on through roads.